Lecture on formative education for primary school students
Facing the more intense global talent competition in the 2 1 century, the coming information society, the era of knowledge economy, and all kinds of educational problems or problems related to education in schools and society, people's creativity, rational choice ability, sense of responsibility and cooperation spirit are challenged as never before. As an educational idea, educational method and educational technology, mental health education, which is guided by humanistic spirit and aimed at helping others grow up, is entering our schools, families and society, and has also become one of the effective forces to promote educational reform.
Mental health education, also known as psychological education and psychological quality education, is an education to cultivate the educated's good psychological quality, to improve the educated's psychological function, to give full play to their psychological potential, and to promote personality development. It is also a social activity process of interaction between educators and educatees in psychological self-construction. Mental health education in primary schools is an educational activity based on the characteristics of primary school students' physical and mental development, using relevant psychological education methods and means to cultivate students' good psychological quality, promote students' all-round and harmonious physical and mental development, and improve students' comprehensive quality. It is an important part of quality education; It is an important link to implement the education revitalization action plan oriented to 2 1 century, implement the cross-century quality education project and cultivate cross-century high-quality talents.
Mental health education is one of the connotations of education itself. The goal of education is to cultivate people with all-round development, including healthy physical and mental development. At present, mental health education plays an important role in realizing the transformation from exam-oriented education to quality education. Health is not only physical health in the traditional sense, but also includes good mental state and sound social adaptability, that is, physical and mental health. Therefore, primary schools urgently need mental health education.
First, the content of mental health education for primary school students
1, mental health maintenance of primary school students
This is an educational content that focuses on all students, cultivates their psychological quality and improves their basic quality through regular education and training. Specifically, it includes: intelligence training, that is, training activities designed for different components of intelligence, such as attention, observation and memory, to help students establish a scientific understanding of the nature of intelligence; Learning psychological guidance means helping students to establish a scientific understanding of the nature of learning activities, cultivating students to form a healthy and positive learning attitude, learning motivation, learning habits and guidance on learning methods. Emotional education means teaching students to observe and express their own and others' emotions, learning to effectively control, adjust and reasonably release negative emotions, and training related skills, such as sensitivity training, self-expression training and relaxation training. Interpersonal relationship guidance, that is, around three kinds of interpersonal relationships: parent-child, teacher-student, and peer, guides students to correctly understand the essence of various relationships and learn skills and principles to deal with various problems in interpersonal communication, including communication principles such as conflict resolution, cooperation and competition, learning to refuse, respect and support; The cultivation of sound personality refers to the cultivation of healthy personality qualities that individuals should have when facing the pressure and requirements of social survival, such as independence, enterprising spirit, frustration tolerance and so on; The guidance of self-psychological training is to help students to establish a scientific understanding of themselves through training and teaching, so that they can always accept themselves better in their own development and changes, such as accepting their own advantages and disadvantages, cultivating self-confidence and establishing a good self-image; Sexual psychological education, that is, the teaching and analysis of sexual physiology and psychological knowledge, helps students to establish correct gender concepts and gender identity, and guides students to correctly understand and master relevant knowledge and skills, such as the guidance of heterosexual classmates' communication, puppy love psychology and adjustment.
2. Correction of pupils' psychological and behavioral problems.
This is the educational content of psychological counseling and behavior correction training for a few students with psychological and behavioral problems, which belongs to the category of correction. Specifically, it includes the problem of learning adaptation, which mainly refers to the consultation and adjustment of psychological and behavioral problems arising from learning activities, such as exam anxiety, learning difficulties, inattention, school phobia, weariness of learning, etc. Emotional problems mainly refer to negative emotional problems that affect students' normal life, study and healthy growth, such as depression, fear, anxiety, tension and anxiety. Common behavior problems mainly refer to students' bad behavior characteristics in life and study, such as hyperactivity, lying, fighting, timidity and so on. Physical and mental diseases mainly refer to physical symptoms and reactions caused by psychological distress, such as neurasthenia, insomnia, hypochondria, neurotic obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysteria and other physical and mental diseases. Sexual behavior problems mainly refer to the correction and treatment of all kinds of abnormal sexual behaviors caused by sexual psychological obstacles, and the proportion of such problems among primary school students is very small.
3. The development of pupils' psychological potential and creativity.
Psychological research shows that people have great psychological potential, and the primary school semester is the best time to develop their psychological potential. In order to improve the national quality, we should pay more attention to the development of psychological potential and the cultivation of creativity of primary school students from an early age. Therefore, the development of psychological potential and the cultivation of creativity are also important educational contents of school mental health education for all students, mainly including training and cultivating students' abilities of judgment, reasoning, logical thinking, intuitive thinking, divergent thinking and creative thinking, as well as training students' self-motivation ability to improve students' independent consciousness and creative initiative.
As a new way of quality education, school psychological counseling can be implemented in three ways: first, teachers in various subjects perform the role of team leader in subject teaching, and by establishing a new teacher-student relationship, encouraging students to carry out cooperative learning, infiltrating psychological education factors into subject teaching and promoting students' growth; Second, with the joint efforts of the head teacher, psychological counseling teachers and teachers of various subjects, the group will grow into a learning organization through class activities, team activities, group psychological counseling and other activities, so that everyone in the group can grow up in the process of group growth; Thirdly, in the mental health work system with psychological counseling and counselors as the main part, students' general tendency psychological problems and individual and special psychological problems are explored, diagnosed, designed and helped more deeply. As the main way of mental health education, the basic working orientation of school psychological counseling is: developmental counseling is the main goal, therapeutic counseling is the supplement, group counseling is the main way, individual counseling is the supplement, psychological structure is combined with knowledge and action, and behavior is the main thing.
Second, the way of mental health counseling for primary school students
1. Set up related courses with lectures as the main content.
It is undoubtedly necessary to offer psychology classes, mental health classes, mental health education classes or hold lectures on related knowledge, to impart and popularize psychological counseling knowledge to students, to help students understand themselves correctly, and to effectively regulate psychology and behavior. In the early stage of psychological counseling, this method is also easier for teachers to master. However, its role in solving the practical problems of students is still limited. Because the role of psychological counseling is not to expand students' knowledge, but to improve students' emotional state, change their attitudes and develop necessary social skills. These are all difficult to work by imparting knowledge alone.
2, set up psychological counseling activities for primary school students, to carry out educational lectures.
Facing the more intense global talent competition in the 2 1 century, the coming information society, the era of knowledge economy, and all kinds of educational problems or problems related to education in schools and society, people's creativity, rational choice ability, sense of responsibility and cooperation spirit are challenged as never before. As an educational idea, educational method and educational technology, mental health education, which is guided by humanistic spirit and aimed at helping others grow up, is entering our schools, families and society, and has also become one of the effective forces to promote educational reform.
Mental health education, also known as psychological education and psychological quality education, is an education to cultivate the educated's good psychological quality, to improve the educated's psychological function, to give full play to their psychological potential, and to promote personality development. It is also a social activity process of interaction between educators and educatees in psychological self-construction. Mental health education in primary schools is an educational activity based on the characteristics of primary school students' physical and mental development, using relevant psychological education methods and means to cultivate students' good psychological quality, promote students' all-round and harmonious physical and mental development, and improve students' comprehensive quality. It is an important part of quality education; It is an important link to implement the education revitalization action plan oriented to 2 1 century, implement the cross-century quality education project and cultivate cross-century high-quality talents.
Mental health education is one of the connotations of education itself. The goal of education is to cultivate people with all-round development, including healthy physical and mental development. At present, mental health education plays an important role in realizing the transformation from exam-oriented education to quality education. Health is not only physical health in the traditional sense, but also includes good mental state and sound social adaptability, that is, physical and mental health. Therefore, primary schools urgently need mental health education.
First, the content of mental health education for primary school students
1, mental health maintenance of primary school students
This is an educational content that focuses on all students, cultivates their psychological quality and improves their basic quality through regular education and training. Specifically, it includes: intelligence training, that is, training activities designed for different components of intelligence, such as attention, observation and memory, to help students establish a scientific understanding of the nature of intelligence; Learning psychological guidance means helping students to establish a scientific understanding of the nature of learning activities, cultivating students to form a healthy and positive learning attitude, learning motivation, learning habits and guidance on learning methods. Emotional education means teaching students to observe and express their own and others' emotions, learning to effectively control, adjust and reasonably release negative emotions, and training related skills, such as sensitivity training, self-expression training and relaxation training. Interpersonal relationship guidance, that is, around the three interpersonal relationships of parent-child, teacher-student, and peer, guides students to correctly understand the essence of various relationships and learn the skills and principles of dealing with various problems in interpersonal communication, including conflict resolution, cooperation and competition, learning to refuse, respect and support, etc. The cultivation of sound personality refers to the cultivation of healthy personality qualities that individuals should have when facing the pressure and requirements of social survival, such as independence, enterprising spirit, frustration tolerance and so on; The guidance of self-psychological training is to help students to establish a scientific understanding of themselves through training and teaching, so that they can always accept themselves better in their own development and changes, such as accepting their own advantages and disadvantages, cultivating self-confidence and establishing a good self-image; Sexual psychological education, that is, the teaching and analysis of sexual physiology and psychological knowledge, helps students to establish correct gender concepts and gender identity, and guides students to correctly understand and master relevant knowledge and skills, such as the guidance of heterosexual classmates' communication, puppy love psychology and adjustment.
2. Correction of pupils' psychological and behavioral problems.
This is the educational content of psychological counseling and behavior correction training for a few students with psychological and behavioral problems, which belongs to the category of correction. Specifically, it includes the problem of learning adaptation, which mainly refers to the consultation and adjustment of psychological and behavioral problems arising from learning activities, such as exam anxiety, learning difficulties, inattention, school phobia, weariness of learning, etc. Emotional problems mainly refer to negative emotional problems that affect students' normal life, study and healthy growth, such as depression, fear, anxiety, tension and anxiety. Common behavior problems mainly refer to students' bad behavior characteristics in life and study, such as hyperactivity, lying, fighting, timidity and so on. Physical and mental diseases mainly refer to physical symptoms and reactions caused by psychological distress, such as neurasthenia, insomnia, hypochondria, neurotic obsessive-compulsive disorder, hysteria and other physical and mental diseases. Sexual behavior problems mainly refer to the correction and treatment of all kinds of abnormal sexual behaviors caused by sexual psychological obstacles, and the proportion of such problems among primary school students is very small.
3. The development of pupils' psychological potential and creativity.
Psychological research shows that people have great psychological potential, and the primary school semester is the best time to develop their psychological potential. In order to improve the national quality, we should pay more attention to the development of psychological potential and the cultivation of creativity of primary school students from an early age. Therefore, the development of psychological potential and the cultivation of creativity are also important educational contents of school mental health education for all students, mainly including training and cultivating students' abilities of judgment, reasoning, logical thinking, intuitive thinking, divergent thinking and creative thinking, as well as training students' self-motivation ability to improve students' independent consciousness and creative initiative.
As a new way of quality education, school psychological counseling can be implemented in three ways: first, teachers in various subjects perform the role of team leader in subject teaching, and by establishing a new teacher-student relationship, encouraging students to carry out cooperative learning, infiltrating psychological education factors into subject teaching and promoting students' growth; Second, with the joint efforts of the head teacher, psychological counseling teachers and teachers of various subjects, the group will grow into a learning organization through class activities, team activities, group psychological counseling and other activities, so that everyone in the group can grow up in the process of group growth; Thirdly, in the mental health work system with psychological counseling and counselors as the main part, students' general tendency psychological problems and individual and special psychological problems are explored, diagnosed, designed and helped more deeply. As the main way of mental health education, the basic working orientation of school psychological counseling is: developmental counseling is the main goal, therapeutic counseling is the supplement, group counseling is the main way, individual counseling is the supplement, psychological structure is combined with knowledge and action, and behavior is the main thing.
Second, the way of mental health counseling for primary school students
1. It is undoubtedly necessary to offer lecture-based courses, such as psychology, mental health, mental health education, etc., or hold lectures on related knowledge, to impart and popularize relevant knowledge of psychological counseling to students, to help students correctly understand themselves, and to effectively regulate psychology and behavior. In the early stage of psychological counseling, this method is also easier for teachers to master. However, its role in solving the practical problems of students is still limited. Because the role of psychological counseling is not to expand students' knowledge, but to improve students' emotional state, change their attitudes and develop necessary social skills. These are all difficult to work by imparting knowledge alone.
2. Offering psychological counseling activity classes.
This is an activity course specially designed for psychological counseling, which is usually included in the teaching plan. Its characteristics are: the form is mainly student activities, and the content selection is completely suitable for the actual needs of students.
The activity is organized by the teaching class, and the purpose, content, methods and procedures of the activity class are systematically planned and designed. The advantages of psychological counseling in this way are: it can have a purposeful positive impact on students' cognition, emotion, attitude and behavior in specially organized activities; Student activities are conducive to giving full play to individual initiative; Taking the teaching class as the activity unit is convenient for organization and management, and all students in the class can benefit from the counseling activities; Incorporating psychological counseling into the curriculum also ensures the development of this work in terms of personnel and time, so it is more formal. Just how to consider the specific situation of each student in class activities and implement personalized treatment is a problem that needs to be solved seriously.
3. Infiltrate psychological counseling into subject teaching.
Learning guidance is an important aspect of guidance, which is mainly combined with subject teaching. Learning is the leading activity of students, and students have many psychological problems in the process of learning, which should be properly solved in the teaching process. In fact, there are many content materials suitable for psychological counseling in the textbooks of various subjects, and educational situations conducive to the implementation of psychological counseling often appear in the teaching process. As long as teachers dig carefully and make good use of it, they will certainly receive the actual effect of psychological counseling. In recent years, some primary and secondary school teachers have tried to infiltrate psychological counseling in Chinese, mathematics, ideology and morality, society and other disciplines, and have gained some successful experiences.
4. Personal consultation
Individual tutoring is a professional activity to help teachers through one-on-one communication and interaction with students. Commonly used methods include conversation, telephone consultation, letter consultation and case study. The "Intimate Sister Mailbox" activity carried out by some primary schools is a form of letter consultation. Case study is an in-depth and lasting individual counseling method for individual students (usually some special students, including students with excellent qualifications, students with emotional troubles, students with behavioral deviations, and students with weak families). It is necessary to collect information extensively, objectively analyze the nature and causes of problems, and formulate counseling programs according to the diagnosis results to help students solve problems. Because the essence of psychological counseling lies in individualized therapy, it can be said that individualized counseling is an irreplaceable counseling method. No matter how schools give priority to psychological counseling, if it is not coordinated with individual counseling, its counseling work is incomplete.
Mental health education is an important part of effectively improving students' psychological quality and fully realizing the goal of quality education. Only when the inner world of students is in harmony with the external living environment can students' moral, intellectual and physical beauty be improved. Therefore, psychological quality is the core and foundation of students' quality structure, and all the development of students is carried out on this basis and under this background. The development of psychological quality is not only the starting point of quality education, but also the destination of all-round quality education.
This is an activity course specially designed for psychological counseling, which is usually included in the teaching plan. Its characteristics are: the form is mainly student activities, the content selection is completely suitable for the actual needs of students, and the activity organization is based on the teaching class, and the purpose, content, methods and procedures of the activity class are planned and systematically designed. The advantages of psychological counseling in this way are: it can have a purposeful positive impact on students' cognition, emotion, attitude and behavior in specially organized activities; Student activities are conducive to giving full play to individual initiative; Taking the teaching class as the activity unit is convenient for organization and management, and all students in the class can benefit from the counseling activities; Incorporating psychological counseling into the curriculum also ensures the development of this work in terms of personnel and time, so it is more formal. Just how to consider the specific situation of each student in class activities and implement personalized treatment is a problem that needs to be solved seriously.