Jean Henri Casimir Fabre (1823- 19 15) is a famous French entomologist, writer and entomologist. Known by the world as "Homer in the insect world" (Homer is said to be the author of two famous ancient Greek epics "Iliad" and "Odyssey"), and "Virgil" in the insect world. He painted more than 700 pictures of fungi in watercolor, which was deeply appreciated and loved by Provencal poet mistral. He also contributed to the bleaching and dyeing industry and obtained three alizarin patents.
Masterpiece:
1880, entomology [2] came out.
Entomology has also been translated into Insect World, Insect Epic (Huacheng Publishing House, version 1996), Insect Tales, and Notes on Entomology (named souvenir entomology in French and records about insects in English), which is called "Virgil of the insect world". The subtitle is "Research on Insect Instinct and its Customs". It not only truly records the life of insects, but also reflects the human world through the life of insects.
Papers: Studies on Nodulation of Orchidaceae Plants, Anatomical Studies on the Regeneration Organs and Development of Polypods, Observations on the Customs of Arthropods, and Ten Volumes of Insects, each volume consists of several chapters, most of which were completed in barren stone gardens. The first volume was published in 1878, and then it will be published about every three years.
Character life:
Jean Henri Casimir Fabre Jean-Henri casimir Fabres (1823 ~ 19 15) died at the age of 92. He is a famous French entomologist, animal behaviorist and writer. Known by the world as "Homer in the insect world" and "Virgil in the insect world". Fables was born in a farmhouse in Saint Leon, Provence, southern France. In the following years, Fables spent time with his grandparents in Malaval, not far from the village. At that time, he was attracted by lovely insects such as butterflies and slugs in the country.
1857, he published "Observation on the Habit of Ophiuchus argus", which corrected the wrong view of Leon dufour, the founder of entomology at that time, thus winning the praise of French research institute and being awarded the experimental physiology prize. During this period, Fabers also devoted himself to the study of natural dye madder or alizarin. At that time, the red color on French soldiers' trousers came from madder powder.
From 65438 to 0859, Fabres obtained three patents for this kind of research. Later, at the invitation of Victor Durui, Minister of Education, fabrice was in charge of the organization and teaching of an adult night school, but its free teaching method caused some people's dissatisfaction. So he quit his job and settled in Orange with his family for more than ten years. In this decade, Fabres completed the first volume of ten volumes of Insects. During this period, he and his friends went to Wandu several times to collect plant specimens. In addition, he also got to know the British philosopher Mill, but Mill died young, which made their previous plan "Vascruz Vegetation Grand View" die. At the same time, a great misfortune befell Fables: Jules, the only son of his six children who shared the same interests with his father and loved observing nature, died at the age of sixteen. Since then, Fables has dedicated several plants he discovered to Jules who died young to express his memory. The study of fungi has always been one of Fables' hobbies.
1878, he wrote many wonderful academic articles on the theme of Vacruzzi's fungi. He also made a detailed study of Kuaizi and described his fragrance in detail. Gourmets claim that they can taste all the flavors described in his works from real chopsticks.
From 65438 to 0879, fabrice bought a barren stone garden in Ang, cellini, and lived there until his death. This is a barren land, but it is the favorite land of insects. In addition to living for his family, there is also his study, studio and testing ground, which can make him concentrate on quiet thinking and devote himself to various observations and experiments. It can be said that this is the world he has always dreamed of. It was here that Fabres finished the last nine volumes of Insects while observing and experimenting, while sorting out the observation notes, experimental records and scientific notes of insects in the first half of his life. Today, this former residence has become a museum, quietly located in a botanical garden with strong Provence style.
Fables insisted on self-study for half his life, and successively obtained bachelor's degree, bachelor's degree in mathematics, bachelor's degree in natural science and doctor's degree in natural science. He is proficient in Latin and Greek and loves the works of Horace, an ancient Roman writer, and Virgil, a poet. He almost taught himself painting and watercolor painting, and many of his exquisite illustrations of fungi were praised by the Nobel Prize in Literature winner and French poet Frederic mistral. In his later years, Fabres's success in insects won him the reputation of "Homer of insects" and "Virgil of insects", and his achievements were widely recognized by the society. Although fabrice has won many scientific titles, he is still as simple, shy and humble as ever, and leads a poor life. His talent was admired by scholars at that time, including British biologist Darwin, Belgian playwright maeterlinck, Nobel Prize in Literature winner of 19 1 1, German writer Jung, French philosopher Bergson, poet Malamei, Provence writer Roumani, and so on. Because Fables' experiment was accurately recorded in Insect Tales, which revealed many secrets of insect life and habits, Darwin called Fables an "imitative observer". When he lived in Cerini, many scholars and writers visited him in succession. Fabres had received Pasteur, British philosopher Mill and other scholars in his own residence, but his correspondence with them was not frequent. Victor Durui, Minister of Education, recommended Fables to Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte, who awarded him the Medal of Honor. French politician Raymond Poincare paid tribute to him by making a detour through Cerini. Fabres's works with multiple identities are varied: as a naturalist, he left many academic works on animals and plants, including Fine Grass: Patents and Papers, Animals in avignon, Cuckoo, Mushrooms on Olive Trees, Grape Root Aphids and so on. As a teacher, he has compiled many textbooks of chemical physics. As a poet, he wrote many poems in Provence in southern France, and was affectionately called "Gadfly Poet" by the local people. In addition, he translated the works of some Provencal poets into French. In his spare time, he also creates some ditties with his small mouth. However, among Fabres's works, Insect is the longest, the most important and the most widely known one. This work not only shows his talent and literary talent in scientific observation and research, but also conveys his humanistic spirit and incomparable love for life to readers.
Childhood:
1823 12.22 was born in San Leon, an ancient village in the mountainous area of Lunage, Avilon province in southern France. The teacher in the village named him John Amway. Father Antonio (born in 1800) and mother Fekval (born in 1805).
1825 (2 years old) My brother Franti lick was born.
1827 (3 years old) Because his mother had to take care of his younger brother, he was fostered with his grandparents in Malabang village from 3 to 6 years old. This is a big farmhouse with many older children. He is a child with strong curiosity and memory. He once proved that light can be seen by his eyes and traced the insect singing in the leaves to dew. I like listening to grandma's stories before going to bed, but on cold winter nights, I often sleep with my sheep in my arms.
1830 (6 years old) returned to Sa Wang Lei village and entered the private school run by Teacher Lika. In class, pigs and chickens often run into the classroom for food. Write down the letters A, B, C ... from animal books, and become interested in insects and grass, and find the nest of the black-throated owl and get the blue eggs in the nest. Under the persuasion of the priest, the eggs were put back in their original places. In order to increase the family income and help to look after the ducklings, they are responsible for rushing to the swamp for stocking, so as to discover the creatures and minerals such as crystals and mica in the swamp.
1833 (9 years old) graduated from fabrice Middle School. The whole family moved to Rhodes Town, and my father made a living by running a coffee shop. He entered Wang Li College as an assistant to Wang Mi's retirement ceremony without paying tuition fees. When I was a student, I studied Latin and Greek, and I liked reading the poems of the ancient Roman poet Vilkki Reese.
1837 (13 years old), my father failed to run a coffee shop and his family moved to Torres. Enter Eskil Theological Seminary.
1838 (14 years old), my father's business failed again, moved to Mombelli, opened another shop, left home alone to sell lemons and became a railway worker. I once spent more than a day's salary buying Rubl's poems and taking them to vilen to read. Knowing all kinds of insects is my greatest pleasure. I felt very happy when I first caught the European cloud gill beetle.
Teenagers:
Worked in 1839.
1840 (16 years old) was scolded by the teacher for his poor grades. He completed three credits in two years and studied natural history, Latin and Greek freely for the rest of the year.
1842 (18 years old) After graduating from normal school, she became a teacher in Karban Tora Primary School with an annual salary of 700 francs. She was praised for her enthusiasm for teaching. My father failed in business and moved from Montpellier to Bordeaux.
1843 (19 years old) In the field investigation practice class, the students learned about the wallflower bee. It is also because of this kind of bee that I began to read "Arthropods" written by Blanche and Leomir, and I fell in love with entomology.
1844 (aged 20) married her colleague Mary van Yael (aged 23). Study mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc. On your own. My father's coffee shop is closed again, and he is temporarily working in Karban Tora Tax Bureau.
1845 (2 1 year), the eldest daughter Ai Lisha Bate was born.
1846 (aged 22) Ai Lisha Bate passed away. Passed the mathematics entrance examination of Mombelli University. My brother Franti Lick became a primary school teacher.
1847 (aged 23) obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Mombelli University. The eldest son John was born.
1848 (at the age of 24) received a bachelor's degree in physics from Mombelli University.
John, the oldest male, died young. I really appreciate Tosnell's works about birds. I hope to teach in a university, but I have no chance.
Youth:
1849 (25 years old) works as a physics teacher in Ajegsio National High School in Corsica, with an annual salary of 1800 francs. Facing the rich nature of Corsica, I began to study animals and plants. Besides, he is also very keen on mathematics. Climb every mountain in Corsica with botanist Lucia and collect plants.
1856 (32 years old) won the experimental physiology award of French bachelor's college for his research on tumor-bearing bees. Continue to study insects such as high-nosed bees and short-winged turnips, but because of the hardships of life, the research time is not much. Part-time tutor, tutor and other positions, began to study the extraction of dyes from madder.
On May 2,1,1857 (33 years old) found the larvae of short-winged turnips in the nest of striped bees, and published the paper "The Transformation of Turnips" and the paper on plants.
1858 (34 years old) learned that it is impossible to become a university professor without property and devoted himself to the research of madder dyes.
From 65438 to 0859 (at the age of 35), Darwin praised Fabres as a "rare observer" in his book On the Origin of Species.
The second male Jules was born. Curator of Rukia Museum. Inspector De Luyi visited and got to know botanist Duracole, then met British economist Miller who lived in avignon, and became a plant lover.
1862 (38 years old) The book of primary school was published by Anjie. I met Della klapp, president of Paris Press, and was encouraged by him to write easy-to-understand scientific books.
1863 (39 years old), gave birth to three men, Amir, and Deleuil became the Minister of Education.
1865 (4 1 year-old), Dundu Mountain was in distress, and pasteur, a bacteriologist, made a door-to-door visit to give Della klapp scientific books such as Sky and Earth.
1866 (42 years old) successfully extracted dye pigment from madder, and was hired as a professor of physics at Avignon Normal School.
1867 (aged 43) was affirmed for his contribution to Vignon, and he won the Cagnel Prize of 9000 francs.
1868 (aged 44) was awarded the Medal of Ray Wang Zi Denur, and paid tribute to Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte on the recommendation of Minister of Education Deluy. Be a lecturer in natural history and physics at night. The successfully developed madder dye will be industrialized. Shortly after the establishment of the factory, Germany completed the chemical synthesis of garlic thiamine dye, and the dream of industrialization of madder dye was dashed. The teaching method of public lectures was opposed by conservative educators and churches, so they fired the teaching staff of normal schools.
1869 (aged 45) At the instigation of conservatives, Deleuil resigned as Minister of Education.
Middle age:
Lan Ou old times
1870 (aged 46) borrowed money from Miller and moved to Lan Ou. Raising a family of seven is a heavy burden. Fortunately, popular science books are published one after another, and you can pay back the money bit by bit.
187 1 year-old (47 years old) lives a life of writing books and observing insects. This year, because of the German-French war, it was impossible to get royalties and manuscript fees on time, and life was even more difficult.
1872 (48 years old) Due to the introduction of Druai, the chemist Ma presented a microscope.
1873 (aged 49) Miller passed away. Forced to resign as director of Rukia Museum and protest to the mayor. He was awarded a silver medal by the Paris Society for the Protection of Animals, and his works on mathematics, plants and physics came out one after another.
1877 (53 years old), the male Jules died, and three kinds of bees were named Florus native bee, Florus high-nosed bee and Florus cave bee for Jules in Latin.
1878 (54) was deeply hit by Jules' death, and his health was much worse than before. I almost died of pneumonia, but I was lucky to pull through with strong willpower.
1879, insect book 1 completed (the original contents include: sacred dung beetles pushing dung balls, tumor-dwelling bees catching weevils, Languedoc cave bees catching short-winged owls, etc. ).
Biography:
Fables Biography Edition 1
Fabres (1823- 19 15) was born in a poor family in a small town near the Mediterranean in southern France. When he was a child, Fabres showed his love for nature and natural observation, which can be seen in his article On Genetics. Through self-study, Fabres was admitted to avignon Normal University as a public student. /kloc-After graduation at the age of 0/8, I became a primary school teacher and continued to study hard. In the following years, I successively obtained bachelor's degrees and licenses in natural sciences such as literature, mathematics and physics (similar to today's master's degree), and received a doctor of science degree at 1855.
Young Fables was fascinated by mathematics and chemistry, but later found that the animal world attracted him more. After receiving his doctorate, he decided to devote himself to entomology research. However, economic difficulties have been bothering this young entomologist with ideals, and he has to take many tutoring and mass education courses to supplement his family. Nevertheless, Fables likes to study insects and spiders, and makes observations and experiments in his spare time.
During this period, Fabers also wrote various popular science books with his rich knowledge and literary attainments to introduce new scientific knowledge and various natural science knowledge to the public; His science education course was also well received, but conservatives and church members criticized him for telling women about the reproductive function of flowers in public and suspended his course. Also, due to the teacher's low salary and slander, fabrice resigned from the school in despair, and was even driven out of his residence by a devout Catholic landlord the next year, which made his situation even worse and forced him to give up his desire to teach in a university. Fabrice turned to his friend, a wealthy British businessman, and with their generous loan, 1870, his family moved to a house borrowed by the local gentry in Orange.
1879 Fables moved to Sesini Weng village near Ou Hongju, where he bought an Italian-style house and settled down on a hectare of wasteland. Although this wasteland is full of gravel and weeds, Fabres's dream of "having a small world of his own to observe insects" has finally come true. In the Provencal language of his hometown, he named the garden "barren stone garden", which means "rocky wasteland". Here Fabres can concentrate on observing insects and write undisturbed. The first volume of entomology was published in this year, and then the 10 volume was all written at a pace of about three years. Fabrice spent his last 30 years here.
In addition to insects, Fabers published 95 bestsellers during the 30 years of 1862- 189 1, such as LE CIEL published by 1865, which sold11. Besides writing books and observing insects, Fabres is also an excellent mycologist and painter. He painted a collection of 700 kinds of mushrooms, and Zhang Zhang is a first-class work. He also left many poems and set them to music. It was not until the last decade of his life that Fabres's scientific achievements were gradually recognized by French and international, and he got government subsidies and private donations, and then got rid of poor families. Fabrice died in Huang Shiyuan at the age of 92.
Fables Biography Second Edition
Jean-henri fabre (1823 ~ 19 15) was born in a village in the south of France called Saint Leon. As both parents are farmers, Fables spent his adolescence in poverty and hardship. He studied hard, but he learned Latin and Greek well in middle school, which laid a solid foundation for his later writing.
In order to make a living, Fabres, who was only fourteen years old, went out to work, worked as a coolie on the railway, worked as a lemon vendor in the market and often spent the night in the open air. However, despite all the difficulties, Fabres never gave up the pursuit of knowledge and never stopped teaching himself. Finally, at the age of 19, he was admitted to Yaweinong Normal School and won a scholarship. In normal schools, Fabres's interest in natural animals and plants is far greater than "the grammar that stifles human nature".
After graduating from school, fabrice became a primary school teacher. While working, he taught himself, and successively got bachelor's degrees in mathematics, physics and other disciplines. He believes that "whether anyone teaches you this thing or not, the most important thing is whether you have understanding and perseverance." After that, he also worked in middle schools in Corsica and avignon. When he became a middle school teacher, Fabres became more interested in insects. He often led and guided students to observe and study insects. The original text of the book Insect World is Memories of Entomology Research, and the subtitle is Research on Insect Instinct and its Customs, which shows that Fabres has been observing and studying the crystallization of insects for decades, getting up early and being greedy for the dark in the hot sun and cold wind, holding a magnifying glass and notebook.
Fabres had a high literary attainments and was deeply influenced by Renaissance writers, especially rabelais. It can be said that chateaubriand, a French romantic poet, pioneered the description of giant scenery such as oceans, mountains and forests in the literary field, while Fabres vividly recorded the feeding habits, preferences, survival skills, natural enemies, metamorphosis and reproduction of various small creatures in the insect world with a simple and fresh style.
Fabres's description of insects is full of childlike innocence, poetry and sense of humor. In his works, the pine beetle is "an ornament in the summer twilight and a beautiful jewel embedded in the summer solstice crown"; Fireflies are "light spots away from the bright full moon"; He described "fighting is a profession that is not conducive to the development of skills and talents ....., and it has no other specialty except killing people"; In his eyes, rhinoceros dung beetles are "selfless work" ... insisting on underground work and doing their best for the future of the family. No wonder Hugo, a famous French writer, praised Fabres as "Homer of the insect world".
Fabres's representative works have been translated into thirteen languages, which has aroused the interest of several generations of teenagers in natural science and biology for more than one hundred years. The original text consists of two volumes and ten chapters. Some of them were selected for translation in this book. Among them, "Spider" and "Scorpion" belong to the arthropod phylum with Insecta, but fortunately, the author has explained it.
In his later years, Fabres was repeatedly recommended by French literary circles as a Nobel Prize in Literature judge, but all ended in failure. To this end, many people either published articles in newspapers or wrote letters to Fabres to express their grievances. Fabrice replied, "I work because I have fun, not for the pursuit of honor. You are angry that I have been forgotten by the public. Actually, I don't care too much. 」
Don't think that insects are just a simple popular science brochure. The publication of this book is regarded as the birth of animal psychology. Known as "the epic of insects", it is a classic work of Fabres, a famous French entomologist. The author combines professional knowledge with life perception, and expresses his unique vision of life in the description of an insect's daily life habits and characteristics. This book is the observation record of French entomologist Dr. Fabres. The original has ten volumes. The book gives a detailed description of insects that people rarely see; Some French customs and habits in the Fabres era were randomly explained, which supplemented some viewpoints of modern entomologists. It is an easy-to-understand classic popular science book about nature and insects.
I got a small piece of land in a quiet place in a small village. This is a piece of hemp, named for a place where Brovin company can't farm and there are many stones. Few plants can grow there except some thyme. You can grow something if you work hard, but it's really not worth it. But in spring, some sheep will pass by, and if it rains at that time, some grass can grow.
However, my own proprietary marijuana, but some red soil mixed with stones, and has been roughly cultivated. Someone told me that vines grow on this land, which really bothers me, because the original plants have been pulled out with two-legged forks, and there is no thyme left. Thyme may be useful to me because it can be used as a hunting ground for wasps and bees, so I must replant them.
There are creeping grasses, Erythrina flowers and Spanish plants with orange flowers and hard claws everywhere. On top of these, there is a layer of Illyrian cotton thistle. Its upright branches sometimes grow to six feet high and have big pink balls with small thorns at the end. It's really well armed, which makes plant gatherers don't know where to pick it. Among them, there is a spike cornflower with a long row of hooks, and the buds of raspberries climb to the ground. If you don't wear high heels and come to the thorn forest, you will be punished for your carelessness.
This is the paradise I have worked hard for forty years!
In my strange and barren kingdom, it is a happy hunting ground for countless bees and wasps. I have never seen so many insects in one place. All kinds of businesses are concentrated in this land, and hunters, masons, textile workers, leaf cutters and cardboard makers who hunt all kinds of game have come. At the same time, gypsum workers are mixing mud, carpenters are drilling wood, miners are digging underground tunnels, and cattle colon membrane workers (used to separate gold foil) have all kinds of people.
Look! There is a kind of bee that can sew. It peeled off the net silk of Erythrina with yellow background, collected a mass of stuffed things, and proudly carried them away with its cheeks (that is, jaws). It will go underground and store honey and eggs with the collected materials. There are a group of leaf-cutting bees wearing black, white or blood-red cutting brushes under their bodies. They plan to go to the nearby Woods and cut the leaves into circles to wrap their harvest. This is another group of plasterer bees in black silk sweaters. They work in cement and sand. It is easy to find tools for them to work on stones in my bathhouse. In addition, there is a wild bee, which hides its nest in a ladder with an empty snail shell. The other is to put its larvae in the pith of dried raspberry stems. Third, take dry reed ditch as home. As for the fourth kind, I live in the empty tunnel of Mei Sen Bee, and I don't even have to pay the rent. Some bees have horns, and some bees have brushes on their hind legs, which are used for harvesting.
The wall of my Hamam was built, and piles of stones and fine sand were everywhere, which were abandoned by construction workers and soon occupied by various households. The plasterer bees chose the crack in the stone as their sleeping place. If there is a fierce lizard, it will attack people and dogs if it is accidentally run over. They chose a cave and lay there waiting for dung beetles passing by. The thrush with black ear hair, dressed in white and black, looks like a monk in black, sitting on the top of a stone and singing a simple song. Where can I find those nests with sky-blue eggs in the stone pile? When moving the stone, the little black monk living in the stone naturally moved with him. I feel sorry for these little monks in black, because they are lovely little neighbors. As for the lizard, I don't think it is cute, so I don't regret its departure.
In the sand, there are communities of bees digging and hunting. To my regret, these poor bee diggers and hunters were ruthlessly driven away by the construction workers. But some hunters remained. They are busy looking for caterpillars all day. There is also a bumblebee that dares to catch poisonous spiders. There are many such spiders in the soil of Hama, and they are quite interested. As you can see, there are strong and brave ants, who radiate the power of a barracks and set out in a long line to hunt their powerful prisoners on the battlefield.
In addition, there are all kinds of birds in the Woods near the house. Some of them are singing birds, some are green warblers, some are sparrows and owls. There is a small pond in this forest, which is full of frogs. When May comes, they will form a deaf band. Among the residents, the bravest is the wasp, which occupied my house without permission. There are white-waisted bees in front of my house. Every time I walk into the house, I must be very careful, or I will step on them and ruin their mining work. In the closed window, plasterer bees nest on the soft sand wall. I accidentally left a small hole in the wooden frame of the window, and they used it as a portal. On the edge of the shutter, a few lost bees from Mei Sen built a hive. As soon as lunch time comes, these wasps will come to visit. Of course, their purpose is to see if my grapes are ripe.
1849 was appointed as a physics teacher in ajaccio, Corsica. The beautiful natural scenery and rich species on the island ignited his enthusiasm for studying animals and plants. Le Quinn, a botanist in avignon, taught him knowledge. After that, he followed Mocan-Tang Tong to collect flowers and plants everywhere. This knowledgeable tutor laid a solid foundation for Fabres to become a naturalist and embark on the road of scientific research. 1853, fabrice returned to the French mainland, was hired by a school in avignon, and moved his family into a simple house in the Rue Saint Dominique.
Famous saying:
Fabres encouraged all those engaged in scientific research to "work hard to overcome difficulties!" He believes that people engaged in scientific research "must not give up on themselves."
He said, "Let's start walking. As long as we walk, we will naturally generate strength!" " "
He said: "Whether anyone teaches you this thing or not, the most important thing is whether you have consciousness and perseverance."
He said: "Before I say yes to one thing, I must observe and touch it, not once, but two or three times, even endlessly, until there is no doubt."
He said, "I am just a lamp, illuminating a path in front of me."
He said: "What we call ugliness, beauty and cleanliness are essentially meaningless."
He said: "Needless to say, the field of entomology should be a little naive."
He said: "Opportunities are only given to those who are prepared (or opportunities are always reserved for those who are prepared)."
He said: "if one day, women will always love men, and men will love women until death do us part;" If you see through life and death, isn't death beautiful? Praise god! "
Fabrice once asked a question: "Is it worth suffering just to survive?" He used his 92 years to answer the question of why he suffered hardships: facing prejudice directly, being accompanied by poverty, not afraid of sacrifice and offending forgetting, all for the word "truth". Seeking truth, seeking truth, can be described as "seeking truth". Seek truth! This is the "spirit of Fabres". [3]?
His research was naturally criticized by orthodox forces. Fables argued, "you are cutting open insects, and I am doing research while they are alive and kicking;" You turn insects into a bunch of horrible and poor things, and I make people like me; You work in torture room and the morgue, and I observe the cicada singing under the blue sky; You use reagents to test beehives and protoplasm, but I am the highest expression of research instinct; You are exploring death, but I am exploring life! "
Mr. Lu Xun once called The Story of Insects a model of "telling the story of insects" and "telling the life of insects".
Entomology was selected as the recommended reading in the second volume of the seventh grade of People's Education Publishing House.