Speaking of mental health, it naturally involves the standard of dividing normal psychology and abnormal psychology, which is an unavoidable basic problem and a quite complicated one. The following is the standard of individual mental health that I have compiled for you. Welcome to learn from them!
First, the concept of mental health
According to traditional concepts and habits, the word "health" is mostly limited to physical health, which mainly means that the body is well developed and the physiological function is normal, and less attention is paid to mental health. For example, the Modern Chinese Dictionary (Commercial Press, version 1980) defines health as: "(The human body) has normal physiological functions, without defects and diseases." This understanding is obviously incomplete and incomplete. Man is both a biological individual and a social individual. Human health is not only restricted by biological factors, but also influenced by psychological factors and social factors. When the World Health Organization (WHO) was founded, it scientifically defined the meaning of health: "Health is a state of physical, psychological and social adaptation, not just a state of absence of disease and weakness." In other words, the basic connotation of the concept of health should include three aspects: physical health, mental health and good social adaptation.
Mental health is relative to physical health, which mainly includes two meanings: first, it refers to the state of mental health, that is, there is no mental illness and mental function is good; The second is to maintain mental health, that is, according to the laws and characteristics of physical and mental development of individuals of different ages, through various forms of publicity, education and training, purposefully, consciously and actively take various effective methods and measures to create a good family environment, school environment and social environment, so as to prevent mental illness, improve psychological quality and maintain and promote a good state of healthy psychological activities.
Second, various standards of mental health.
Speaking of mental health, it naturally involves the standard of dividing normal psychology and abnormal psychology, which is an unavoidable basic problem and a quite complicated one. On the one hand, the difference between normal psychology and abnormal psychology is relative, and it is difficult to determine a strict boundary; On the other hand, the phenomenon of normal or abnormal psychology always exists objectively, and it is often influenced by many factors, while various psychological symptoms do not exist in isolation, they influence and interact with each other, so the criteria determined from different angles are different.
Empirical standard
The experience standard includes two meanings: one refers to the individual's judgment on whether his psychology is normal based on the existing knowledge and experience. For example, based on my existing knowledge and experience, I feel irritable, uncomfortable and difficult to adjust, so I think I am mentally abnormal and seek help from others; Second, it refers to the observer's judgment on whether the observed person's psychology is normal according to his accumulated life experience or clinical experience. For example, a person is indifferent to the death or injury of his parents. Although he doesn't feel uncomfortable or abnormal, according to the experience of observers, this may be the criterion for judging his psychological abnormality.
Generally speaking, the standard of experience is subjective, limited and different. Different observers have different accumulated knowledge and experience, different reference standards and different judgments. However, professional observers can still agree on most psychological abnormalities, so the empirical standard has certain practicability and popularization significance.
(2) Social norms and standards
The standard of social norms is to measure and judge whether the behavior is abnormal on the basis of social norms. Generally speaking, personal behavior is always in harmony with the environment. Individuals adapt and transform the environment according to the needs of social life. Therefore, their behavior is based on social needs and moral norms, which is in line with social norms. Therefore, the standard of social norms is based on the social significance of individual behavior and the degree of individual adaptation. The researcher mainly examines the attitude of the parties to themselves and others, their performance in the group, whether it is appropriate to communicate with others and deal with interpersonal relationships, and whether their views and reactions to social events meet the requirements of society.
Many clinical psychologists adopt social norms. However, due to the influence of time, region, customs, culture and other conditions, this standard is not static. Zhang and Chen Chonggeng: Abnormal Psychology, Beijing Science and Technology Press, 1988, p. 24. In the specific application process, we must pay attention to the following aspects: (1) We must fully consider the differences and influences of different times, different regions, different nationalities and different social and cultural customs. For example, in some countries and regions, homosexuality is regarded as a pure personal normal lifestyle and protected by law, while in some countries and regions, it is regarded as a kind of abnormal psychology and behavior; (2) We must pay attention to analyzing the nature of their psychology and behavior and their impact on society. For example, pioneers who promote social progress, although their psychology and behavior are incompatible with social norms, cannot be regarded as psychological abnormalities; (3) pay attention to careful observation. Sometimes a person's psychological and behavioral changes are slow, inconspicuous and gradual. We should observe carefully and make an accurate judgment.
(3) Clinical diagnostic criteria
This standard is a psychological diagnosis standard that treats psychological abnormality or mental disorder as the same as physical disease and is based on physiological and pathological changes. According to the clinical diagnostic criteria, if a person's psychology is abnormal, his brain, nervous system, endocrine system or other systems must undergo a process of physiological and pathological changes. Even if no physiological and pathological changes have been found at present, it does not mean that the process of this change does not exist. With the development of modern science and diagnostic technology, this change process can of course be measured. The existence of this physiological and pathological change in human body is a reliable criterion to judge whether the psychology is normal or not.
Generally speaking, the clinical diagnostic criteria are very effective for the diagnosis of mental disorders caused by mental disorders, epilepsy and drug-induced brain and other physical diseases, but they are powerless for the diagnosis of neurosis and personality disorders.
(4) Statistical standards
Statistical standard refers to the degree to which psychological characteristics deviate from statistical norms, as a standard to judge whether psychology is normal or not. The statistical standard comes from the psychological measurement of normal psychological characteristics and is based on the normal distribution in large sample statistics. Most people in the middle are normal, and people at both ends are abnormal. It must be pointed out that the so-called normal or abnormal is relative according to statistical standards, and it has only reference significance in the diagnosis of mental illness. Because of a person's psychological reasons, from normal to abnormal is a continuous process. Some psychological symptoms may exist more or less in normal people, but not all of them are abnormal. Generally, the deviation degree exceeds one and a half or two standard deviations before it is judged as abnormal.
Statistical standards provide quantitative data of psychological characteristics, which are objective, simple and easy to operate, and the statistical results are clear at a glance, which is convenient for analysis and comparison. However, the standard is based on the statistical results of psychological measurement, which artificially demarcates the boundary between normal and abnormal psychology, so there are inevitably some limitations.
(5) Psychological standards
In fact, psychological standards are the concretization of social norms. From the perspective of the development level and function of individual psychology, this paper puts forward some items shared and recognized by most people as the criteria for evaluating mental health. Because different psychologists have different views and understandings, the standards put forward are not the same.
1. Maslow et al.
American psychologists Maslow (A.H. Maslow and Miethman) believe that there are ten criteria to judge whether a person's mental health is healthy: (1) whether there is enough sense of security; (2) whether you have a full understanding of yourself and can properly evaluate your ability; (3) Whether a person's life ideals and goals are realistic; (4) Whether it can keep good contact with the surrounding environment; (5) Whether you can maintain the integrity and harmony of your own personality; (6) Whether you have the ability to learn from experience; (7) Whether proper and good interpersonal relationships can be maintained; (8) Whether you can properly express and control your emotions; (9) Whether you can give full play to your personality under the premise of collective permission; (10) Whether the basic needs of individuals can be properly met within the scope of social norms.
2. Standards proposed by 2.Jahoda
M. Jahoda integrated Maslow's and Rogers' viewpoints and summed up six mental health standards. (1) attitude towards yourself. This attitude includes: the degree to which you can objectively understand your own experiences, emotions, abilities and opinions (self-knowledge); The degree to which you can accept your own advantages and disadvantages as a whole (self-acceptance); I can integrate my own attributes and clearly understand them. I can distinguish between myself and others' roles and responsibilities (role identification) and other elements. A mentally healthy person shows excellent standards in these aspects. (2) Growth, development and self-realization. A mentally healthy person can unswervingly move towards his own goals and try his best to take positive actions to realize himself. In life, I care about my work and others, I am willing to contribute to my work and others, and I can make a sound with others. (3) Integrated personality. Personality is integrated from three levels: one is "psychological balance", that is, the personality structure in which ID, ego and superego are in balance; The second is "unified attitude towards life", that is, the consistency between ideal self and realistic self; Third, "resistance to oppression" refers to the tolerance or self-strength of setbacks. (4) self-discipline. Self-discipline is whether individuals can make their own decisions independently of the environment. Without self-discipline, individuals can only passively respond to environmental stimuli. On the other hand, if an individual can make his own decisions and act in a state of being responsible for his own actions, then he is a mentally healthy person. (5) Accuracy of perception of external environment. Refers to the individual's understanding of the surrounding environment, or whether he can minimize his cognitive error. If a person does not have an accurate understanding of his own environment, he will not be able to take appropriate corresponding actions and will easily fall into a state of inadaptability. Because of emotional factors such as desire, desire, anxiety and uneasiness. These hidden things in the individual's heart will distort the facts that people perceive. Therefore, if a person can understand this, and can compare what he knows with the real environment, so as to correct his cognition, or can adopt other people's opinions, then even in the face of pressure, he can take more appropriate coping behavior based on more correct cognition. (6) the dominant environment. This means that people should not only adapt to the environment, but also actively challenge the environment and change their living environment.
3. Standards proposed by Schultz
Schultz (1977) summarized the following five mental health standards. (1) Be able to control your own life. People can't always be rational, but at least they should be able to consciously guide their actions and accept their own destiny. This is similar to the first and fourth articles synthesized by Jia Huo Da. (2) Being able to know who you are. You can fully understand your own advantages and disadvantages, strengths and weaknesses, accept everything that belongs to you, and keep yourself as you are, without disguise. This is similar to the first term of Jia Huo Da's synthesis. (3) can face up to reality. Although people are more or less influenced by childhood experiences, a mentally healthy person is not, as S. Freud said, "a man is a helpless vassal to the past". Secondly, of course, people should look to the future goals or have lofty ambitions, but the focus of their eyes should also pay attention to what is going on. (4) Being able to challenge new goals or new experiences. (5) Unique personality traits.
4. Standards proposed by Wang Xiaodao
Professor Wang Xiaodao of peking university health science center put forward three principles to judge whether the psychology is normal or not. (1) The principle of identity between psychology and environment. Psychology is the function of the brain and the reflection of objective reality. Any normal person's psychological activities and behaviors, regardless of their contents and forms, can always be consistent with the surrounding environment, including the natural environment and social environment, especially the social environment, that is, identity. If a person's psychology and behavior do not adapt to the surrounding environment and lose self-identity, it will be difficult to understand, which is an abnormal performance. (2) the principle of the unity of psychology and behavior. A normal person's understanding of objective things, as well as the internal emotional experience and will action caused by it, is always complete and coordinated. This unity of psychology and behavior is the psychological basis to ensure that individuals have good social functions and effective activities. If a person's psychology and behavior are inconsistent, it is an unhealthy and abnormal state. (3) the principle of personality stability. Personality refers to the sum of a person's unique psychological characteristics, such as ability, temperament and personality, which are formed in the long-term life experience and different from others. Personality characteristics are relatively stable after formation. Generally speaking, it is not easy to change without major changes or the long-term influence of specific environment. If it is abnormal, it is necessary to consider whether there is any abnormality in its personality.
Professor Wang Xiaodao believes that it is not enough for the above three principles to evaluate individual mental health only from explicit behavior, because there are certain differences between people. Therefore, according to the actual needs of distinguishing mental health and its level, he put forward seven criteria: (1) adaptability; (2) Tolerance, that is, the general term for tolerance and resistance to mental stimulation or psychological pressure; (3) Control refers to the ability of self-control and adjustment; (4) level of consciousness; (5) Social communication ability; (6) Resilience refers to the resilience of psychological trauma after mental shock and stimulation; (7) The moral sense that happiness is better than pain.
5. Standards proposed by Lin Chongde
Professor Lin Chongde believes that the core of mental health standards is that anyone who responds positively to all events or activities beneficial to mental health is mentally healthy. It is difficult to list the specific standards of students' mental health in all aspects. However, it can be summarized into the following three aspects. First, dedication. Learning is the main activity of students. Students with mental health can study normally, gain intelligence and ability in their study, and use intelligence and ability in their further study. Because we can give full play to the role of intelligence and ability in learning, we will have a sense of accomplishment, and the sense of accomplishment will be continuously satisfied, which will lead to a sense of pleasure in learning, thus forming a virtuous circle. Specifically, (1) becomes the subject of learning; (2) Get satisfaction from learning; (3) Promoting the development of body and brain from learning; (4) Keep in touch with the real environment in learning; (5) Eliminating unnecessary fears in learning; (6) Form good study habits from study. Second, the music group. The interpersonal relationship of students mainly involves parent-child relationship, teacher-student relationship and peer relationship. Students' ability to deal with interpersonal relationships directly reflects their mental health level. Specifically: (1) can understand each other's rights and obligations; (2) Being able to understand others objectively; (3) Caring for the needs of others; (4) Sincere praise and goodwill criticism; (5) active communication; (6) maintain the integrity of one's own personality. Third, self-cultivation. Mentally healthy people know themselves and accept themselves. Mainly manifested in: (1) being good at evaluating yourself correctly; (2) Know yourself through others; (3) timely and correctly attribution; (4) expanding one's life experience; (5) Establish the ambition level according to the actual situation; (6) self-control.
6. Standards proposed by Chen Yongsheng
Chinese scholar Chen Yongsheng summed up the mental health standard as: (1) cognitive health adaptation; (2) Full and moderate emotions; (3) Strong and controllable will; (4) Harmonious and unified personality; (5) Harmonious interpersonal relationship; (6) put an end to psychological abnormalities; (7) objective self-awareness; (8) Good social adaptability; (9) A positive attitude towards life; (10) code of conduct.
Third, the understanding of mental health standards
When discussing the standards of students' mental health, we should pay attention to the following aspects.
Mental health is a dynamic concept.
Mental health has different requirements in different historical periods. This is because, with the changes of society, different societies have different requirements for people. For example, in feudal society, it may be an ideal idea to maintain psychological balance, but in modern society, it will make people discouraged and easily be eliminated in fierce social competition. The standard of mental health should be based on the requirements of modern society for people's quality, reflect the times, and of course carry forward the essence of traditional culture.
Mental health is a positive social adaptation.
Many scholars regard social adaptation as an important indicator when discussing the standard of mental health. There are two kinds of adaptation: one is passive adaptation, that is, individuals passively adapt to the environment; One is active adaptation, that is, individuals try to change environmental conditions and transform the environment while adjusting their own needs. Mental health is not only an individual problem, but also a group and social problem. We can't think that people who adapt to a morbid and unhealthy society are psychologically healthy.
Man is not a passive object, but a creative subject of independent development. He should not only actively adapt to the environment, but also dare to transform it. Some people emphasize that the standard of mental health should be both the standard of survival and the standard of development. The standard of survival is the existence of individual life, which emphasizes adapting to the environment and conforms to the mainstream culture of society. The development standard focuses on the development of individuals and society, pursues the most valuable creation of life, and emphasizes the active adaptation and transformation of the environment. By tapping the greatest physical and mental potential of individuals, they become lofty, dignified and self-respecting people and seek physical and mental satisfaction.
(C) Mental health is the development process of a sound personality
Mental health is a process of integrating people's knowledge, feelings and actions. At present, psychological counseling pays more attention to people's emotions and behaviors, and pays more attention to the formation and development of people's values, outlook on life and moral understanding. If the moral standard is not included in the mental health standard, it is actually a defective and imperfect mental health standard.
Mental health is relative.
People's life development has gone through different stages, each stage has different psychological characteristics and different requirements for socialization. For people of different ages, mental health standards may not be completely unified, but each has its own emphasis. Secondly, due to cultural differences, western mental health standards can not be completely copied, and need to be combined with the reality of China.
Based on this, we think that the standard of students' mental health can be roughly described as: (1) having a good mentality and awareness of self-awareness and self-acceptance; (2) Being able to adjust and control one's emotions to keep them happy and calm; (3) Being able to withstand setbacks and having strong frustration tolerance; (four) to correctly understand the surrounding environment, adapt to the environment and transform the environment; (5) Harmonious interpersonal relationship, sociable, compassionate, caring and helpful; (6) Having a healthy lifestyle and habits; (7) Normal thinking development can stimulate creativity; (8) Have a positive attitude towards life, morality, values and a good code of conduct.
Performance of mental health
The representation of mental health is the concrete expression of the essence of mental health. From the psychological point of view, mental health can be manifested as the harmony of individual internal psychological system and the harmony of individual external psychological system. The harmony of individual internal psychological system includes the harmony of consciousness, the harmony of psychological process and the harmony of individual psychology; The harmony of individual external psychological system includes the harmony between individual and others, the harmony between individual and society, and the harmony between individual and nature.
Harmony at the level of consciousness.
Psychoanalytic school clearly divides people's consciousness into two levels: consciousness and subconscious, in which consciousness represents the psychological level that people can rationally perceive and judge, while subconscious represents the psychological level that people can hardly perceive, feel and accumulate shadows. Because consciousness and subconsciousness represent different psychological contents, there may be contradictions and conflicts between them, that is, consciousness suppresses subconsciousness and subconsciousness resists consciousness. The clinical research of psychoanalysis shows that many mental diseases of individuals come from the suppression of the subconscious by consciousness and the resistance of the subconscious to consciousness, and to treat mental diseases, it is necessary to guide the "lesions" hidden in the subconscious to the conscious level. It can be seen that the harmony of consciousness level is an important indicator of mental health. Psychoanalyst Jung once pointed out that mental health is "the unity of consciousness and subconscious". The harmony of consciousness here includes two levels: first, consciousness and subconscious are in a state of communication, that is, the subconscious is led to the conscious level for analysis and understanding; Second, it refers to the harmony between consciousness and subconscious in reality, that is, both consciousness and subconscious must conform to reality, balance and solve the conflict with reality and tend to be harmonious and unified.
The harmony of psychological process.
Psychological process refers to cognition, emotion, will and action. According to the understanding of modern psychology, these four elements of psychological process influence and restrict each other. This means that between them, "peace is good for both, and division is bad for both." Alice's rational emotion theory shows that the contradiction between cognition and emotion will lead to mental illness; Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory shows that the conflict between cognition and action will lead to cognitive dissonance or disorder. It can be seen that the harmony of psychological process is an important symbol of mental health. In the harmony of psychological process, it is especially important to emphasize the harmony between cognition and action and emotion. The harmony between cognition and action refers to the consistency of the two, that is, what kind of cognition will be accompanied by what kind of action. The ancients in China emphasized "the unity of knowledge and action" and regarded it as the virtue of a gentleman. On the contrary, they regard the "difference between knowing and doing" as a villain's behavior. The harmony between cognition and emotion means that there is a mutually promoting relationship between them, that is, cognition can guide or trigger positive emotion, and emotion can support or stimulate reasonable cognition.
Harmony of personality and psychology. Personality psychology includes three parts: individual psychological characteristics, personality tendency and self-awareness, in which individual psychological characteristics refer to individual ability, temperament and personality; Personality tendency refers to the individual's needs, motives, interests and values, while self-awareness refers to the individual's cognition and views on himself. The harmony of individual psychological characteristics is mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the comprehensiveness of individual ability structure and the compatibility between various components that constitute temperament and personality; Second, an individual's ability, temperament and personality are different from others within his acceptable range. The harmony of personality tendencies is also manifested in two aspects: first, the coordination between various tendencies, specifically the coordination between different needs, interests and values. The second is the coordination between personality tendency and reality. In other words, personal needs, interests and value ideals should be based on reality, with realistic roots and the possibility of realistic satisfaction. The harmony of self-consciousness refers to the identity of self, and the so-called self-identity refers to the coherence and consistency between different selves. According to self-study, there are three types of ego: past ego, present ego and future ego, as well as subconscious ego, conscious ego and moral ego. The harmony of self-consciousness is mainly manifested in the consistency of past me, present me and future me, as well as the consistency of subconscious me, conscious me and moral me.
Harmony between individuals and others. People are "social animals" and always associate with others, in which individuals and others will form various relationships, referred to as interpersonal relationships. The harmony between individuals and others is manifested in the harmony of interpersonal relationships, which refers to the harmonious state between people. Previous studies have shown that interpersonal disharmony, such as interpersonal sensitivity and social anxiety, are all important psychological symptoms, which also shows that interpersonal harmony is an important manifestation of mental health. Interpersonal harmony, that is, the harmonious state between people, is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, interpersonal trust, that is, individuals have trust in others, and they can feel the trust from others without any hostility or malicious prejudice. The second is interpersonal tolerance, that is, individuals can accept others emotionally, welcome others to become their friends, and be accepted by others. The third is interpersonal communication, that is, individuals are willing to communicate with others, confident and comfortable in social situations, and behave appropriately.
The harmony between individual and society. Individuals living in society are always inextricably linked with society. The connection between individuals and society not only represents their living state, but also reflects their psychological state. China's traditional culture has always advocated that individuals should maintain a harmonious relationship with society, but this kind of harmony is often an individual's unilateral adaptation to society, which is obviously negative. In modern culture, there are three important manifestations of harmony between individuals and society: one is harmony with social rules. Social rules are norms and constraints on individual behavior, which are easily opposed. However, if social rules give consideration to personal interests and individuals accept and abide by social rules, then the two are in a harmonious state. The second is harmony with social roles. An individual's status, position and occupation in society constitute his social role. If the social role given to individuals by society is suitable for their personality tendency and ability level, and the social role played by individuals conforms to social expectations, then individuals will have a sense of social role adaptation. The third is harmony with social groups. In social life, individuals always belong to different groups. If the group holds the purpose of opening and accepting individuals, and individuals are willing to become members of the group and experience the sense of belonging of the group, then the relationship between the two is benign.
Harmony between individual and nature. People come from nature, owe nature, and finally return to nature. Therefore, China traditional culture emphasizes the harmonious relationship between man and nature, and puts forward the idea of "harmony between man and nature". The traditional harmony between man and nature mostly stays at the level of "no contradiction" or "no harm". In modern society, the contact between man and nature is extensive and deep, and it is unrealistic to "not contradict" and "not harm" passively. Therefore, the harmony between individual and nature presents new characteristics: first, it is close to nature. In other words, I have a correct understanding of natural phenomena, like contact with nature, have curiosity about the mysteries of nature, feel the beauty and kindness of nature, and feel comfortable in nature at the same time. The second is the concern for nature. This kind of care is not only manifested in not destroying nature and actively building nature, but also in preventing others from infringing on nature and actively participating in nature protection. In short, the harmony between individuals and nature is neither far away from nature nor obedient to nature, but close to nature; It is neither conquering nor destroying nature, but caring for nature.
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