oil
Grease is the general name of grease, including vegetable grease and animal grease. The main component of oil is fatty glyceride composed of fatty acid and glycerol.
wax
Wax is an ester of high-carbon fatty acid and high-carbon fatty alcohol. The ester has the functions of stabilizing, adjusting viscosity and reducing greasy feeling in cosmetics. Waxes mainly used in cosmetics include: palm wax, candelilla wax, jojoba wax, wood wax, wool ester, beeswax, etc.
hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon refers to a kind of carbohydrate derived from natural mineral processing. Their boiling points are higher, mostly above 300℃, and there is no saponification value and acid value of animal and vegetable oils. According to their properties and structures, they can be divided into three categories: aliphatic hydrocarbons, alicyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons. In cosmetics, it is mainly used as a solvent to prevent the evaporation of water on the skin surface and improve the moisturizing effect of cosmetics. Hydrocarbons commonly used in cosmetics include liquid paraffin, solid paraffin, microcrystalline paraffin, ceresin, vaseline and so on.
Synthetic oil feedstock
Modified oils and waxes synthesized from various oils and fats or raw materials are not only similar in composition to raw oils and fats, but also significantly improved in purity, physical form, chemical stability, microbial stability, skin irritation and skin absorption, so they are widely used in various cosmetics. Commonly used synthetic oil raw materials include squalane, lanolin derivatives, polysiloxane, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, fatty acid esters and so on.
Muddy raw material
Powder raw materials are mainly used in powder cosmetics, talcum powder, powder cake, lipstick, rouge and eye shadow. It mainly plays the role of covering, smoothing, adhesion, absorption and extension in cosmetics; The commonly used raw materials of cosmetics are inorganic powder raw materials, organic powder raw materials and other powder raw materials.
These raw materials usually contain heavy metals that are toxic to the skin. When used, the content of heavy metals shall not exceed the content stipulated by the national cosmetic hygiene standards.
Inorganic powdery raw materials
Inorganic powdery raw materials used in cosmetics include talcum powder, kaolin, bentonite, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, titanium dioxide, Chili powder, diatomite and so on.
1, talcum powder
Talcum powder is a natural silicate, and its main component is hydrated magnesium silicate. It is white, smooth and soft, and has no chemical reaction to the skin. Mainly used as an important raw material for cosmetics such as talcum powder, perfume powder, powder cake and rouge.
2. Kaolin
Kaolin, also known as white clay, is mainly composed of hydrated aluminum silicate and is white or yellowish fine powder. It has good adhesion to skin, inhibits sebum and absorbs sweat. When used together with talcum powder in cosmetics, it can relieve and eliminate the luster of talcum powder, which is mainly used as an important raw material for various powder cosmetics such as vermicelli, eye shadow, talcum powder, perfume powder, powder cake and rouge.
3. Bentonite
In cosmetics, it is mainly used as suspending agent and powder cake for emulsion products.
4. Titanium dioxide
Odorless and tasteless white amorphous fine powder with strong hiding power and low ultraviolet transmittance. Therefore, it is used in sunscreen cosmetics, and it is also an important covering agent for powder cosmetics such as vermicelli, eye shadow, talcum powder, perfume powder, powder cake, rouge and so on.
(2) organic powdery raw materials
Organic powdery raw materials include zinc stearate, magnesium stearate, polyethylene powder, cellulose microbeads, polystyrene powder, etc. It is mainly used as an adsorbent in cosmetics such as talcum powder, perfume powder, powder cake and rouge.
Other powdery raw materials mainly include urea-formaldehyde foam, microcrystalline cellulose, mixed fine powder, silk powder and surface treatment fine powder.
Colloidal raw material
Colloidal raw materials are water-soluble polymer compounds, which can swell into colloids in water. When used in cosmetics, it has many functions, such as making solid powdery raw materials stick to shape, playing the role of adhesive, emulsifying or suspending, playing the role of emulsifier, and also playing the role of thickening or gelation.
Water-soluble polymer compounds used in cosmetics are mainly divided into natural and synthetic categories. Natural water-soluble polymer compounds include starch, vegetable gum, animal gum and so on. However, its quality is unstable, easily affected by climate and geographical environment, its output is limited, and it is easily deteriorated by bacteria and mold. Synthetic water-soluble polymer compounds, such as polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinylpyrrolidone, have stable properties, low irritation to skin and low price, and have replaced natural water-soluble polymer compounds as the main source of colloidal raw materials. It can be divided into semi-synthetic and synthetic water-soluble polymer compounds. Semi-synthetic water-soluble polymer compounds are commonly used: methyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, guar gum and their derivatives. Polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone and acrylic polymer are commonly used to synthesize water-soluble polymer compounds. These are used as adhesives, thickeners, film-forming agents and emulsion stabilizers in cosmetics.
surfactant
From the chemical structure, one end of the surfactant is hydrophobic and the other end is hydrophilic. Surfactant has the functions of decontamination, thickening, foaming and wetting, and has been widely used in industrial and agricultural production, and is called industrial monosodium glutamate by chemical industry. At present, the global annual output value of surfactants has reached160,000 tons, and these surfactants are widely used as raw materials for cosmetics. Surfactant has three characteristics: decontamination, used in the production of clean cosmetics; Emulsification: using surfactant as emulsifier to produce cream and shampoo; Wet penetration, such as hair dye, perm agent evenly contact with the skin, with cream, lipstick smear.
There are many kinds of surfactants, which are usually divided into two categories according to their dissociation degree in aqueous solution: nonionic surfactants and ionic surfactants; The latter can be divided into three categories: anionic surfactants, cationic surfactants and two types of ionic surfactants.
Nonionic surfactants are surfactants that do not dissociate into ions in water. In cosmetics, there are many kinds and large amounts. There are two main types: polyoxyethylene type and polyol type. The polyoxyethylene type includes polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenol ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty amide, etc. The types of polyols include: alkyl alcohol amide, sorbitan monostearate, etc. In cosmetics, emulsifiers, foaming agents, thickeners and dispersants are mostly nonionic surfactants.
Other raw materials
In cosmetics, in addition to the above raw materials, there are the following substances: solvent raw materials, flavors and fragrances, dyes, pigments, preservatives, antioxidants and so on. These substances play an important role in cosmetics.
Solvent raw materials are indispensable main components in liquid, paste and paste cosmetics, including perfume, cologne, toilet water, conditioner, shampoo, mascara, shaving cream and shampoo. , plays a role in dissolving these cosmetics, so that the products have certain properties and dosage forms. Solvent raw materials include: water, alcohols (ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol), ketones (acetone and butanone), ether esters and aromatic solvents (toluene and xylene). In cosmetics, water is an indispensable raw material for cosmetics, and the commonly used product water is treated deionized water. Ethanol is the main raw material of perfume, cologne and toilet water. Isopropanol replaces ethanol for nail polish, and n-butanol is the raw material of nail polish; Acetone, butanone, ether esters and aromatic solvents are used as solvents for nail polish, grease and wax.