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"Crisis" usually refers to a dangerous curse or a critical juncture. There are two kinds of water crisis: water crisis in a broad sense refers to the threat or destruction of normal water supply caused by abnormal or unexpected events of natural, social and economic factors, and water crisis in a narrow sense refers to the sharp contradiction between supply and demand of water resources caused by the obstruction of stable water supply. Usually, people understand water crisis as a narrow water crisis. From the formation of water crisis, water crisis can be divided into natural crisis and man-made crisis. Natural crises are mainly caused by natural factors, including floods and droughts, while man-made water crises are mainly caused by human influences, such as water pollution and sudden pollution accidents. zlmbxn
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In recent years, the water crisis has gradually come to us, and water safety has become the focus of social attention. According to the United Nations, the global water crisis can basically be said to be a crisis of public management system, which "determines who, when and how to use water, what kind of water can be obtained, and who has the right to obtain water resources and related services".
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Recently, frequent water pollution accidents in China have caused social unrest and brought great influence on people's lives. Since the end of 2005, there has been an environmental accident every two days in China, and 70% of these accidents are water pollution accidents. The most typical cases are the Songhua River pollution incident, the blue-green algae incident in Taihu Lake and the water pollution incident in Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province. From June, 5438 to February, 2005, the Songhua River was polluted by chemical plants, and the benzene content seriously exceeded the standard, which caused the city of Harbin to stop water supply for four days, and millions of citizens fell into water shortage panic. At the end of May, 2007, a large-scale outbreak of cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake threatened the water safety of millions of people in Wuxi, resulting in the "Taihu Lake phenomenon" of relying on water to eat instead of eating. In July 2007, the water intake of the surface water plant in Shuyang County, Jiangsu Province was polluted by unknown pollution sources in the upper reaches of Xinyi River, and the urban water supply system was forced to close, and 200,000 people in the urban area were cut off for about 40 hours. zlmbxn
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This is the most direct and influential water crisis. In fact, the water crisis in China is still fermenting to varying degrees. Among the more than 600 cities in China, there are currently more than 400 cities with insufficient water supply, among which there are 1 10 cities with serious water shortage, and the total annual water shortage in cities reaches 6 billion cubic meters. North China is particularly short of water. The per capita water resources in the northern region, represented by the Yellow River, Huaihe River, Haihe River and Liaohe River basins, are only one third of the national average. It is estimated that the annual economic losses caused by water shortage in China reach 250 billion yuan, including 230 billion yuan in industrial output value and 20 billion yuan in agricultural output value; The economic loss caused by water pollution is more than 40 billion yuan, including human health loss of 65.438+0.928 billion yuan, industrial loss of 65.438+0.378 billion yuan and agricultural loss of 9.62 billion yuan. zlmbxn
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Second, the responsibility of the government in the face of water crisis
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The position and role of the government in dealing with the water crisis determines the size of the government's responsibility. To determine its responsibility, it is necessary to investigate the root cause of the water crisis. Jill, director of the World Conservation Union (IUCN) water resources project? Bergkamp pointed out, "At present, the biggest water crisis in the world is actually not a crisis of water resources, but a crisis of water management and utilization. We must use existing water resources more effectively and sustainably. " According to the World Water Development Report published by the United Nations, the main cause of the global water crisis is poor management, including serious waste of water resources. In many parts of the world, 30%-40% of water is wasted due to the leakage of pipes and ditches. Developing countries have insufficient water resources development capacity and many problems in management. At present, only 65,438+02% countries have formulated complete water resources management and protection plans. Bergkamp also boldly predicted that "if the concept of water resources management is not changed as soon as possible, human beings will inevitably suffer from more serious water shortage in 50 years." zlmbxn
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As can be seen from the above discussion, the water crisis is mainly caused by poor management. Water resources are important basic natural resources, environmental resources and economic resources. In our country, water resources belong to the state. Therefore, in the water crisis, the government has an unshirkable responsibility. It is the goal and responsibility of the government to effectively manage public resources and provide high-quality and safe services, and it is also the basic requirement for the government under the conditions of market economy. If the management of public resources is not good and the government work is not in place, it is necessary to examine the existing problems. In view of these problems, combined with social development goals and people's needs, we should adjust government management methods and methods to improve government efficiency and meet people's demand for safe water and water. zlmbxn
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Third, the government should take measures in the water crisis.
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(1) Do a good job in comprehensive planning of water resources, and seriously implement zlmbxn.
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Comprehensive planning of water resources is the overall arrangement for comprehensive utilization of water resources, which aims to meet the demand of social and economic development for water resources, promote scientific management and sustainable utilization of water resources, and provide a solid foundation and strong guarantee for realizing the strategic goal of sustainable utilization of water resources and supporting sustainable economic and social development. It is a comprehensive water conservancy planning, involving many aspects such as economy and society, project layout, resources and environment, and it is a macro arrangement for water resources utilization. It is very gratifying that after years of efforts, China's comprehensive water resources planning will soon be introduced, which will certainly play a role in restraining and guiding the future utilization of water resources. Unfortunately, this kind of comprehensive water resources planning also has some shortcomings, that is, most of the water resources planning is based on the average water quantity for many years, and there is no risk analysis of water resources utilization under extreme conditions, especially in dry years. In addition to the overall imbalance between supply and demand, the water crisis is more prominent under extreme conditions (especially in dry years and extremely rainy years, mainly manifested in the occurrence of re-flooding disasters). Making a plan is only the first step of the long March, and it needs to be implemented seriously. The implementation plan is also an important part of government work. In the past, the phenomenon of planning hanging on the wall was widespread. Under the condition of market economy, planning is one of the foundations of action and should be creatively and conscientiously implemented. Otherwise, it will not play a positive role in solving the water crisis. zlmbxn
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(2) Establish a systematic and efficient water crisis management and control system zlmbxn.
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Modern society relies more and more on public facilities. While electricity, gas, transportation and water supply bring convenience to people, any one of them will have a great impact on life, so it is very necessary to establish an efficient public crisis management and control system, including water crisis. First of all, we should establish an emergency plan according to the specific situation. At present, after SARS in China, governments at all levels have formulated various possible emergency plans for possible problems, which is worthy of recognition. However, it must be pointed out that most of them are limited to defining standards, establishing leading institutions, stipulating the action time and work content of various departments, and lacking detailed logistics support, which is not feasible; Secondly, it is necessary to establish a permanent emergency organization to manage and study the crisis and avoid the virtual state of crisis management and control with the arrival of various crises; Third, establish a comprehensive decision-making and command system to deal with public crises. Decision-making command system is the core of public crisis emergency treatment, which should have special crisis management and control ability, make scientific judgments efficiently and accurately, and make crisis treatment methods in a short time to avoid further expansion of the crisis. zlmbxn
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(3) Establish the water crisis prediction and early warning system zlmbxn.
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Systematic research on possible risks of water crisis, water crisis risk management, such as flood risk management, systematic analysis of historical hydrometeorological data, analysis of flood frequency, evaluation of possible losses caused by flood, establishment of quantitative relationship between flood frequency and losses caused by flood disasters, hydrological monitoring, such as monitoring of rainfall, water level and flow, and prediction of possible floods. According to the flood crisis management plan, put forward the flood control action plan, evaluate the post-disaster flood control and disaster reduction process, put forward the improvement measures of flood crisis management, and modify the corresponding methods and systems. Use modern science and technology to establish an early warning system, so as to get information as soon as possible and make all kinds of preparations. zlmbxn
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(4) Establish a scientific water crisis information release system zlmbxn.
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There are two basic forms of water crisis: chronic and acute. For the water crisis caused by sudden pollution, according to the actual situation of the water crisis, inform the public in time through mobile phones, televisions, newspapers, newspapers, the Internet and other forms, so that the public can get relevant information in time, avoid the spread of rumors, cause panic and have more serious consequences. The "Harbin water crisis" incident gave people sad news. The "false information" released for the first time after the Songhua River pollution defiled the image of the government. Fortunately, the government immediately corrected it, and the people also knew the truth, and it was easy to cooperate with the government to tide over the crisis. Establish a systematic water crisis information collection and release system, such as what water crisis information to release, how to release it, and the level of release, so that the public can know the truth of the incident at the first time, scientifically interpret the released information, guide public opinion, and give the masses a channel to obtain information quickly, thus improving the timeliness and accuracy of information release, eliminating public doubts and establishing a "psychological Great Wall" for the people to tide over the water crisis. zlmbxn
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(5) Establish water crisis management compensation mechanism zlmbxn.
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In the process of dealing with the water crisis, in order to avoid greater losses, there may be a phenomenon of sacrificing local interests to safeguard the overall interests. For example, this year, the Huaihe River Basin suffered the biggest flood since the founding of the People's Republic of China. In order to reduce losses, flood storage and detention areas have been started one after another, which has brought great losses to the people in this area. In order to make up for this loss, the government should give appropriate compensation to those who have suffered losses. The government should establish a long-term mechanism for water crisis compensation, clarify the principles and operating methods of water crisis compensation, establish a scientific loss assessment method, draw a clear line of responsibility for partial sacrifice, and make full compensation on time. This will not only establish the prestige of the government among the people, but also help to improve the government's integrity, and at the same time, it can quickly mobilize resources to avoid delaying the implementation of crisis management because of loss compensation. zlmbxn
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(6) Establish the technical support system zlmbxn for water crisis treatment.
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It is the highest goal of the government to nip the water crisis in the bud. At the same time, the government should also make a good technical reserve, systematically study various possible situations of water crisis, especially when there is a sudden water crisis, and deal with it technically in the shortest time to gain time and minimize the crisis. After four days' efforts, the water crisis in Harbin solved the difficulty of reaching the water supply standard, and it was not solved until the occurrence of cyanobacteria in Taihu Lake, which exposed the shortage of mature technical reserves in the face of water crisis in China, and it was necessary to establish a technical support system for water crisis treatment. Therefore, carrying out relevant technical research, such as the transportation of dangerous chemicals often leads to sudden pollution accidents, the discharge of sewage causes water crisis, and the sudden outbreak of cyanobacteria also leads to water supply difficulties. Special chemical plants are also hidden dangers of water crisis, and different technical treatments are put forward for different pollutants. zlmbxn
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At the same time, all localities should actively carry out the construction of standby water sources. The water crisis in Harbin and Wuxi exposed the fatal weakness of backward construction of backup water sources. After the pollution accident in Shuyang, Jiangsu Province, the standby water source was started immediately to minimize the impact and loss. For areas with centralized water supply, it is necessary to build standby water sources and put them into use in a short time, adding a safety lock for water supply. zlmbxn