Special topic-Basic structure and characteristics of ancient economy in China.
First, the ancient agricultural economy in China:
1, the evolution of agricultural farming methods: (intensive cultivation)
(1) Primitive society: slash-and-burn cultivation (fire cultivation)
(2) Stone Age: stone hoe farming
(3) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: Bronze farm tools appeared.
(4) Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Niu Geng, the main farming method of Chinese traditional agriculture.
2, the change of land ownership:
(1) Primitive society: clan commune ownership.
(2) Slave society: well-field system-state-owned land.
(3) the establishment of private ownership of land:
① There were "private fields" in the Spring and Autumn Period, which recognized the private ownership of land; (For example, Lu's "initial tax mu"-taxation by mu)
(2) During the Warring States Period, private ownership of land was legally established (Shang Yang's reform "abandoned mine fields and opened buildings").
(3) Feudal society: private ownership of land-state ownership of land, land ownership of landlords (★) and land ownership of farmers.
3, the progress of production tools:
(1) ironware: Western Zhou Dynasty-ironware;
Spring and Autumn-iron farm tools;
Warring States period-popularization of iron farm tools
(2) Niu Geng: appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, popularized in the Warring States Period, and popularized in the Han Dynasty (Western Han Dynasty: two cows wrangled; Eastern Han Dynasty: Cattle pulled plows. )
Significance: It is a revolution of agricultural forces in China.
(3) Farming: Qu Yuan's plough in the Tang Dynasty-a sign of the maturity of farming technology. (cart irrigation tools in Tang Dynasty)
4. Small-scale peasant economy: (agricultural management form)
(1) Meaning: It is a self-sufficient natural economy based on feudal private ownership of land, with the family as the basic production and living unit, and combining agriculture with cottage industry.
(2) Establishment: During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang's political reform was established. Establish a policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business)
(3) Reasons (conditions): ① The appearance and popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng;
② The establishment of private ownership of feudal land.
(4) Features: ① Family-run agriculture, intensive cultivation;
② Combination of agriculture and cottage industry;
(3) production is mainly to meet the needs of their own lives and tribute;
④ Self-sufficient natural economy.
(5) Impact: ① Promoting the development of intensive farming technology;
(2) It was the main source of financial revenue of feudal government;
③ In the long run, China's social development is slow, and it is difficult for new economic models to emerge and develop.
5. The basic characteristics of ancient agricultural economy in China:
(1) relatively mature farming and water conservancy technology and relatively complete agricultural management;
(2) Self-employed is the basic form of agricultural production, and natural economy is the basic form of ancient economy in China;
(3) Farmers bear a heavy tax and labor burden;
(4) Private ownership of land is the basic ownership of ancient land;
(5) The high concentration of land hinders the development of agriculture.
6, the present situation and development trend of ancient agriculture:
Status: the basic industry of ancient economy. (It is the premise of handicraft industry and commercial development; The basis for the emergence of major civilizations. )
Trend: (1) Progress in production technology and continuous development of intensive farming;
(2) The commercialization of agricultural production has been continuously improved.
Second, the world's leading ancient handicrafts:
▲ Three management forms of handicraft industry in ancient China: government-run, private-run and family-run.
1, official handicraft industry:
(1) Meaning: The feudal government nationalized profitable industries (such as cooking salt, smelting iron and copper). ), directly operated by the government, mainly produces weapons and daily necessities consumed by nobles.
(2) Features: ① The products are mainly used by officials and emperors;
(2) High production technology and large scale;
(3) the government recruits all kinds of craftsmen for production.
(3) official system: strictly manage the official handicraft industry (representing the highest level of handicraft industry)
2. Textile industry:
(1) Neolithic Age: the bud of silk weaving industry-artificial sericulture. China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave silk. )
(2) Shang and Zhou Dynasties: an official in charge of the textile industry, Jade Silkworm.
(3) Han Dynasty: the silk weaving industry was at a high level-Mawangdui Han Tomb-plain yarn elastic clothing;
"Silk Road" appeared, and silk products were exported to the Mediterranean-"Silk Country".
(4) Tang Dynasty: Private workshops rose and the government operated handicrafts on a large scale.
(5) Song Dynasty: Cotton planting and cotton textile technology were extended to Fujian and Guangdong.
(6) Ming Dynasty: sericulture and cotton planting area expanded; Suzhou and Hangzhou are the center of silk industry;
Free labor market appears in Jiangnan (hiring workers-the bud of capitalism)
3. Metallurgical industry:
(1) Copper smelting technology: ① Small bronzes appeared in the late Neolithic period;
(2) During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, bronze casting entered a prosperous period, which was rare in the Shang Dynasty.
(3) There were bronze tools in the Spring and Autumn Period;
Bronze swords and arrows appeared in Qin and Han dynasties, and bronze anticorrosion technology was invented.
(2) Iron smelting technology: ① Iron appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period;
(2) Iron farm tools were gradually popularized during the Warring States Period;
(3) Iron smelting in Han Dynasty used coal as fuel, and drainage was invented by Du Fu in Eastern Han Dynasty.
(3) Steelmaking technology: Steelmaking quenching technology developed during the Warring States Period.
4. Ceramic industry:
(1) primitive times: painted pottery, black pottery and other pottery have been fired;
(2) From the middle of Shang Dynasty to the end of Eastern Han Dynasty, it was a transitional stage from pottery to porcelain;
(3) Eastern Han Dynasty: the porcelain-making technology was mature and celadon was fired;
(4) Tang Dynasty: Porcelain making industry became an independent production department, forming two porcelain making systems: celadon (south) and white porcelain (north);
And Tang Sancai appeared; Painting;
(5) Song Dynasty: Many famous kilns (five porcelain kilns: Ding Yao, Hebei, Junyao, Henan, Jingdezhen, Jiangxi,
Longquan kiln in Zhejiang, Yaozhou kiln in Shaanxi);
(6) Yuan Dynasty: Jingdezhen became the center of porcelain making in China, which was able to burn blue-and-white porcelain with white background and blue flowers;
(6) The firing technology of pastel porcelain reached its peak in Qing Dynasty (Yongzheng period).
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Jingdezhen was the "porcelain capital" of China. Multicolored porcelain was fired in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and enamel was invented in the Qing Dynasty.
Celadon → white porcelain → blue and white porcelain → multicolored porcelain → enamel.
5. The development characteristics of ancient handicraft economy in China:
(1) has a long history: in the late primitive society, handicraft industry was separated from agriculture and formed an independent production department;
(2) A variety of business models coexist: government-run, private and cottage industries coexist for a long time;
(3) China's ancient handicraft industry was ahead of the world for a long time, and its products were exported to Europe, Asia and Africa, which was widely praised.
(4) Family handicraft industry and individual agriculture are closely combined and become an important part of self-sufficient natural economy;
(5) During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, capitalism sprouted in some industries of handicraft industry.
Third, the development of ancient commerce:
1, the formation and development of "city":
(1) Western Han Dynasty: Strict management (every city has a "market" dedicated to trade, which is strictly separated from residential areas, and there is a city in Chang 'an. Officials are set up to manage and open the market on time. )
(2) During the Six Dynasties, a folk market-grass market was formed in some places far away from towns and convenient transportation.
(3) Sui and Tang Dynasties:
(1) Party and city are separated and time is limited; Chang 'an has a city and a square, separated by a wall, which is open regularly during the day.
② Grass market and night market are relatively prosperous;
(4) Song Dynasty: It broke through the limitation of time and space (the boundary between the city and the square was gradually broken, and shops could be set up everywhere, and they could open in the morning and evening).
Time: night market, small market, temple fair
Space: market (commercial street-breaking the boundary of square city); The service function of the grass market is relatively complete.
(5) Ming and Qing Dynasties: the business district was relatively prosperous (such as Qianmen business district in Beijing).
2. Major commercial cities:
(1) Western Han Dynasty: Chang 'an, Luoyang, etc.
(2) Sui and Tang Dynasties: the Yellow River valley-Chang 'an and Luoyang;
The Yangtze River Basin-Yangzhou (the richest man in the world) and Yizhou (Yang Yi Yi Er);
(3) Song Dynasty: Kaifeng and Lin 'an; Yizhou (issuing jiaozi, the earliest paper money in the world. )
(4) Yuan: Dadu, Hangzhou and Quanzhou (the largest port in the world)
(5) Ming and Qing Dynasties: the business circle prospered; A famous town appeared;
In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, there appeared commercial gangs-Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants (regional commercial gangs).
3. The characteristics of ancient commercial development in China:
(1) business originated early and is developing continuously;
(2) Market exchange is more developed than that in medieval Europe;
(3) The developed market exchange in ancient China failed to shake the feudal economic system and create conditions for the development of capitalism;
(4) The ancient commerce was always under the suppression and control of the feudal government, and could only exist as a supplement to the natural economy.
▲ The performance of ancient commercial prosperity: (1) the development of cities and commercial cities and the emergence of business gangs;
(2) The land and water transportation is developed and the trade is prosperous; (such as Quanzhou in the Yuan Dynasty; Aunt Yu sailed in the Tang Dynasty)
(3) The auxiliary business premises are developed; (such as hotels, building shops and garages)
(4) Paper money appeared. ("Jiaozi" appeared in Yizhou in Song Dynasty)
Four, the main economic policies in ancient times:
1, the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce": the basic economic policy of feudal society in China.
(1) formulation and development: the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" was initiated by Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States period;
Successive dynasties followed.
(2) The fundamental reason for the long-term implementation of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" is to meet the needs of a self-sufficient natural economy.
(3) Purpose: to maintain the natural economy and ensure the collection of taxes and land rent; Maintain political stability and consolidate feudal rule.
(4) Evaluation: positive role: protecting agricultural production and small-scale peasant economy and promoting agricultural economic development;
In the early days of feudal society, the emerging landlord regime was consolidated.
Negative consequences: strengthen the natural economy, hinder the development of industry and commerce, and hinder the development of capitalism.
2. The "sea ban" policy: The "sea ban" in the Ming Dynasty was to guard against Japanese pirates, but it did not prohibit official foreign trade;
The Qing dynasty was due to the anti-Qing struggle of the people in the southeast coast.
The fundamental purpose: to maintain the feudal ruling order.
(3) The meaning of "closed doors" in the Qing Dynasty: foreign contacts were strictly restricted.
Only one foreign trade was opened in the Qing Dynasty, located in Guangzhou (foreign trade was managed by the 13th Guangzhou Branch).
Verb (abbreviation of verb): Reasons for the slow development of capitalism in ancient China;
(1) appears in a few industries in a few areas in the south of the Yangtze River, which is sparse and fragile;
(2) It was seriously hindered by the feudal system, especially the feudal dynasty's policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" and "forbidding the sea";
(3) The dominant position of natural economy hinders the development of commodity economy.
Topic 2: The change of economic structure in modern China and the tortuous development of capitalism.
First, the gradual disintegration of China's natural economy after the Opium War: (changes in socio-economic structure)
(1) disintegration time: after the Opium War.
(2) Reasons for disintegration: foreign capitalist invasion; The further expansion of the domestic market.
(3) The sign of disintegration: the decline of handmade cotton textile industry.
(4) The performance of disintegration: the cottage industry went bankrupt; The degree of commercialization of agricultural products has increased;
(5) The impact of disintegration: ① China was involved in the capitalist world market and became the commodity market and raw material producing area of the great powers;
② Promoted the development of urban and rural commodity economy and changed the social and economic structure of China;
It provided the market and labor force for the development of capitalism and promoted the rise of modern national industries.
Second, the Westernization Movement: (The establishment and influence of modern industries of the Westernization School:)
1, time: 65438+ 1960 ~ 1990 (guiding ideology: Chinese and western)
2. Reason: The Qing government faced internal troubles and foreign invasion.
3. Banner: Early-self-improvement; Late stage-seeking wealth
4. Representatives: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo, Zhang Zhidong, etc.
5. Content: (1) Establish modern military industry; (2) establishing modern civil industry;
(3) establishing a modern navy; (4) Training technical talents: sending overseas students and establishing modern schools.
6. Result: Bankruptcy (marked by China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War)
7. Impact: (1) took the first step of China's modernization;
(2) Introduced some advanced western technologies and trained a group of skilled workers;
(3) To a certain extent, the national defense force has been strengthened;
(4) It has played a certain role in resisting the expansion of foreign economic forces;
(5) Stimulated the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.
Third, the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism:
(A) the emergence of Chinese national capitalism:
1. Reason: (1) The invasion of foreign capitalism gradually disintegrated the natural economy;
(2) the stimulation of foreign enterprises' rich profits;
(3) The inducement of Westernization Movement.
2. Time: 1960s and 1970s19c; Location: Shanghai, Guangdong, Tianjin and other coastal areas.
3. Ways: ① Some small and medium-sized landlords, bureaucrats, comprador, businessmen and overseas Chinese invest in modern industrial and mining enterprises.
(2) Some handicraft workshops began to adopt machine production and became modern industrial and mining enterprises.
4. Main enterprises and founders: (1) Changfa Machinery Factory-Fang Juzan, Sun Yingde-Shanghai;
(2) Following Changlong Silk Reeling Factory-Chen Qiyuan-Nanhai, Guangdong.
(3) Elimou Machine Factory-Zhu Qi 'ang-Tianjin
5. National enterprises before19c70s ~ ~ Sino-Japanese War: less investment, small scale and weak technical force.
(B) the initial development of China's national capitalism: (the first climax of national industry)
1, time: from the Sino-Japanese War to the outbreak of World War I.
2. Reasons: (1) The capital export of big countries further disintegrated the natural economy;
(2) the promotion of the ideological trend of "saving the country through industry";
(3) The Qing government relaxed the restrictions on setting up factories. (directly, mainly)
(3) the tide of setting up industries in the early years of the Republic of China: (further development; Short Spring; The second climax)
1, time: during World War I (1912 ——1919)
2. Reason: (1) The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the imperial system of the Qing Dynasty and established the Republic of China, which removed some obstacles for the development of capitalism;
(2) The mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement has effectively promoted the development of private capital; )
(3) During World War I, European powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China (mainly).
3. Major enterprises and founders: (1) Sheng Da Cotton Mill-Nantong-Zhang Jian (industrial and commercial giant);
(2) Baoxing Flour Factory-Wuxi-Rong Jingzong and Rong Desheng (Flour King);
(3) New Lime Company-Tangshan, Hebei-Zhou;
(4) Jinbao Mining Company-Shaanxi-Liu Maoshang, Feng Jichuan
4. Main industries: textile industry and flour industry-the first and second largest industries.
5. Why is it a short spring? After World War I, European powers made a comeback.
▲ Characteristics of Chinese national capitalism:
1, uneven development: (1) mainly distributed in coastal areas, less in the mainland;
(2) Less light industry and heavy industry; (No independent industrial system has been formed)
(3) The proportion in the whole national economy is small. (Natural economy, foreign investment, national capital)
2. Difficulties in development: (1) Less investment, small scale, weak technical force and strong dependence on foreign capital and domestic feudal forces;
(2) Difficult development under the double oppression of foreign capital and domestic feudal forces.
▲ The significance of the rise and development of national capitalism: (The position and role of capitalism in the development of modern China)
Economically, it is a new economic factor and is conducive to social progress.
2. Politically, it laid a material and class foundation for the national bourgeoisie to enter the political arena, and promoted the development of the reform and democratic revolutionary movement;
The expansion of the proletarian ranks has prepared class conditions for the arrival of the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of China.
3. Ideologically, it constantly impacts and shakes the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy, providing social conditions for the spread of western bourgeois ideology and culture.
However, in semi-colonial and semi-closed China, due to the weakness and compromise of the bourgeoisie, it is impossible to take the capitalist road.
(4) Ten years before the National Government (1927— 1936): (On the eve of the Anti-Japanese War; Short-term development)
1, reason: (1) In order to consolidate the rule, the national government has introduced some policies and measures that are conducive to economic development.
① 1935, "legal tender monetary policy"; ② 1936, National Economic Construction Movement.
(2) The development of China people's anti-imperialist patriotic movement (boycotting foreign goods and promoting domestic products).
2. Features: twists and turns (double repression of imperialism and bureaucratic capital)
(5) During the period of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the national industry suffered a heavy blow.
Reason: occupied area: some factories and mines were either destroyed by the Japanese army or annexed by the Japanese army in various forms.
Kuomintang-controlled areas: the national government implemented the wartime system, strengthened overall control over the economy, and bureaucratic capital squeezed national enterprises.
(6) Late period of Kuomintang rule: (during the War of Liberation; The dilemma of national industrial development)
Reason: (1) American invasion-American goods flooded into China market; (1946 Sino-US Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation)
(2) Restrain bureaucratic capital;
(3) The national government's hyperinflation policy and exorbitant taxes.
▲ What have you learned from the development of national industries?
(1) National independence, social democracy and national unity are the prerequisites for the healthy development of national industries;
(2) China's national bourgeoisie can't lead the revolution to victory, and China's capitalist road won't work.
(3) The development of national capitalism suffers from triple oppression: feudalism, imperialism and bureaucratic capitalism (three mountains).
▲ Main factors affecting the development of national industries:
Obstacles: (1) Congenital deficiency: lack of funds, talents, technology and market;
(2) Acquired malformation: light industry is dominant, and there is no complete industrial system;
(3) Semi-colonial and semi-closed social environment: the oppression of three mountains.
2. Driving factors: (1) The invasion of western powers disintegrated the natural economy; (conditions)
(2) the influence of the trend of the times and the need to consolidate the rule: successive governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China encouraged the establishment of industries;
(3) The promotion of China people's anti-imperialist patriotic movement has made "saving the country through industry" have a broad mass base;
(4) The patriotic spirit of self-improvement of industrialists is the driving force and source of strength for the tortuous development of national industries.
Topic 3: The Road to Socialism with Chinese characteristics Construction
▲ After the founding of New China, the stage of social development in China:
(1) New China was founded-socialist transformation was basically completed (1949.438+00.1-1956 ended): transitional period.
1949 —— 1952: The main task is to consolidate political power; Restore economic development.
Measures include eliminating bandits, land reform, confiscating bureaucratic capital and rationally adjusting industry and commerce.
1952 ——1end of 956: general line in the transitional period (1end of 956 entered the primary stage of socialism)
(2) 1956 —— 1966: socialist construction period (exploration period).
(3) 1966- 1976: Ten years of turmoil during the Cultural Revolution.
(4) 1976- 1978: two-year wandering period ("two whatevers" and "great discussion on the standard of truth")
(5) 1978 Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee-Up to now: the new period of socialist modernization.
1978 —— 1992: Early stage of reform and opening up (mainly planned economy, supplemented by market economy).
1992-Up to now: a new stage of reform and opening up (beginning with "Deng Xiaoping Southern Talk" and the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China).
▲ Characteristics of the economic system in various periods after the founding of the People's Republic of China:
(1)1949 ——1953: economic recovery and coexistence of various economies are conducive to national economic recovery and political consolidation;
(2) 1953—— 1956: Three major transformations; The first five-year plan-single public ownership; planned economy
-it is conducive to concentrating on building socialist industrialization;
(3) 1956- 1966: socialist construction is eager for success (speed and scale) and highly centralized planned economy;
(4) 1966—— 1976: rigid system and economic disaster;
(5)1978-Up to now: After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, the reform and opening up was implemented-public ownership was the main body and multiple ownership systems coexisted.
-Promoting socialist modernization.
First, the beginning of the road to socialist construction:
1. Restore the national economy: (1) Confiscate bureaucratic capital; (establishing state-owned economy)
(2) Land reform:1950-1952; Newly liberated areas
Abolish the land ownership of feudal landlords and implement the land ownership of farmers.
(C) the adjustment of capitalist industry and commerce
2. General route of the transition period: (1) Time of the transition period: New China was founded-three major changes were completed.
(2) Content: "one integration and three transformations";
(3) Features: both construction and decoration.
3. "First Five-Year Plan": (1) Features: giving priority to the development of heavy industry;
(2) Significance: the beginning of socialist construction; Lay the foundation for socialist industrialization.
(3) Achievements: Angang; Changchun FAW; Shenyang Machine Tool Works; Shenyang Aircraft Factory and so on.
4. Three major changes:
(1) content: capitalist business: form: from low-level state capitalism to high-level state capitalism.
Policy (Features): Peaceful Redemption
Significance: make the capitalist private ownership transition to socialist public ownership.
Agriculture: the principle of voluntary mutual benefit; agricultural cooperative
Handicraft industry: handicraft group → supply and marketing cooperatives → production cooperatives.
Results: At the end of 1956, the socialist system was established and entered the primary stage of socialism.
(3) Evaluation: (1) Essence: Transform the relations of production and transform the private ownership of the means of production into public ownership.
(2) Positive significance: it is the most profound social change in the history of China;
Make the means of production change from private ownership to socialist public ownership;
It marks the basic establishment of the socialist system in China;
It marks that China has entered the primary stage of socialism.
(3) Negative effects: In the later period of transformation, the work was too impatient and rough, leaving many problems.