Independence Day: June 6 (June 6, 1809, Sweden adopted the first modern constitution. 1983, the parliament officially declared June 6 as Sweden's national day).
Flag: blue with a yellow cross slightly to the left. The blue and yellow colors come from the colors of the Swedish royal coat of arms.
National Coat of Arms: The large coat of arms is in the form of a cape, with a blue shield decorated with a crown divided into four by a yellow cross: three crowns painted in the upper left and lower right; and a golden lion wearing a crown in the upper right and lower left. In the large shield there is a small shield, the left side consists of blue, silver-white and red diagonal stripes and a golden vase; the right side is painted with a castle-like bell tower and a golden eagle. The blue shield is flanked by golden lions, and the lower end by a medallion. The small coat of arms is a blue shield with a crown, and the 3 golden crowns on the shield are the symbols of the Kingdom of Sweden, as well as Denmark, Sweden and Norway, which formed the Kalmar Union that year.
National anthem: "your old glorious northern countryside"
National bird: blackbird (hundred tongue)
National stone: small (water) crystal
National dignitaries: King Carl XVI Gustaf (Carl XVI Gustaf), succeeded to the throne in September 1973; Prime Minister G?ran Persson (Goran Persson). He became Prime Minister in March 1996 and was re-elected in October 2002.
Geography: Located in eastern Scandinavia. Northeastern border with Finland, western and northwestern border with Norway, east of the Baltic Sea, southwest of the North Sea, the territory covers an area of 44.99 million square kilometers (excluding the territorial sea area). The coastline is about 2,181 kilometers long. The terrain slopes from northwest to southeast. In the north is the Norrland Plateau, the highest peak of the country is 2123 meters above sea level, the south and the coast are mostly plains or hills. The main rivers are the Jota River, the Dal River and the Ongerman River. There are many lakes, about 9.2 million. The largest Lake Vienne has an area of 5,585 square kilometers, ranking third in Europe. About 15% of the land in the Arctic Circle, but by the Atlantic warm current, the winter is not too cold, most of the region is a temperate coniferous forest climate, the southernmost part of the temperate broad-leaved forest climate.
Population: 8.999 million (end of 2001). 90% Swedish (of Germanic descent), with more than 1 million foreign immigrants and their descendants (52.6% of whom are expatriates). The northern Sami are the only ethnic minority, with about 10,000 people. The official language is Swedish, and 90% of the population is Lutheran.
The capital city is Stockholm, with a population of 750,000 (at the beginning of 2000) in the metropolitan area.
Administrative divisions: The country is divided into 21 provinces: Blekinge, Dalarna, G?vleborg, Gotland, Halland, J?mtland, J?nk?ping, Kalmar, Kronoberg, Nord-Boten, ?rebro, East J?tland, Sk?ne, S?dermaland, Stockholm, Uppsala, V?rmland, West-Boten, West-Northern. Westmanland, West G?taland.
Brief history: State formation began around 1100 A.D. Finland was annexed in 1157; in 1397 it formed the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway, and came under Danish rule; it became independent of the Union in 1523. In the same year, Gustav Vasa was elected king. 1654 to 1719 was the period of Sweden's power, including the present Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Baltic coast of Russia, Poland and Germany. 1718, after the failure of the war against Russia, Denmark, and Poland, the country gradually declined. 1805 participated in the Napoleonic wars, and in 1809 was forced to cede the country to the Russians, and in 1814 acquired Finland from Denmark. In 1814 Finland acquired Norway from Denmark and formed the Swedish-Norwegian alliance with Norway, from which Norway became independent in 1905. Sweden was neutral in both world wars.
Politics: The current constitution consists of three basic laws: the Code of Government (enacted in 1809 and amended in 1974), the Law on Succession to the Throne (enacted in 1810 and amended in 1979), and the Law on Freedom of the Press (enacted in 1949), in addition to the Organic Law of the Riksdag (enacted in 1866 and amended in 1974). The Constitution establishes Sweden as a constitutional monarchy. The King is the Head of State and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces, and as a symbol of the State performs only representative or ceremonial duties, and cannot intervene in the work of the Riksdag and the Government. The Riksdag is the sole legislative body of the State and is elected by universal suffrage. The Government is the highest executive body of the State and is responsible to Parliament. The eldest child of the King is the legal heir to the throne. Parliament is unicameral.
Economy: Sweden has a "mixed economy" that combines well-developed private industry and commerce with a relatively well-developed state-run public ****service sector, and is known for its high wages, high taxes, and high benefits. Forests, iron ore and hydropower are Sweden's three major natural resources, on the basis of which the four traditional industrial systems of mining and metallurgy, forestry and paper making, electricity and machinery manufacturing have been developed and formed. As a country with abundant timber, iron ore and hydropower resources, Sweden focuses on developing an export-oriented industrialized economy. Industry occupies a very important position in the national economy, 82% of industrial products are exported to foreign countries. 20 century after the mid-1970s, Sweden's industrial structure has undergone significant changes. Sweden to increase research and development efforts and investment, the rapid development of high-tech industries, transportation, communications, medicine and health care, information, environmental protection in the world with strong competitiveness in the field, once as Sweden's main export sector of iron and steel, timber processing industry has been gradually replaced by machinery manufacturing, electronic precision instruments and automotive and other industrial sectors. Shipbuilding, textile and other industries are declining, the government has provided a lot of funds for subsidies, restructuring or nationalization. Metal processing and machine manufacturing is the most important industrial sector in Sweden. Sweden's machinery products are characterized by precision, durability and a high level of craftsmanship. Traditional products such as ball bearings and refrigeration equipment enjoy a high reputation on the international market. The iron and steel industry is one of the oldest industrial sectors. The chemical industry is one of Sweden's major industrial sectors. Within the chemical industry, especially petrochemistry, petroleum refining is the most prominent, plastics, chemical fibers, pharmaceuticals and fertilizers also have greater development. The automobile industry developed rapidly after the war, in addition to the production of small cars, but also the production of various trucks. One-third of the production of cars is sold to the United States. The energy industry plays a very important role in the Swedish economy. Sweden's industrially developed, energy-intensive enterprises, coupled with long winters and long lines of transportation, is a high energy-consuming countries, only electricity consumption per person per year, an average of about 13,000 degrees. Sweden's agriculture and services are also more developed. Sweden's economy is mainly dependent on foreign trade, advocating open markets and free trade. Sweden's main exports are: automobiles and transportation equipment, machinery and instruments, electronic products, wood pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals and chemicals and steel and metal products. Sweden imports more than 60% of the goods for the manufacturing industry components and raw materials, mainly: electronic products, machinery and instruments, automobiles and transportation equipment, food, textiles and footwear.
Culture: Compulsory and free education for 9 years. Famous colleges and universities are Stockholm University, Uppsala University, Lund University, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm Business School and so on. Swedes have high cultural quality, warm hospitality, simplicity and honesty, civilized speech, behavioral rules, heavy promise and punctuality, Swedes attach great importance to environmental protection, love flowers, love birds and other wildlife, love nature. Employees enjoy five weeks of statutory paid vacation each year, work five days a week, and work a total of 1,5000 hours a year. People like to use their leisure time to the field activities, to the forest and field hiking, picking wild fruits and mushrooms, to the sea and lake to swim, canoeing, fishing; in the long days and short nights in the summer, we have to travel at home and abroad. Sweden has become one of the countries with the largest number of travelers in the world. Sports activities are the hobby of the Swedish people. According to the University of Gothenburg in Sweden on June 24, 2002 announced a survey shows that the Internet in Sweden has exceeded the traditional newspaper, become more popular media. According to the sample survey, an average of each Swede every day and night Internet browsing time up to 23 minutes, while Swedes used to read the daily newspaper time is 21 minutes, used to read the evening newspaper time only 8 minutes, listening to the radio and watching television time up to 2 hours and 45 minutes respectively. The survey shows that women prefer to listen to the radio and read books, while men are more likely to watch written TV news, watch videos and read the evening paper. Highly educated people are more likely to surf the Internet, read books and professional magazines, while less educated people are more likely to watch TV, listen to the radio and read the evening newspaper.
Military: Sweden now has a total military strength of about 65,000 men and about 20,000 civilians, and can mobilize 850,000 men in wartime.In September 2004, Swedish Defense Minister Bj?rn Klund issued a statement saying that Sweden used to make protection against invasions from the former Soviet bloc the focus of the nation's defense, and that this threat no longer exists. The focus is now on dealing with international crises and defending the country's territorial integrity.
Sights: Nobel's House is located in the Birch Hills in Karlskoga, central Sweden, more than 200 kilometers from Stockholm. It is a cream-colored two-storey building, the green lawn in front of the building and the surrounding birch forests, a quiet environment. 1894 Alfred Nobel ended his career abroad to settle in his homeland, where he spent most of the last two years of his life. Since the former residence where he was born in Stockholm has now been built up with high-rise buildings, Birch Villa has become the only fully preserved former residence of Nobel today. Since the establishment of the memorial in 1975, it has become a tourist attraction and the center of Nobel's academic activities. Once a year held here Nobel symposium, famous scientists from all over the world gathered together, **** with the discussion of new topics in the field of science and Nobel "benefit to mankind" academic thinking. Memorial Hall retained the Nobel activities in life photos, he received a variety of technical invention patent certificate, gold medals and will. Nobel's bedroom furnishings are very simple, only a bed, table and closet and a few other pieces of the most necessary furniture, while his laboratory in a variety of instruments and equipment, a wide range. Nobel was born on October 21, 1833, and is known for his invention of the glycerol trigger. He invented the pin glycerine triggers, detonators, nitroglycerine solid explosives and gel explosives, etc., honored the "king of explosives" reputation. 1896 December 10, died. He was 63 years old. According to his will, part of his estate, which amounted to 9.2 million U.S. dollars, was to be used as a fund to reward scientific workers for the benefit of mankind. With the interest of this fund, divided into physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature, peace, five kinds of prize money, awarded once a year on the day of Nobel's death, called the Nobel Prize.
Sweden Royal Palace is the king's office and held celebrations, Stockholm's main tourist attractions. Located in the center of Stockholm. Built in the 17th century, is the work of Sweden's famous build Kung Fu scholar Triar. The main door by two stone lions on both sides, two head wearing a red tasseled military cap, wearing medieval clothing of the guards of the earth with a gun and stand, seem very majestic. The four walls of the palace has many exquisite reliefs, the center is a large field yard. South half of the Palace Church and the National Hall and the North half of the Banquet Hall has maintained the original furnishings, open to the public. The palace's magnificent halls, the walls are hung with large portraits of kings and queens, the dome decorated with magnetic buried and carved and gorgeous paintings. It is said that most of the 17th century German artists from the hand. Some of the interior is also furnished with ancient chariots and weapons, jewelry, gold and silver utensils and holding a spear, the whole body draped in copper helmet and iron armor of the medieval knights of the entity model. Palace guards every day at noon according to the ancient tradition of the solemn changing of the guard ceremony, attracting a large number of tourists.
Historical figures: Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833.10.21--1896.12.10), the famous Swedish chemist, the inventor of nitroglycerin explosives. 1833 was born in Stockholm, Sweden, his life is committed to the study of explosives, in the study of nitroglycerin achieved significant success. On December 10, 1896, Nobel died in Italy. A year before his death, he proposed in his will: part of his estate ($9.2 million) as a fund, with its interest divided into physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, literature and peace five kinds of prizes, awarded to scholars from all countries of the world in these fields have made significant contributions to mankind. 1900, the Swedish government in June approved the establishment of the Nobel Foundation, and in the following year, on the fifth anniversary of his death, that is, the first award of Nobel Prize on December 10, 1901, the first time. In 1968, the Central Bank of Sweden in the 300th anniversary of the establishment of the bank, to provide funds for the establishment of the Nobel Prize in Economics (the full name of the Central Bank of Sweden in memory of Alfred Bernd Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, also known as the "Nobel Prize in Economics"), and in 1969 began to be awarded at the same time with the other five prizes. Nobel Prize>>>
Olof Palme (1927.1.30-1986.2.28), the late Prime Minister of Sweden, was born on January 30, 1927, in Stockholm. In his early years, he studied at the Sigtina School near Stockholm, and after graduation, he did his military service. After the Second World War, he attended Kenyon College in Ohio, USA, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948. After returning to the United States, he attended Stockholm University, where he received a Bachelor of Laws degree in 1951, joined the Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1950, became a special adviser to the Prime Minister of Sweden in 1953, was elected a member of Parliament in 1958, and served in the government from 1963 onwards, became Chairman of the SDP in 1969, became Prime Minister twice, in 1969 and 1982, and was elected Vice-Chairman of the Socialist International in November 1976, and was elected Vice-Chairman of the Socialist International in November 1980, after which he was appointed Chairman of the Socialist International. In September 1980, he initiated the establishment of the "Independent Commission on Disarmament and Security" (also known as the "Palme Commission"), of which he was the chairman, and in November 1980, he was the Special Envoy of the Secretary General of the United Nations to mediate in the Iran-Iraq War. On February 28, 1986, he was assassinated in Stockholm.
Foreign affairs: pursued a foreign policy of "military non-alignment in peacetime and neutrality in the event of war in the neighboring regions. It actively participates in international cooperation at three levels: the neighborhood, Europe, and world affairs. The European Union is playing an increasingly important role in European security affairs, recognizing NATO's dominant position in European security affairs and taking participation in United Nations affairs as one of the cornerstones of diplomacy. in June 1994, it joined NATO's "Partnership for Peace". on January 1, 1995, it became a full member of the European Union. On January 1, 1995, Sweden became a full member of the European Union. Sweden also advocates the role of the United Nations and actively promotes de-escalation and disarmament. Sweden is a member of the Council of Europe, the Nordic Council and the European Free Trade Association.
Relations with China: On May 9, 1950, Sweden established diplomatic relations with China.
The Kingdom of Sweden is a Nordic country located in Scandinavia. It is bordered by Norway to the west, Finland to the northeast, and the Baltic Sea and the Kattegat. Sweden is sparsely populated and most of the country is forested and mountainous.
According to archaeologists, with the gradual dissolution of the inland snow during the Ice Age, the Stone Age in Sweden has been inhabited by people. They lived near the Baltic Sea and lived mainly by hunting, gathering and fishing.
The remains of trading activities show that southern Sweden was already quite densely populated during the Bronze Age.
During the ninth and tenth centuries, a Viking culture developed in the Swedish region, which moved eastward in the form of trade, invasions, and colonization, affecting areas such as the Baltic Sea, Russia, and the Black Sea.
In 1389 A.D., Norway, Denmark and Sweden ****dai monarchs, but the countries still maintain the identity of the state, known as the Kalmar Union. 15 century, the Swedes strongly resisted the Danish annexation attempts. 1521, King Stav I of Sweden (Gustav Eriksson Vasa) once again established the royal power, Sweden from the Union. independence.
Sweden rose to power in the 17th century during the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), but in the 18th century Russia took over Sweden's position in Europe after the Great Northern War (1700-1721), and in 1809 Finland split off from Sweden to become a grand duchy of Russia.
Sweden's recent history has been relatively quiet. The most recent was the war with Norway in 1814. After that war the two countries formed a Swedish-dominated alliance, which was dissolved in 1905. Sweden remained neutral in both world wars. It did not move closer to either camp during the Cold War. Sweden is not a member of a military organization, but participates in NATO military training.
In 1901, the first Nobel Prize ceremony was held at the Royal Conservatory of Music in Stockholm, Sweden.Since 1902 Nobel Prizes have been awarded by the King of Sweden...
Sweden maintained neutrality in both World War I and World War II. However, it abandoned its neutrality in 1995 and joined the European Union.
In the 20th century, Sweden maintained neutrality in the international arena, and the country was relatively peaceful and stable. The capitalist system practiced in Sweden was different from that of the United States, and it had a perfect welfare system, which was characterized by "high wages, high taxes, and high benefits". The Swedish economy developed rapidly from the 1960s to the 1990s, and people's living standards were greatly improved.
Sweden's population is small, less than nine million people, from the macroeconomic point of view is an insignificant market, this characteristic determines the foreign trade is particularly important to Sweden, the main natural resources are forests, hydroelectric power, iron ore and so on.
Private enterprise accounts for ninety percent of industrial production, 50 percent of which is exported or imported engineering projects. Agriculture accounts for only 2% of GDP, and only 2% of the country's working population is employed in agriculture. There was a large surplus in 2001 due to the government's efforts to tighten spending, but the surplus in 2002 was cut sharply in half by the global recession.
Communications, mechanical engineering, construction and transportation are important basic industries in Sweden.
Sweden has many internationally recognized brands, such as Volvo Cars, Saab Cars and Arms, Ericsson Communications, Electrolux appliances, ABB, Hasselblad cameras, IKEA furniture and H&M clothing. Sweden has the largest number of multinational companies in the world in proportion to its population.
Sweden has 21 administrative regions. Local administrative boards are appointed by the government. The administrative districts have district councils with councillors who are representatives of the municipalities. The administrative districts are made up of municipalities, and in 2002 there were 289 municipalities in the country***.
Sweden has a high life expectancy and a low birth rate. The large influx of immigrants after World War II was the opposite of the pre-war situation. Now 12% of the country's population was not born in Sweden, and one-fifth of the population are immigrants or descendants of immigrants. Most of the immigrants come from Finland, the former Yugoslavia, Iran, Norway, Denmark, and Poland, reflecting the phenomena of high mobility of the Nordic population, early labor migration, and later refugee flows.
The earliest immigrants were Finns. Some 70,000 Finnish children were deported to Sweden in World War II, 15,000 of whom stayed there after the war.In the 1950s and 1960s, the postwar Finnish economy struggled, and large numbers of unemployed Finns walked to Sweden, where the economy was taking off. At its peak, there were 400,000 Finns in Sweden. in 1973, when the energy crisis caused unemployment to rise in Sweden and Finland benefited from trade with the neighboring Soviet Union, the number of Finns who stayed in the country fell to 200,000.
Swedish is a Germanic language, related to Danish and Norwegian, but pronounced and written differently. English is the most common second language, especially among people under 50. Swedish is undoubtedly the most common language, so the official language seems to be a redundant political issue.
Culture
Uppsala University (http://www.uu.se)
Lund University (http://www.lu.se)
University of Gothenburg (http://www.gu.se)
Stockholm University (http://www.su.se )
University of Ume? (http://www.uu.se)
Lincolnshire University (http://www.liu.se)
Royal Institute of Technology (http://www.kth.se)
Chalmers University of Technology (http://www.chalmers.se )
Karolinska School of Medicine (http://www.ki.se)
Stockholm School of Economics (http://www.sse.se)
Holidays in Sweden are mainly Catholic festivals and traditional festivals such as Midsummer and Walpurgis Night.) The major holidays are also flag days, when the national flag is flown in every home. Swedes also fly their flags according to a calendar of name days, and June 6 is Sweden's national day, but not yet an official holiday.
Official language None (Swedish is the de facto national language)
Capital Stockholm
King Carl XVI Gustaf
Prime Minister of Sweden G?ran Persson
Area of the country
- Total 4,499,964 km2
- Water area 54th 8.67%
Population
- Total 8,977,000 people
- Density 82nd
Unity: 900-1200
Currency Swedish krona (Svensk krona)
Time zone UTC +1
National anthem Thou ancient and glorious mountain country of the north (Du gamla, Du fria)
Internet ccTLD .SE
International telephone area code 46
Government Web sites
Swedish Royal Household: http://www.royalcourt.se
The Riksdag: http://www.riksdagen.se
< p>Prime Minister's Office: http://www.regeringen.seMinistry of Foreign Affairs: http://www.ud.se
SIDA: http://www.sida.se
Swedish Institute: http://www.si.se