Chinese name: avian influenza English name: Avian influenza; Other names of AI: True Chicken Fever Definition: A serious infectious disease mainly prevalent in chickens caused by avian influenza virus (AIV). The virulent strain can cause sudden death of poultry, which is a class A disease stipulated by OIE and can also infect people. Applied discipline: immunology (first-class discipline); Animal Husbandry Immunity (two disciplines) The above contents were examined and published by the National Committee for Examination and Approval of Scientific and Technical Terms.
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Avian influenza, the full name of which is avian influenza, is an animal infectious disease caused by viruses, which usually only infects birds and rarely infects pigs. Avian influenza virus is highly targeted at specific species, but in rare cases, it can cross the species barrier to infect people. Since 1997 discovered avian influenza in Hong Kong, the disease has attracted great attention from the World Health Organization. Since then, the disease has been sporadic outbreaks in Asia, but since June 5438+February, 2003, there have been serious outbreaks of avian influenza in many countries in East Asia, mainly in Vietnam, South Korea and Thailand, and many patients in Vietnam have died. At present, there are cases in many countries as far away as Eastern Europe. 2011165438 In February, dead chickens were found to be infected with avian influenza in Hong Kong, and the strain level has been upgraded to a serious level.
catalogue
Brief introduction of influenza
First discovery
latent time
Correlation probability
Pathogenic symptoms
Transmission routing
Influenza analysis
Viral structural pathogen
Structure, shape and chemical composition
specific resistance
Virus resistance
Viral principle
virus variation
Human infection
Infected cases
Treatment methods and principles
Application of Chinese patent medicine
treatment according to syndrome differentiation
traditional Chinese medicine
Strengthen prevention
Prognostic factors
Matters needing attention
Hong kong epidemic situation
Epidemic records and influenza introduction
First discovery
latent time
Correlation probability
Pathogenic symptoms
Transmission routing
Influenza analysis
Viral structural pathogen
Structure, shape and chemical composition
specific resistance
Virus resistance
Virus principle, virus variation and treatment of human infection cases.
Principles of treatment TCM should treat according to syndrome differentiation. Preventive measures should be taken to prevent prognostic factors. Hong Kong epidemic records should be edited. This paragraph introduces the flu.
Avian influenza (avian influenza or avian influenza) is an acute infectious disease caused by avian influenza virus, which can also infect humans. The main symptoms of human infection are high fever, cough, runny nose and myalgia. Most of them are accompanied by severe pneumonia and severe cardiorenal avian influenza.
Organ failure leads to death with a high mortality rate. Usually, the mortality rate of human infected with avian influenza is about 33%. The disease can be transmitted through digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin injury, conjunctiva and other ways, and the spread of people and vehicles in different regions is an important way to spread the disease. Avian influenza is the abbreviation of avian influenza, which is an infectious disease caused by a subtype of influenza A virus (also known as avian influenza virus). It has been designated as a class A infectious disease by the International Bureau of Animal Diseases, also known as true chicken plague or European chicken plague. According to the different types of pathogens, avian influenza can be divided into three categories: highly pathogenic, low pathogenic and non-pathogenic avian influenza. Non-pathogenic avian influenza does not cause obvious symptoms, but only produces virus antibodies in infected birds. Low pathogenic avian influenza can lead to mild respiratory symptoms, decreased food intake, decreased egg production and sporadic deaths in poultry. Highly pathogenic avian influenza is the most serious, with high morbidity and mortality. The mortality rate of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza is about 60%, and the mortality rate of poultry and chickens is almost 1 000%. None of them were spared.
Editing this paragraph first found that
The documented avian influenza first occurred in Italy 1878. At that time, a large number of chickens died in Italy, which was called chicken plague at that time. By 1955, scientists confirmed that its pathogenic virus was influenza A virus. Since then, the disease has been renamed bird flu. Since the discovery of avian influenza 100 years ago, human beings have not mastered the specific prevention and control methods, and can only prevent its spread by disinfection, isolation and mass slaughter of livestock and poultry.
Edit the delay time of this paragraph.
The incubation period of avian influenza varies from several hours to several days, and its length is related to the pathogenicity of the virus, the dose of the infected virus, the route of infection and the species of infected birds. Down products are usually treated by disinfection and high temperature, so the probability of spreading the virus should be very small.
Edit the occurrence of this paragraph.
The incidence and mortality of avian influenza vary greatly, depending on the species and strains of poultry, age, environment and concurrent infection. , usually the microstructure of avian influenza virus.
High morbidity and low mortality. In the case of highly pathogenic virus infection, the morbidity and mortality can reach 100%. The earliest case of human avian influenza with a mortality higher than SARS occurred in Hong Kong 1997. That H5N 1 avian influenza virus infection caused 12 people to get sick, and 6 of them died. According to the statistics of the World Health Organization, so far, there are 393 people infected in 15 countries and regions around the world, of which 248 people died, with a mortality rate of 63%. Since 2003, 3 1 person has been infected with avian influenza in China, and 2 1 person has died.
Edit the symptoms of this paragraph
The main route of transmission of avian influenza.
Symptoms vary with the species, age, sex, degree of concurrent infection, virus virulence and environmental factors of infected birds, mainly manifested as abnormal respiratory tract, digestive tract, reproductive system or nervous system. Common symptoms are: listlessness, reduced feed consumption and emaciation of sick chickens; The nesting ability of hens is enhanced and the egg production is reduced; Mild to severe respiratory symptoms, including coughing, sneezing and profuse tears; Head and face edema, nervous disorder, diarrhea. Any of these symptoms may appear alone or in different combinations. Sometimes the disease breaks out quickly and the chicken is found dead without obvious symptoms. The incubation period of avian influenza varies from several hours to several days, and its length is related to the pathogenicity of the virus, the dose of the infected virus, the route of infection and the species of infected birds.
Edit the communication route of this article
Because avian influenza is a comprehensive disease of poultry and wild birds caused by influenza A virus, it spreads from respiratory diseases to severe septicemia.
At present, it has happened in many countries and regions in the world, which has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This avian influenza virus mainly causes systemic or respiratory diseases in poultry, which can be infected by chickens, turkeys, ducks and quails, as well as wild birds, waterfowl and seabirds. The incidence varies from acute septic death to asymptomatic virus, which mainly depends on the resistance of the infected body and the type and virulence of the virus. Avian influenza virus is different from SARS virus. So far, the avian influenza virus can only be transmitted to people through birds, but not from people to people. Avian influenza virus H5N 1 which infects humans is a new variant virus, instead of H5N2 which has been spreading among chickens, ducks and birds for decades. There is no need to talk about bird flu discoloration. At present, it has not been found that H5N 1 infected people by eating chickens, which are all caused by close contact with chickens, and may be caused by direct inhalation of viruses or entering mucous membranes. It can be transmitted through digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin injury and conjunctiva. There are three kinds of influenza viruses with different antigenicity. All avian influenza viruses are type A. Influenza A viruses are also found in humans, horses and pigs, and occasionally in other mammals such as minks, seals and whales, as well as many birds.
Edit this influenza discrimination
Influenza-the Source of Avian Influenza Infection
There are generally three types, namely, type A, type B and type C. Type B and type C influenza generally only spread among people and rarely spread to other animals. Influenza A is mostly avian influenza, and avian influenza virus rarely causes people to get sick. Avian influenza mainly spreads among birds and occasionally infects people. Its clinical manifestations are similar to human influenza, but human avian influenza has serious symptoms, many complications, high mortality and ineffective vaccination, which is different from ordinary influenza. In addition to avian influenza, the common influenza is human influenza, equine influenza and swine flu. Avian influenza is closely related to human influenza and human health. Because of the small interspecific difference between pigs and humans, avian influenza virus can cross with human influenza virus in the intermediate host (pig) to produce a new type of influenza virus that can infect humans. SARS is caused by a kind of novel coronavirus. Coronavirus belongs to Coronaviridae, and avian influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae, which are completely different viruses. Generally speaking, the onset of SARS patients is similar to the clinical manifestations of avian influenza, especially in the early stage, characterized by fever, dry cough, scanty sputum, fatigue, headache and general aches, and may be accompanied by headache, joint and muscle aches, fatigue and diarrhea. Therefore, we should pay attention to the distinction from SARS, and the most reliable method is laboratory testing. The antigenic structure of influenza virus can be divided into two categories: H and N. H stands for hemagglutinin (hemagglutinin), which is like the key of virus and is used to open and invade human or livestock cells. N stands for neuraminidase, which is an enzyme that helps viruses infect other bacteria.
Edit this virus structure
pathogen
The pathogen of avian influenza is H5N 1 subtype of influenza A virus. 1997 avian influenza in Hong Kong is the same as that in Asia 10 countries and regions. H5N 1 avian influenza virus is the influenza pathogen of human and animals, which is easy to cause worldwide epidemic. Because of the variety of viruses, influenza A occurs repeatedly, and it is difficult to eradicate it completely.
Structure, shape and chemical composition
The genome of avian influenza virus consists of eight negative-stranded single-stranded RNA fragments. These eight fragments encode 10 virus proteins, of which eight are components of virus particles (HA, NA, NP, M 1, M2, PB 1, PB2 and PA), and the other two are RNA fragments with the smallest molecular weight, encoding two unstructured proteins-ns1. NS 1 is related to cytoplasmic inclusions, but the functions of NS 1 and NS2 are not clear. At present, the complete sequences of HA genes of several avian influenza virus subtypes including H3, H5 and H7 and partial sequences of all 14 hemagglutinin genes have been obtained. Avian influenza virus is generally spherical, with a diameter of 80 ~ 120 nm, but there are often filamentous forms with the same diameter and different lengths. The surface of the virus is covered with dense spikes or fibrils of 10 ~ 12 nm, and there is a spiral nucleocapsid in the virus envelope. Two different shapes of surface nails are HA (rod trimer) and NA (mushroom tetramer). Avian influenza virus particles consist of about 0.8% ~ 1. 1% RNA, 70% ~ 75% protein, 20% ~ 24% lipid and 5% ~ 8% carbohydrate. Lipids are located in the virus membrane, mostly phospholipids, and a small amount of cholesterol and glycolipids. Several carbohydrates, including ribose (in RNA), galactose, mannose, fucose and glucosamine, mainly exist in virus particles in the form of glycoproteins or glycolipids. Virus proteins and potential glycosylation sites are unique to virus genome, but the composition of glycoprotein or sugar chain of virus membrane is determined by host cell.
specific resistance
Influenza virus can escape the specific resistance of animals because of its constant variation with external environmental stimuli (drug stimulation, radiation stimulation, etc.). ) and simple genetic structure. People have also developed various vaccines to prevent bird flu. However, after the body produced specific antibodies, the virus escaped the culling of the body because of mutation, which made the original antibodies ineffective, and the virus could make animals sick again. Therefore, as far as the current epidemic prevention technology and means are concerned, the avian influenza virus cannot be eliminated.
Virus resistance
Avian influenza virus is an enveloped virus, which is sensitive to lipid solvents such as detergents. Formalin, β -propiolactone, oxidant, dilute acid, ether, sodium deoxycholate, hydroxylamine, sodium dodecyl sulfate and ammonium ions can quickly destroy its infectivity. Avian influenza virus has no extraordinary stability, so it is not difficult to inactivate the virus itself. The virus can be inactivated under heating, extreme pH, non-isotonic and dry conditions. In the wild, avian influenza virus is often discharged from nasal secretions and feces of sick birds, and the virus is protected by these organic substances, which greatly increases its anti-inactivation ability. In addition, avian influenza virus can survive in the natural environment for a long time, especially in cool and humid conditions. The infectivity of virus in feces can last for 30 ~ 50 days at 4℃ and 7 days at 20℃. Avian influenza virus can survive for a long time under certain conditions. It is considered that it can survive 105 days in feces and 18 days in feathers.
Edit this virus principle
The virus is adsorbed on the glycoprotein receptor containing sialic acid on the cell surface, and then enters the cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. This includes low pH exposure to endosomes, which leads to conformational changes of HA and mediates membrane fusion. In this way, the nucleocapsid enters the cytoplasm and moves towards the nucleus. Influenza viruses use a unique transcription mechanism. When the transcription begins, the virus endonuclease cuts off the 5' cap structure from the mRNA of the host cell, which is used as a primer for the transcription of virus transcriptase. Six monocistronic mRNA were generated and translated into HA, NA, NP and three polymerases (PB 1, PB2 and PA). The mRNA of NS and M genes are spliced, and each gene produces two mRNA, which are translated according to different reading frames to produce NS 1, NS2, M 1 and M2 proteins. HA and NA are glycosylated in rough endoplasmic reticulum, modified in Golgi apparatus, then transported to the surface and implanted into cell membrane. HA needs the host cell protease to split it into HA 1 and HA2, but they are still connected by disulfide bonds. This cutting can produce infectious viruses and expel cells from the plasma membrane by budding.
Edit this virus variant
The frequency of antigen variation of avian influenza virus is very high, which mainly occurs in two ways: antigen drift and antigen transformation. Antigen drift can cause minor antigenic changes of HA and/or NA, while antigen transformation can cause major antigenic changes of HA and/or NA. Antigen drift: Antigen drift is caused by point mutation of gene encoding HA and/or NA protein, which is a reaction of screening variants in immune population and can cause antigen transformation of more pathogenic viruses. Antigen transformation means that when cells are infected with two different avian influenza viruses, the fragment characteristics of virus genome allow fragment recombination, thus causing mutation. It is possible to produce 256 genetically different progeny viruses with different virulence.
Edit this paragraph about human infection.
The probability of human infection with avian influenza virus is very small, mainly because three factors prevent avian influenza virus from infecting human avian influenza virus.
Invasion. First of all, avian influenza virus is not easy to be recognized and combined by human cells; Second, all influenza viruses that can spread among people must contain several gene fragments of human influenza virus, while avian influenza virus does not; Thirdly, highly pathogenic avian influenza virus contains a lot of basic amino acids, which is difficult to replicate in human body. At the beginning of human invasion, avian influenza was an avian disease syndrome caused by influenza A virus. In May, children aged 1997 and 1 3 in China SAR died of unexplained multiple organ failure. In August of the same year, it was identified as human influenza caused by avian influenza A virus (H5N 1) by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Influenza Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. This is the first time in the world to confirm that influenza A virus (H5N 1) infects human beings, which has aroused widespread concern in the medical field. In other words, the bird flu virus has spread for a long time. From the perspective of animal evolution, avian influenza virus appeared earlier than human influenza virus, so many scholars believe that human influenza virus evolved from avian influenza virus. At present, some scholars believe that the new subtype of influenza A virus causing human epidemic is directly or indirectly evolved from the gene recombination of human influenza virus and avian influenza virus, and pigs are the main place for this group of gene recombination.
Edit this infection case
On June 4th, 2065438+00, Hubei learned from official website, the Health Department of Hubei Province that our province has worked out a road map for avian influenza infection.
Emergency plan for sudden human avian influenza epidemic (for Trial Implementation). According to the plan, the suspected or confirmed epidemic situation of highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry is determined by the agricultural department, and the first suspected case of human avian influenza is preliminarily determined by the provincial expert group organized by the Provincial Health Department; The case of human avian influenza was finally diagnosed by the expert group of human avian influenza prevention and control organized by the Ministry of Health. City (state) health administrative department shall, after receiving the report of suspected cases of avian influenza in this city, send a municipal expert group to make judgment within 6 hours; The provincial health administrative department shall send a provincial expert group to make a judgment within 12 hours after receiving the report of the first suspected case of human avian influenza in the city and state. The first suspected case of human avian influenza needs the preliminary judgment of the provincial expert group; The case of human avian influenza was finally diagnosed by the expert group of human avian influenza prevention and control organized by the Ministry of Health. According to the regulations, the designated hospitals for infectious atypical pneumonia in various cities are also designated hospitals for human avian influenza. Hospitals that treat patients with human avian influenza must set up a medical rescue team with the president as the core, concentrate the medical technical force of the whole hospital, and put into rescue work quickly and effectively. Hospitals that treat patients with avian influenza should report the patient's condition and treatment to the local health administrative department in a timely manner every day. According to the retrieval, in April 2006, the Ministry of Health of our province confirmed and published "a confirmed case of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza in Hubei Province". Shanghai "Shanghai has comprehensively strengthened the monitoring of human infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza (hereinafter referred to as' human avian influenza'), and no cases have occurred at present. On June 5438+07, 2007, 1 case of human avian influenza occurred in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, and the contacts were asymptomatic and were closely observed. " This is the news that the Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau informed the media today. According to the Shanghai Municipal Health Bureau, after receiving the news that the Ministry of Health transferred a human bird flu patient from Hong Kong to Shanghai for tourism, the Shanghai health department immediately launched an epidemiological investigation to trace the relevant personnel who had close contact with the patient. After investigation, the patient arrived in Shanghai from Hong Kong with her husband and daughter on 10/23 October, and then left Shanghai twice for Hangzhou and Nanjing within one week, and went in and out of Shanghai three times. 1 65438+1October1,returned to Hong Kong from Shanghai,165438+1October 2, developed runny nose symptoms, and was diagnosed as165438+1. According to epidemiological investigation, during the patient's stay in Shanghai, the contacts included his son, daughter-in-law and hotel receptionist. And there are no symptoms at present. In this regard, the municipal health department will continue to closely observe, and has informed the patient's son, daughter-in-law and hotel staff who have lived in the patient that if they have symptoms such as fever and sore throat, they will go to the hospital in time and report to the municipal CDC. At the same time, the vendors in the food market around the hotel were further investigated. For example, if the vendors have symptoms such as fever and sore throat recently, they should go to the hospital in time. In addition, it is reported that since June 5438+065438+ 10, Shanghai has comprehensively deployed the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases this winter and next spring, and listed human avian influenza, unexplained pneumonia, SARS, meningitis and measles as the key prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases. There are 52 monitoring points in the city, including 43 for influenza and 9 for poultry farms, to comprehensively monitor the symptoms of poultry farmers and actively search for cases. And in the school system, we use the network of absence due to illness to carry out direct reporting, closely monitor influenza and other diseases of key groups such as primary and secondary school students and young children, and fully protect the health of the people in the city. [1] The first case of human infection with avian influenza was confirmed in Hong Kong since 2003. According to the Hong Kong Ta Kung Pao (201018), the first case of human infection with H5N 1 avian influenza was confirmed in Hong Kong on June 7. It is reported that a 59-year-old woman began to have flu symptoms after returning from the mainland on June 5438+065438+1 October1,and was later confirmed to be infected with H5N 1. The patient has been transferred from Tuen Mun Hospital to Princess Margaret Intensive Care Unit in serious condition. York chow, director of the Hong Kong authorities' Food and Health Bureau, said that public hospitals had started a "severe emergency level". At present, the source of the virus is still unclear. The Hong Kong authorities initially thought that this case was probably "imported from other places", but they did not rule out the possibility of local infection. The 59-year-old female patient lives in Tuen Mun with her family. She went to Shanghai, Hangzhou and Nanjing on 1 October 23rd1and returned to Hong Kong on1October 23rd1. The next day, she began to feel unwell and developed symptoms of runny nose, and the situation continued to deteriorate. A few days later, she developed fever, cough, bloody sputum and other symptoms. 165438+1October 12. She went to see a doctor in Tuen Mun Hospital and wrote a doctor's prescription to go home. The situation has not improved. According to the report, two days later, she went to Tuen Mun Hospital for treatment again and was arranged to be hospitalized. It was confirmed that the patient was infected with H5N 1 avian influenza virus, accompanied by pneumonia. At present, she has been transferred from Tuen Mun Hospital to Intensive Care Unit of Infectious Diseases Center of Princess Margaret Hospital for treatment. According to the report, york chow said that because the incubation period of H5N 1 virus is as long as two weeks, it is difficult to determine whether the patient was infected in Chinese mainland or Hongkong, and further tests are needed. He also reminded the public, especially those who have frequent contact with live poultry, such as wholesalers, retailers, transporters and chicken sellers, to be vigilant and handle live poultry carefully. He also said that people should avoid direct contact with poultry and birds, wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after contact, and seek medical advice immediately if they have flu-like symptoms. [2]
Edit this treatment.
(1) The epidemic situation of suspected and confirmed patients continues to spread in Europe, Asia and Africa.
Isolation treatment should be performed. (2) Antipyretic drugs, drugs for relieving nasal congestion and drugs for relieving cough and resolving phlegm can be used for symptomatic treatment. Children should not use aspirin or drugs containing aspirin and other salicylic acid preparations to avoid causing Reye's syndrome in children. (3) Anti-influenza drugs should be tried within 48 hours of onset. 1. The neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is a new anti-influenza drug. Experimental studies show that it has inhibitory effect on avian influenza viruses H5N 1 and H9N2. The adult dose is 150mg per day, and the child dose is 3mg/kg per day, which is taken orally twice for 5 days. 2. Blockers of ion channel M2: amantadine and rimantadine. Amantadine and rimantadine can inhibit the replication of avian influenza virus strains. Early application can prevent the development of the disease, alleviate the condition and improve the prognosis. The dose of amantadine is 0/00 ~ 200mg/day for adults and 5mg/kg/day for children, and the course of treatment is 5 days. Attention should be paid to the side effects of central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract during treatment. Reduce the dose of patients with impaired renal function. Please do not use it if you have a history of epilepsy. (4) TCM treatment is mainly based on syndrome differentiation of common cold (flu) and wind-warm lung-heat disease.
Principles of treatment
(1) Early use of traditional Chinese medicine. (2) clearing away heat and toxic materials, eliminating dampness and strengthening the body resistance, and eliminating pathogenic factors.
Application of Chinese patent medicine
Chinese patent medicine should be used dialectically, and can be combined with traditional Chinese medicine decoction. (1) antipyretics are suitable for fever in fever period and dyspnea period, and can be selected according to their components and functions, such as Guashuangtuireling capsule, Zi Xue and Xue Xin granules. (2) Qingkailing oral liquid (capsule), Shuanghuanglian oral liquid, Qingre Jiedu oral liquid (granule), Yinhuang granule, Banlangen granule, antivirus capsule (oral liquid), Huoxiang Zhengqi pill (capsule), Gegen Qinlian micro pill, Lingyang Qingfei pill, Shedan Chuanbei oral liquid, etc. Qingkailing injection, Houttuynia cordata injection and Shuanghuanglian powder injection can be used as injection options.
treatment according to syndrome differentiation
(1) Symptoms of lung surface caused by pathogenic factors: initial fever, aversion to wind and cold, runny nose and stuffy nose, cough, sore throat, headache, general malaise, dry mouth, white or yellow tongue coating and rapid pulse. Treatment: clearing away heat and toxic materials, dispersing lung qi and relieving exterior syndrome. Basic prescription and reference dosage: 30g of mulberry leaves (decocted first), Schizonepeta tenuifolia 15g of chrysanthemum 15g of almond 10g of forsythia suspensa 15g of gypsum, 30g of rhizoma anemarrhenae 15g of folium isatidis 10g of mint (below) (2) caused by pathogenic factors.
Abdominal pain, diarrhea, watery stool; White greasy or yellow tongue coating with slippery pulse. Treatment: clearing away heat and toxic materials, eliminating dampness and harmonizing middle energizer. Basic prescription and reference dose: Radix Puerariae 15g Scutellariae Radix 15g Coptidis Rhizoma 10g Radix Aucklandiae 6g? Amomum villosum 3g Pinellia ternata 9g Pogostemon 10g Bupleurum chinense 15g Atractylodes macrocephala 10g Poria cocos 10g Portulaca oleracea. More than two syndromes can be added or subtracted according to symptoms: Codonopsis pilosula and Adenophora adenophora can be added if the patient has chest tightness, shortness of breath and dry mouth; If expectoration is unfavorable, add Tianzhu Huang; If lung consolidation occurs, Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, Coicis Semen and Semen Lepidii are added. If the patient has symptoms such as dyspnea, shortness of breath, delirium, sweating, cold limbs, cyanosis of mouth and lips, dark red tongue, scanty body fluid and rapid pulse, Pinellia ternata can be prepared, and Ginseng Radix, Radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata, Radix Ophiopogonis and Fructus Schisandrae can be added. You can also choose Shengmai injection, Shenfu injection, Qingkailing injection and Xingnaojing injection. (5) Strengthen the support for the treatment and prevention of complications? Pay attention to rest, drink plenty of water, increase nutrition and give a digestible diet. Closely observe, monitor and prevent complications. Antibacterials should be used when there is clear or sufficient evidence that there is secondary bacterial infection. (VI) Treatment of critically ill patients Patients with severe illness or pneumonia should be hospitalized, patients with respiratory dysfunction should be given respiratory support such as oxygen inhalation, and patients with other complications should actively take corresponding treatment.
traditional Chinese medicine
Chinese medicine should first treat bird flu in a dialectical way, and distinguish the nature of the flu, such as exogenous or internal injuries. Exogenous factors are exogenous pathogens. When lung meridian is closed, lung qi will not drop, and people will shed tears, have fever, aversion to wind and cold, headache and body pain. San Xuan-prone, such as Guizhi Decoction: Ramulus Cinnamomi (peeled, 30g), Radix Paeoniae Alba (30g), Radix Glycyrrhizae (fried, 20g), Rhizoma Zingiberis Recens (sliced, 30g), Fructus Jujubae (broken, 12 tablets), Mahuang Decoction: Herba Ephedrae (peeled, 20g) and Radix Glycyrrhizae (fried, 60g). If it can't be treated in time, it will turn into internal injuries, leading to kidney yang failure, endogenous yin cold, kidney collaterals leading to lung deficiency, and body fluid can't be controlled, but the nose will be clear. The patient must have no symptoms of exogenous diseases, lethargy and listlessness, or sneezing constantly, or cold hands and feet. Methods Yang should be supported, such as Sini decoction: licorice (stir-fried, 20g) and dried ginger (15).
Edit this paragraph to strengthen prevention.
(A) strengthen poultry
Avian Influenza Prevention (6) Disease monitoring. Once an avian influenza epidemic situation is discovered, the animal epidemic prevention department will immediately deal with it in accordance with relevant regulations. All personnel involved in breeding and processing should do a good job of protection. (two) to strengthen the monitoring of close contact with poultry. When these people have flu-like symptoms, they should immediately carry out epidemiological investigation, collect patient specimens and send them to designated laboratories for testing, so as to further clarify the pathogen and take corresponding prevention and control measures. (three) contact with human avian influenza patients should wear masks, gloves and isolation gown. Wash your hands after contact. (four) to strengthen the management of avian influenza virus test specimens and laboratory strains, and strictly implement the operating norms to prevent hospital infection and laboratory infection and spread. (five) pay attention to food hygiene, do not drink raw water, do not eat immature meat and eggs and other foods; Wash your hands frequently and develop good personal hygiene habits. (six) to develop good hygiene habits of washing nose in the morning and evening, to maintain respiratory health and enhance respiratory resistance. (seven) for drug prevention of close contacts, if necessary, you can try anti-influenza drugs or prevent according to TCM syndrome differentiation. (8) Don't travel to epidemic areas. (9) Pay attention to high-temperature antivirus. Prevention and control of poultry: 1 vaccination should be carried out strictly and seriously, especially in the high incidence season of avian influenza. H5N 1RE-5+RE-4 and H9 should be immunized every 3-4 months, and the epidemic prevention of these two avian influenza vaccines should be carried out every 10 day. Do a good job in feeding management and adopt closed feeding to prevent wild birds from entering poultry houses through doors and windows; Prevent water sources and feed from being polluted by wild bird droppings; Disinfect the henhouse and its surrounding environment regularly, strengthen the disinfection of chickens, and regularly eliminate harmful insects and rodents in chicken farms; Dead birds must be burned or buried. Do a good job in poultry feeding management, improve poultry resistance, minimize the occurrence of stress factors, pay attention to the changes of seasons at the turn of autumn and winter, and do a good job in keeping warm and cold; Clean up the feces in time, and regularly use Chinese medicines such as Rhizoma Atractylodis, eugenol, Folium Artemisiae Argyi, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, Herba Artemisiae Annuae, and Flos Carthami. Fumigating the henhouse in order to reduce the stimulation of bad gas, thus reducing the occurrence of respiratory diseases and intestinal diseases. For chickens that die and the laying rate decreases, Chinese herbal medicines that improve immunity and sensitive antibacterial drugs can be used in time to treat enteritis, salpingitis, such as respiratory symptoms, doxycycline or tylosin. When the laying rate decreases, vitamin B 12, sodium selenite and vitamin E can be added to the feed.
Edit the forecast factors of this paragraph.
The prognosis of human avian influenza is related to virus subtype. Most people infected with H9N2 and H7N7 have a good prognosis. However, those infected with H5N 1 have a poor prognosis. According to the current medical data, the mortality rate is about 30%. The factors affecting the prognosis are not only related to the subtype of virus infected, but also related to the patient's age, whether there are underlying diseases, whether the treatment is timely and whether there are complications.
Notes for editing this paragraph
Primary viral pneumonia: more common in patients with original cardiopulmonary diseases. Pulmonary lesions are mainly serous hemorrhagic bronchitis. Patients often die of heart failure or peripheral circulation failure. Secondary bacterial pneumonia: The most common pathogens are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus or Haemophilus influenzae. The patient's condition gradually worsens or the clinical symptoms are further aggravated after temporary improvement. X-ray examination showed signs of cough, pus, phlegm and lung consolidation. Patchy and patchy shadows of Raynaud's syndrome myocarditis: It is reported that influenza virus pneumonia can be complicated with myocarditis. Precautions for preventing human avian influenza in spring 1. Strengthen physical exercise, pay attention to supplement nutrition, ensure adequate sleep and rest, and enhance resistance. 2. Minimize unnecessary contact with poultry, especially dead poultry. Wash your hands frequently, stay away from the secretions of birds, and pay attention to thoroughly washing your hands with disinfectant and water when touching birds or bird droppings. 3. Try to promote the bird flu epidemic in a formal way.
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