What is a peptide?
Peptide is a compound composed of two or more amino acids connected by peptide chains. It is a kind of functional nutrition with the strongest activity, the easiest absorption and the greatest stimulation to the human regenerative system, which is between macromolecular protein and micromolecule amino acids.
Peptide is an irreplaceable substance that constitutes active substances such as enzymes, hormones, antibodies and nerve matrix in human body, and is the source of life.
Peptide has unique physiological activity and health care function that original protein and single amino acid do not have, and has triple functions of nutrition, health care and treatment.
Dr. Steven Chu, a famous American scientist and Nobel Prize winner, once said when talking about bioengineering in 2 1 century, "bioengineering in 2 1 century is the research of genetic engineering and protein engineering, and 2 1 century is the century of peptides." In fact, most people are still unfamiliar with polypeptide drugs. However, the contribution of polypeptide drugs to human health is increasing.
What is a peptide?
Peptides are both familiar and unfamiliar to us: albumin and globulin are peptides, sheep placenta and stem cells are peptides, insulin and oxytocin are peptides, and thymosin is peptides.
Chinese character definition: "Moon+Sun" is "peptide" and the balance of Yin and Yang is peptide.
Biological definition: Peptide is a fragment of protein's structure and function, which is composed of two or more amino acid molecules connected by peptide chains, and it is also the active gene part of protein. There are only 20 kinds of amino acids in human body, but different combinations will have different peptides, so there are many kinds of peptides. Peptide occupies the most basic position among the seven nutrients in human body.
Polypeptide is composed of peptide chains with less than 100 amino acids, and it is a relatively small "protein", which has the advantages of unbalanced in human body, no side effects, low dosage and fast absorption. At present, the research and development of polypeptide drugs in the world has been widely involved in the research of vaccines, antitumor drugs, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular drugs, antiviral peptides, antibacterial active peptides and diagnostic kits.
In the early years, polypeptide was a very strange concept to most people. Now, it has quietly entered people's lives and is gradually recognized and recognized by more and more people. With the rapid development of molecular biology and biochemical technology, the research of peptides has made amazing and epoch-making progress since biologists used synthetic peptides.
In the past ten years, peptides have been widely used in the fields of medicine and biotechnology, and the research of therapeutic peptides is currently undergoing a commercial revival.
Insulin 5 1 peptide was first discovered by Canadian F.G. Wanjin and C.H. Best in 192 1 year. 1922 began to be used in clinic, saving the diabetic patients who died in the past. Institute of Kidney Disease Detection, China Academy of Sciences, participated until the early 1980s. Almost all insulin used in clinic is extracted from the pancreas of pigs and cows. The insulin composition of different animals is different, and the insulin structure of pigs and humans is the most similar, only one amino acid at the carboxyl end of B chain is different. In the early 1980s, human insulin was successfully produced from microorganisms by genetic engineering technology, and it has been applied in clinic.
Sanofi's Lotte (between peptide drugs and small molecular biological drugs) has a sales volume of $7.9 billion in 20 13 years.
At present, the clinical effect of hirudin 66 peptide is that it can effectively anticoagulate and prevent thrombosis, and prevent thrombin-catalyzed coagulation factor activation and platelet reaction from further congestion. In addition, it can inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts induced by thrombin and the stimulation of endothelial cells by thrombin. Compared with heparin, it not only has low dosage, does not cause bleeding, and does not depend on endogenous cofactors; Heparin, on the other hand, has the risk of bleeding, and antithrombin III tends to decrease during disseminated intravascular coagulation attack, which will limit the therapeutic effect of heparin, and hirudin 66 peptide will have a better effect.
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Drug name? Product name: Odkin? Generic name: deproteinized calf serum injection.
Composition? This product is refined from calf blood by deproteinization, and contains a variety of free amino acids and peptides.
Indications? 1. Improve cerebral blood circulation and nerve function defects caused by nutritional disorders (ischemic injury, craniocerebral trauma). ? 2. Peripheral arterial and venous circulatory disorders and arterial diseases and leg ulcers caused by them. ? 3. skin transplantation; Skin burns, scalds, erosion; Heal wounds (wounds, bedsores); Radiation-induced skin and mucosal damage.
Used to treat patients with acute coronary syndrome? (unstable angina pectoris/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction), including patients who are about to receive medication and patients who receive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients receiving PCI, including patients receiving intracoronary stent implantation.
The new anticancer favorite PD- 1 inhibitor is an expensive protein peptide molecule, which costs 30,000 yuan per needle.
The first appearance of PD- 1 can be traced back to 20 13 years. At that time, Opdivo of Squibb and Keytruda of Merck announced the results of clinical experiments: in patients with advanced melanoma whose cancer has metastasized and all existing treatment schemes are ineffective, these two drugs can shrink or even disappear 60% of patients' tumors in more than two years! You know, the average survival time of these patients can only be calculated in weeks, but these two kinds of immune drugs have kept more than 60% patients alive for more than 2 years!
Therefore, PD- 1 has always had its own aura from the clinical trial stage, and it has also obtained the accelerated approval treatment of FDA in the approval stage.
It is not only melanoma, because the effective principle of PD- 1 is to activate human immune cells to kill tumors, rather than directly acting on tumor cells, which makes immunotherapy PD- 1 the most widely used anticancer drug at present.
Applicable diseases that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are: some melanoma, kidney cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Solid tumors that are still undergoing clinical trials include: partial breast cancer, colorectal cancer, lymphoma, ovarian cancer, head and neck cancer, bladder cancer, skin cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer. The current effective data of PD- 1 inhibitors were published in Current Opinion in Pharmacology in June, 1965, with the following distribution:
Thymus contains a variety of hormones, which belong to three categories: α, β and γ, and * * * all induce the maturation and differentiation of T cells. Thymosin 28 has been used clinically in China for more than 20 years. In the past, due to the inconsistent preparation methods and quality control of various preparations, the clinical observation was not standardized and the curative effect was difficult to determine. The main active component of thymosin is thymosin α 1(Tα 1), which is composed of 28 amino acids and is chemically synthesized.
thymosin
Used to treat various primary or secondary diseases? t？ Cell defect disease, some autoimmune diseases, various diseases with low cellular immune function and adjuvant therapy of tumors.
Including:
Various types of severe hepatitis, chronic active hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis and liver cirrhosis;
2.？ Herpes zoster, genital herpes, condyloma acuminatum, etc. ;
3.？ Bronchitis, bronchial asthma, tuberculosis, prevention of upper respiratory tract infection, etc.
4.？ Various malignant tumors are combined with chemotherapy and radiotherapy;
5.？ Lupus erythematosus, rheumatic and rheumatoid diseases, ankylosing spondylitis, Guillain-Barre syndrome, etc.
6.？ Aplastic anemia, leukemia, thrombocytopenia, etc. ;
7.？ Viral keratitis, viral conjunctivitis, allergic rhinitis, etc.
8.？ Premature aging, women's menopausal syndrome, etc. ;
9.？ Multiple furuncles and facial skin acne, psoriasis, lichen planus, squamous cell carcinoma and epithelial keratosis;
10.？ Children's congenital immunodeficiency, etc.
At present, many doctors have no right to prescribe red prescription drugs, the world's best top antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drug vancomycin compound polypeptide.
Vancomycin is suitable for infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria: sepsis, infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, arthritis, burns, surgical trauma and other superficial secondary infections, pneumonia, lung abscess, empyema, peritonitis, meningitis and so on.
At present, there are more than 100 kinds of polypeptide drugs approved by FDA, and this trend is expected to increase greatly; There are about 140 kinds of polypeptide drugs in the clinical trial stage, and more than 500 kinds in the preclinical research stage.
In terms of value, it is estimated that the global polypeptide drug market will grow from 14 1 billion dollars in 20 1 year to about 25.4 billion dollars in 20 18 years. Among them, the market of innovative polypeptide drugs will increase from $8.6 billion in 201/kloc-0 to about $0.7 billion in 20 18, and polypeptide drugs will become irreplaceable mainstream drugs for diseases in the future.
In recent years, with the rapid development of China's economy and society, the aging society is approaching, people's demand for clinical nutrition is increasing, and the potential market of formula food for special medical use (referred to as "special medical food") is huge, which has aroused widespread concern in society. At present, China characteristic medical food is in the primary stage of industrial development, with many opportunities and great challenges. The state attaches great importance to the scientific supervision and standardized development of special medical foods. The newly promulgated Food Safety Law clarifies the legal status of special medical foods and implements strict management according to special foods. Recently, relevant supporting documents such as "Quality Management Standards for Clinical Trials of Formulated Foods for Special Medical Use (Trial)" and "Measures for the Administration of Registration of Formulated Foods for Special Medical Use" have been issued.
20 16 12 09 to 1 1 The "Advanced Seminar on the Interpretation of Special Medical Food Regulations and Quality Management Standards for Clinical Trials" organized by the China Gerontology Senior Nutrition and Food Professional Committee was held in Beijing. Invite leaders and experts from health food and special medical food supervision departments to attend the meeting, explain the relevant national laws and regulations in detail, grasp the key and difficult points of substantive contents such as registration declaration, GCP, production process design, product R&D market dynamics, GMP requirements, and conduct special exchanges and discussions to promote the development and growth of China's special medical food industry.
Special medical food has become a new favorite
Special medical food is the nutritional support and guarantee for special people in a specific disease state, which involves many kinds, components and complex technology, and its quality and safety directly affect the health of the target population. The data of long-term use in foreign countries show that formula food for special medical use plays an extremely important nutritional support role in the process of patient treatment, rehabilitation and body function maintenance.
It is understood that the special medical food industry is very mature abroad, with an annual market share of hundreds of billions. Nutrition diagnosis and nutrition therapy are common medical behaviors in developed countries such as Europe and America. However, the nutritional diagnosis rate and nutritional treatment rate of inpatients and outpatients in China are very low. Statistics show that in 20 15 years, among the inpatients in China 1 400,000, about 40% ~ 50%, that is, 56 million ~ 70 million patients need clinical nutrition diagnosis and treatment, while less than110,000 patients receive clinical nutrition intervention and treatment. Out-of-hospital dietary nutrition therapy for hundreds of millions of patients with chronic non-communicable diseases is still in a state of neglect. With the popularization of health science knowledge and the improvement of people's health literacy, special medical foods are sought after by more and more people.
"Peptide Technology" New Business Card of China Special Medical Food
As one of the nutritional sources of special medicinal food, peptide can be continuously absorbed in human body after special processing, which does not cause any burden on human digestive system and has high utilization rate. It is a substance that can provide prefabricated nutritional energy for cells, and more and more hospitals use it as nutritional adjuvant therapy.