100 to 150 kilometers below the earth's crust, there is a "liquid zone", in which there is a molten silicate material containing gaseous volatiles at high temperatures and pressures, known as magma. Once it breaks out of the surface from a weak part of the crust, a volcano is formed.
On the Earth's known "extinct volcanoes" about 2,000; has been found "active volcano" **** 523, of which there are 455 on land, 68 undersea volcanoes. Volcanoes are unevenly distributed on the Earth, and they are found in fracture zones in the Earth's crust. In terms of the world, volcanoes are mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and Indonesia to the north through Burma, the Himalayas, Central Asia to the Mediterranean Sea belt, now the earth's active volcano eighty percent of the distribution of these two belts.
Volcanoes have a long history. Some volcanoes have erupted before the history of mankind, but now no longer active, such a volcano is called a "dead volcano"; however, there are also "dead volcano" with the crust of the earth will suddenly erupt, and people call it a "dormant volcano". Dormant volcanoes are called "active volcanoes"; volcanoes that have erupted from time to time since the beginning of human history are called "active volcanoes".
Volcanic activity can spew out a variety of substances, in the solid material spewed out, generally have been blasting broken rock, debris and volcanic ash, etc.; in the liquid material spewed out, generally have lava flow, water, a variety of aqueous solutions, and water, debris and ash mixed with the mud flow, etc.; in the gaseous material spewed out, generally water vapor and carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, fluorine, sulfur, etc., the oxides. In addition, in the volcanic activity, but also often ejected visible or invisible light, electricity, magnetism, sound and radioactive substances, etc., these substances can sometimes lead to death, or make electricity, instrumentation, etc. failure, so that the aircraft, ships and other crashes.
The strength of volcanic eruptions and the nature of the lava, the eruption time is also long and short, short of a few hours, long up to thousands of years. According to the volcanic activity can be divided into three categories of volcanoes: active volcanoes, extinct volcanoes and dormant volcanoes. One of the dormant volcano refers to human history records have had an eruption, but later has not seen its activities, there are about 500 active volcanoes in the world.
Volcanic eruptions can cause great damage to human beings and life and property in a short period of time, and it is a catastrophic natural phenomenon. However, after a volcanic eruption, it can provide abundant land, thermal energy and many kinds of mineral resources, and also provide tourism resources.
The eruption is described in detail in many books. For example, the eruption of two volcanoes in the Wudalianchi Volcanic Complex in Heilongjiang is recounted in "Heilongjiang Outreach". "Murgan (now Nenjiang) southeast, one day the ground out of the fire, stone flying, sound vibration in all directions, the more days the fire went out, the land became a pool of this fifty-eighth year of the Kangxi affair."
Types of volcanoes
(a) according to the classification of volcanic activity
1, active volcanoes
refers to the modern still active or periodic eruptive activity of the volcano. This type of volcano is in the peak period of activity. Such as claw spit on the island of Merapi volcano, this century, an average interval of two years to continue to erupt a period of time, China's recent volcanic activity in Taiwan island of Datun volcanic group of the main peak of the seven star mountain is most famous. On the mainland, only in 95 years in Xinjiang Kunlun Mountains western section of the Yutian Caldasi volcanic group has eruption records. The eruption formed a flat-topped volcanic cone with a summit elevation of 4,900 meters, a cone height of 145 meters, a diameter of 642 meters at the base of the cone, a diameter of 175 meters at the top of the cone, and a crater depth of 56 meters.
2, dead volcano
refers to prehistoric eruptions have occurred, but has not been active in recorded history of the volcano. Such volcanoes have lost their ability to be active. Some volcanoes still maintain a complete volcanic form, some have suffered weathering and erosion, only the remains of the volcano, China's Shanxi Datong Volcanic Group in a radius of about 50 square kilometers within the scope of the distribution of the 2 isolated volcanic cone, of which the Wolf Wolverine Mountain cone height of nearly 120 meters.
3, dormant volcano
The history of the eruption once. But for a long time in a relatively static state of the volcano. Such volcanoes are well-preserved volcano male form, still has the ability to volcanic activity, or can not be concluded that it has lost the ability to volcanic activity. Such as China's Baitoushan Tianchi, had in 1597 and 1792 two eruptions, before that there are many activities. At present, although there is no eruptive activity, but from the slopes of some of the unfathomable depth of the jet hole in the continuous emission of high temperature gas, it can be seen that the volcano is currently in a dormant state.
It should be noted that there is no strict line between the three types of volcanoes. Dormant volcanoes can be resuscitated, and dead volcanoes can be "resurrected," and they are not set in stone. In the past, it has been thought that Italy's Mount Vesuvius is a dead volcano, at the foot of the volcano, people built many towns and vineyards on the slopes of the volcano, but in 79 A.D. Mount Vesuvius suddenly erupted, the high temperature of the volcano's eruptions attacked and occupied the unsuspecting Pompeii and Hieroglyphic Nuns two ancient cities, the two cities and their inhabitants were all destroyed and lost their lives.
(2) Types of eruptions according to eruption conditions
Volcanism is affected by the nature of the magma, the pressure in the underground magma reservoir, the shape of the volcanic channel, and the eruption environment (on land or underwater), which make volcanic eruptions of the following types.
1, fissure type eruption
magma along the crust on the huge cracks overflowed the surface, known as fissure type eruption. This type of eruption is not a strong explosive phenomenon, most of the ejected material for the basal lava, condensation is often formed after covering a wide area of lava terrace. Such as the distribution of China's southwest Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces in the junction area of the Permian Emeishan basalt and Hebei Zhangjiakou north of the Tertiary Hannaoba basalt are fissure type eruption. Modern fissure eruptions are mainly distributed in the ocean floor at the mid-ocean ridge, only Iceland on the continent can be seen in this type of volcanic eruption activity, so it is also known as Iceland-type volcanoes.
2, the center of the eruption
Underground magma through the tubular volcanic channel out of the surface, known as the center of the eruption. This is the main form of modern volcanic activity, and can be subdivided into three kinds:
Tranquility: volcanic eruption. Only a large number of hot lava from the caldera quiet overflow, along the mountain slopes flow slowly, as if the boiled rice soup from the rice pot boiling out of the same. Overflow to the base of the lava is mainly, lava temperature is high, viscosity is small, easy to flow. Containing less gas, no explosive phenomenon, the Hawaiian volcanoes as its representative, also known as the Hawaiian type.
Explosive; volcanic eruptions, violent explosions, while spewing out a large amount of gas and volcanic debris material, spewing out of the lava to the acidic lava is dominant. December 16, 1902, the West Indies Pelée eruption belongs to this type, also known as the Pelée type.
Intermediate: belongs to the quiet type and explosive eruption between the transitional type. This type of lava eruption is dominated by the medium base. If there is an explosion, the explosive force is not large. Can be continuous for months, or even years, long-term smooth eruption, and characterized by intermittent outbursts. Near the west coast of Italy on the Liparic Islands Strombolian volcano as a representative. The volcano erupts about every 2-3 minutes, at night in 50 kilometers away from the volcano can still be seen in the eruption of the flame. Therefore, it is also known as Stromboli style.
3, melt-through eruption
Magma melted through the earth's crust overflowed a large area of the surface, known as melt-through eruption. This is an ancient form of volcanic activity, modern has not survived. Some scholars believe that in the ancient times, the earth's crust was thinner and the heat of the underground magma was greater, often resulting in melt-through magma eruption activities.
Earthquakes
Earthquakes (earthquake) is the rapid vibration of the Earth's surface, also known as ground shaking in ancient times. It is a natural phenomenon that occurs frequently on Earth, just like wind, rain, lightning, landslides, and volcanic eruptions.
It originates at a point in the ground, which is called the source (focus). Vibrations emanate from the source and travel through the Earth. The point on the ground closest to the source is called the epicenter, which is the earliest part to receive vibrations. Earth vibration is the most intuitive and common manifestation of earthquakes. Strong earthquakes that occur under the sea or in coastal areas can cause huge waves called tsunamis. Earthquakes are extremely frequent, occurring globally about 5 million times a year.
The structure of the ball is like an egg, which can be divided into three layers. The center layer is the "yolk" - the Earth's core; the middle is the "egg white" - the Earth's mantle; the outer layer is the "egg shell" - the Earth's crust. Earthquakes generally occur in the Earth's crust. The Earth is constantly rotating and revolving, and at the same time the interior of the crust is constantly changing. As a result, the earth's crust is deformed, fractured, and shifted by forces, and earthquakes occur. The place where an earthquake occurs underground is called the epicenter. The place from the source to the surface of the earth vertically is called the epicenter. The distance from the epicenter to the source is called the depth of the epicenter. Earthquakes with a depth of less than 70 kilometers are shallow earthquakes, earthquakes between 70 and 300 kilometers are medium earthquakes, and earthquakes over 300 kilometers are deep earthquakes. The deepest earthquake with a depth of epicenter was the 5.8-magnitude earthquake that occurred in the northern waters of Irian Jaya Province, Indonesia, in 1963, with a depth of 786 kilometers. For earthquakes of the same size, the degree of damage caused to the ground varies because the depth of the epicenter is not the same, nor is it the same. The shallower the epicenter, the greater the damage, but the smaller the ripple effect, and vice versa.
The distance between a place and the epicenter of an earthquake is called the epicenter distance. Earthquakes with an epicenter distance of less than 100 kilometers are called local earthquakes, earthquakes between 100 and 1,000 kilometers are called near earthquakes, and earthquakes greater than 1,000 kilometers are called distant earthquakes, in which the farther the distance from the epicenter, the smaller the impact and damage.
The ground vibration caused by earthquakes is a complex movement, which is the result of longitudinal and transverse waves **** with the action. In the epicenter area, longitudinal waves make the ground up and down. Transverse waves make the ground shake horizontally. As the longitudinal wave propagation speed is faster, the attenuation is also faster, the transverse wave propagation speed is slower, the attenuation is also slower, so far away from the epicenter of the place, often do not feel the up and down, but can feel up to the horizontal shaking.
The size of the earthquake itself, expressed in magnitude, according to the size of the elastic wave energy released during the earthquake to determine the magnitude of the magnitude of the earthquake, China generally use the Richter scale. Usually less than 2.5 earthquakes called small earthquakes, 2.5-4.7 earthquakes called felt earthquakes, greater than 4.7 earthquakes called destructive earthquakes. For every 1-magnitude difference in magnitude, there is about a 30-fold difference in the amount of energy released by an earthquake. For example, a magnitude 7 earthquake is equivalent to 30 earthquakes of magnitude 6, or 900 earthquakes of magnitude 5, the magnitude difference of 0.1, the average difference in energy released 1.4 times.
When a larger earthquake occurs somewhere, a series of earthquakes tend to occur over a period of time, the largest of which is called the mainshock, the earthquakes that occur before the mainshock are called foreshocks, and those that occur after the mainshock are called aftershocks.
Earthquakes have certain temporal and spatial distribution patterns. From the time point of view, earthquakes have active and quiet period alternating cyclical phenomenon. From a spatial point of view, the distribution of earthquakes in a certain band, called the seismic zone, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean - Himalayan two major seismic zones. The Pacific Ocean seismic belt almost concentrated more than 80% of the world's shallow-source earthquakes (0 km ~ 70 km), all of the medium-source (70 km ~ 300 km) and deep-source earthquakes, the seismic energy released about 80% of the total energy.
Earthquakes when a certain point of the ground shaking the degree of strength called seismic intensity. China will be divided into 12 degrees of seismic intensity.
Magnitude and intensity, although both can reflect the strength of the earthquake, but the meaning is not the same. The same earthquake, the magnitude of only one, but the intensity is different from place to place, different places, the intensity value is not the same. For example, on February 10, 1990, Changshu - Taicang occurred 5.1 earthquake, some people say in Suzhou is 4, in Wuxi is 3, this is wrong. No matter where, it can only be said that a 5.1-magnitude earthquake occurred in Changshu-Taicang, but this earthquake, in Shaxi town of Taicang, had a seismic intensity of 6 degrees, in Suzhou it was 4 degrees, and in Wuxi it was 3 degrees.
Earthquake intensity is a frequently used term. There are qualitative and quantitative criteria for dividing the intensity. In China's seismic intensity scale (see the table below), the human feeling, the degree of general housing damage and other phenomena are described, which can be used as a basic basis for determining the intensity.
Causes of earthquakes
There are many causes of vibration of the earth's surface, and according to the causes of earthquakes, earthquakes can be categorized as follows:
1. Tectonic earthquakes
The earthquakes that are caused by the faulty shifting and rupture of rock strata deep underneath the ground are known as tectonic earthquakes (Figure 1-1). These earthquakes occur most frequently and have the greatest destructive power, accounting for more than 90% of all earthquakes in the world.
2. Volcanic earthquakes
Earthquakes caused by volcanic activity, such as magma activity, gas explosions, etc., are called volcanic earthquakes. Volcanic earthquakes can only occur in volcanic areas, and these earthquakes account for only about 7% of the world's earthquakes.
3. Collapse earthquakes
Earthquakes caused by the collapse of underground caverns or the top of mines are called collapse earthquakes. The scale of such earthquakes is relatively small, the number of times is also very small, even if there is, but also tends to occur in the cavern densely populated limestone areas or large-scale underground mining mining areas.
4. Induced earthquakes
The earthquakes triggered by water storage in reservoirs, water injection in oil fields and other activities are called induced earthquakes. These earthquakes occur only in certain specific reservoir storage areas or oil field areas.
5. Artificial earthquakes
The ground vibrations caused by underground nuclear explosions, explosives blasting, etc. are called artificial earthquakes. Artificial earthquakes are caused by man-made activities. Such as industrial blasting, underground nuclear explosions caused by vibration; in deep wells for high-pressure water injection as well as large reservoirs to increase the pressure of the earth's crust after storage of water, and sometimes induced earthquakes.
The place where an earthquake wave originates is called the epicenter. The vertical projection of the epicenter on the ground is called the epicenter. The depth from the epicenter to the source is called the depth of the source. Usually the depth of the epicenter is less than 70 kilometers called shallow earthquakes, the depth of 70-300 kilometers called medium-source earthquakes, the depth of more than 300 kilometers called deep earthquake. Destructive earthquakes are usually shallow earthquakes. For example, the 1976 Tangshan earthquake had a depth of 12 kilometers.
Sheltering nearby during an earthquake and quickly evacuating to a safe place after an earthquake is a better way to protect against emergencies. The so-called nearby sheltering is to make different countermeasures according to the different situations in accordance with the local conditions.
School personnel to avoid earthquakes
In schools, the most important thing needed during an earthquake is the calmness and decisiveness of school leaders and teachers. In areas with medium- and long-term earthquake forecasts, it is usually necessary to combine teaching activities to tell students about earthquakes and earthquake prevention and avoidance. Before the earthquake, arrange routes and sites for students to move and evacuate; after the earthquake, calmly direct students to evacuate in an orderly manner. In the more solid, safe houses, you can hide under the desks, podiums, students in the teaching building can go to the room with small openings, pipeline support, never let the students run around or jump.
Earthquake, walking in the street to avoid the earthquake
Earthquake, high-rise buildings, glass shards and concrete debris on the outside of the building, as well as advertising signs, tinplate, neon signs, etc., may fall down and hurt people, so when walking on the street, it's best to walk around the purse or a soft object on the head, no object can be used to protect the head of the hand, as far as possible to make good preparation for self-defense, to calm down, should quickly move away from the power lines. To be calm, you should quickly leave the poles and fences and run to a more open area to hide.
Workshop workers to avoid the earthquake
Workshop workers can hide in the car, machine tools and taller equipment, do not panic and run, special positions on the workers should first close the flammable and explosive, toxic gas valves, reduce high temperature, high pressure pipeline temperature and pressure in a timely manner, shut down the operation of the equipment. Most of the personnel can be evacuated from the work site, under the premise of safety protection, a small number of personnel to stay at the scene at any time to monitor the danger, and timely handling of possible accidents, to prevent secondary disasters from occurring.
Earthquake traveling vehicle emergency shelter
(1) the driver should decelerate as soon as possible, gradually brake brake;
(2) passengers (especially in the train) should be firmly grasped by the hands of the handles, columns or seats, and pay attention to prevent baggage from the shelves fell down to injure people, facing the direction of the train, the people should be leaning their arms against the cushions of the seat in front of the face to protect their faces, the body tends to the passageway, both hands protect their heads; the back of the back of the car to protect their heads. The two hands protect the head; back towards the direction of travel, to protect the back of the head with two hands, and raise the knees to protect the abdomen, tighten the body, make a good defense posture.
Earthquake emergency shelter for people in the building
Earthquakes happen, first of all, we must maintain a clear, calm mind, timely identification of vibration conditions, never jump in a panic, this is extremely important. Secondly, you can hide in the solid furniture, or the corner of the wall, can also be transferred to the more load-bearing walls, small openings in the kitchen, the toilet to take refuge for a while. Because these places have strong bonding force, especially the pipeline has been processed, has a better support, anti-seismic coefficient is larger. In short, the earthquake can be based on the layout of the building and indoor conditions, the time and situation, looking for safe space and access to take refuge, reduce casualties.
Emergency shelter in the store in case of an earthquake
When encountering an earthquake in a department store, keep calm. As the people panic, the goods fall, may make the evacuation channel blocked. At this time, you should hide near the large columns and large products (avoiding the display cases), or towards the unobstructed access to shelter, and then crouch down and wait for the earthquake to subside. Being in the upstairs position, in principle, it is better to move to the ground floor. However, staircases are often the weakest part of a building against earthquakes, so it is important to look for the right time to get out of danger. Attendants should organize people to take shelter nearby and evacuate safely after the quake.
Self-help after the earthquake
Earthquakes such as being buried under the rubble, surrounded by darkness, only a very small space, you must not panic, to be calm, to establish the confidence to survive, believe that there will be people to save you, to protect themselves by all means.
After the earthquake, there are often many aftershocks, the situation may continue to deteriorate, in order to avoid new harm, to try to improve their own environment. At this point, an emergency kit will go a long way toward helping you get out of trouble.
In this extremely unfavorable environment, first of all, to protect the respiratory flow, move away from the head, chest debris, smell gas, poisonous gas, wet clothes and other things to cover the mouth, nose; avoid the body above the collapse of the non-structural objects and other easy to cause the fall of the object; expand and stabilize the survival space, with bricks, sticks, etc. to support the wreckage in case of an aftershock occurs, the environment is further deterioration.
Try to get out of danger. If you can't find a way out of danger, try to save your strength, use stones to knock on objects that can make noise, send out a call for help, don't cry, impatient and blind action, which will consume a lot of energy and strength, as far as possible to control their own emotions or close their eyes and rest, waiting for the rescue personnel to arrive. If you are injured, think about bandaging to avoid excessive bleeding.
Sustaining life. If buried under the rubble for a long time, rescuers have not arrived, or did not hear the call for help, we must find ways to maintain their own lives, water and food in the earthquake bag must save, try to find food and drinking water, if necessary, their own urine can also play a role in quenching thirst.
Post-earthquake mutual aid
After the earthquake, the outside world disaster relief teams can not immediately rushed to the scene of the disaster, in this case, in order to make more buried in the rubble under the people, to get a valuable life, the people of the disaster area actively involved in mutual aid, is to reduce casualties in the most timely and effective way, but also reflects the "save a person in distress", the noble virtues.
Rescue time is timely, the greater the hope of rescue. According to relevant information, 20 minutes after the earthquake was rescued by the survival rate of more than 98%, one hour after the earthquake was rescued by the survival rate fell to 63%, two hours after the earthquake can not be rescued in the personnel, asphyxiation deaths accounted for 58% of the number of deaths. They are not in the earthquake due to the collapse of the building smashed to death, but the room interest death, such as timely assistance, it is entirely possible to get life. Hundreds of thousands of people were buried in the rubble of the Tangshan earthquake, and the people in the disaster area were able to regain their lives through self-rescue and mutual rescue for most of the buried people. Mutual rescue operations participated by the people in the disaster area played an irreplaceable role in the whole earthquake relief.
Post-earthquake rescue time to be fast
Post-earthquake rescue, and strive to time to be fast, accurate target, appropriate methods, mutual rescue team growing principle. Specific practices are: first save the near, whether it is family, neighbors, or strangers, do not seek far away; first save easy to save people, so that the rapid growth of the mutual aid team; first save the young and strong and medical personnel, so that they can give full play to their role in the disaster relief; first save the "life", and then save the "people". Tangshan earthquake in a rural woman, each save a person, only its head exposed to avoid suffocation, and then go to save another person, in a very short period of time so that dozens of people were saved.
Methods of rescuing people
Salvage methods should be based on the actual situation of the post-earthquake environment and conditions, and effective rescue methods should be adopted, with the aim of rescuing the buried people, safely from the rubble.
Through understanding, searching, and determining the ruins of the people buried in the pressure, judging the location of its buried pressure, to the ruins of the shouting or knocking and other methods of transmission of rescue signals.
Rescue process, pay special attention to the safety of the buried people. First, the use of tools (such as iron bars, hoes, sticks, etc.) do not hurt the buried people; Second, do not destroy the buried people in the space around the support conditions, causing a new collapse, so that the buried people in danger again; Third, it should be as soon as possible to communicate with the buried people of the closed space, so that the flow of fresh air, digging and grubbing, such as dust is too large should be sprayed with water to reduce the dust to avoid suffocation of the buried people; Fourth, the buried time is longer, and difficult to rescue, can try to the buried people in the debris, but also to the buried people in the debris. Rescue, you can try to convey drinking water, food and medicine to the buried people to maintain their lives.
Before the rescue operation, there should be a plan and steps, where to dig, where not to dig, where to use a hoe, where to use a stick, should be considered.
There have been cases in the past where rescuers acted blindly and stepped on the roof over the heads of the buried people, smashing the buried people to death, so it is important to have a scientific analysis and action during the rescue process in order to receive a good rescue effect, and act blindly, which will often cause new injuries to the rescue object.
Rescue and care
First the head of the buried person, exposed from the debris, remove the dust in the mouth and nose to ensure that their breathing is smooth, for serious injuries, can not leave the buried place of the person, should try to carefully remove its body and the surrounding buried pressure, and then the buried person lifted out of the waste of emptiness, do not pull the hard drag.
The hunger and thirst, injury, suffocation is more serious, buried and long time personnel, be rescued with dark-colored cloth blindfolded to avoid bright light stimulation, the injured, according to the severity of the injury, to take the bandage or sent to the medical point of resuscitation treatment.
Shock avoidance points
Shock is to run or hide, most of our experts believe that: when the earthquake is close to the shelter, after the earthquake quickly evacuated to a safe place, is a better way to emergency shock avoidance. Should choose a strong indoor, can cover the body of the object under (beside), easy to form a triangular space, small openings, there is support for the place, the room is open, safe place.
The body should take the posture:
Volts and stay fixed, crouch or sit down, try to curl up the body, lower the center of gravity of the body.
Grab a firm object such as a table leg.
Protect your head, neck, and eyes, and cover your mouth and nose.
Avoid crowds, don't crowd and don't light open fires, as there may be flammable and explosive gases in the air.
School earthquake
The class is in session, the teacher under the command of the rapid head, eyes closed, hiding under their desks.
When you are in the playground or outdoors, crouch down in place, protect your head with both hands, and pay attention to avoiding tall buildings or dangerous objects.
Do not return to the classroom.
There should be an organized evacuation after an earthquake.
Do not jump from buildings! Do not stand outside the window! Do not go out on the balcony!
Classes should be held outside if necessary.
Home earthquake avoidance
Earthquake warning time is short, indoor earthquake avoidance is more realistic, and indoor housing after the collapse of the formation of a triangular space, often people survived the relative safety of the location, can be called earthquake space. This mainly refers to the space formed by the large collapsed body and the support.
Indoor places where triangular space is easy to form are:
Under the edge of the bed, near solid furniture;
Roots and corners of interior walls;
Kitchens, toilets, storerooms, and other places with small openings.
Avoiding earthquakes in public ****places
Listen to the instructions of the staff on the spot, do not panic, do not crowd towards the exits, avoid crowding, avoid the flow of people, and avoid being squeezed into walls or fences.
In theaters, gymnasiums, etc.:
Crouch down on the spot or lie down under the rows of chairs;
Attention to avoid hanging objects such as chandeliers and fans;
Protect your head with a school bag, etc.
Wait for the quake to pass, listen to the staff's instructions and evacuate in an organized manner.
In shopping malls, bookstores, exhibitions, subways, etc.:
Choose sturdy counters, merchandise (e.g., low furniture, etc.) or the side of columns, as well as inside corners, etc., and crouch down on the spot, protecting your head with your hands or something else; Avoid glass windows, doors, glass cabinets, or counters; Avoid tall, unstable, or shelves with heavy and breakable items; Avoid billboards, chandeliers, and other towering or hanging objects.
In a moving car:
Grab the handrail to avoid falling or getting hurt; lower your center of gravity and hide near the seat.
Get out of the car after the earthquake has passed.
Outdoor earthquake avoidance
Select an open area to avoid an earthquake:
Crouch or get down to avoid falling;
Don't run around and avoid crowded places;
Don't go back indoors.
Avoid tall buildings or structures:
Buildings, especially those with glass curtain walls;
Crossing bridges, overpasses;
High chimneys, under water towers.
Avoid dangerous, towering or hanging objects:
Transformers, utility poles, streetlights, etc.;
Billboards, cranes, etc.
Avoid other dangerous places:
Narrow streets;
Dangerous houses, dangerous walls;
Daughter walls, high facades, under canopies;
Stacks of bricks and mortar, wood and other things.
How to save yourself after a strong earthquake
1, after the earthquake, you should actively participate in the rescue work, you can lean your ear against the wall, listen to whether there are survivors sound.
2, so that the injured first exposed head, to keep breathing unimpeded, such as suffocation, immediately for artificial respiration.
3, once buried, to try to avoid the body above the unstable collapsed object, and try to use masonry, sticks and other support debris, reinforced environment.
4, the earthquake is an instantaneous occurrence, anyone should first save themselves, and then start rescue. First save the easy, then save the hard; first save the near, then save the far.
How to identify earthquake rumors
1, correct understanding of the actual level of current earthquake forecasting at home and abroad, mankind is currently made a larger time scale of medium- and long-term forecast has a certain degree of credibility, but the success rate of the short-term forecast is still relatively low.
2, to be clear, in our country, the authority to issue earthquake forecasts in the government, any other units or individuals are not authorized to release earthquake forecast news. To deal with earthquake rumors, we must not believe, do not spread, and report in time.
3, learning earthquake knowledge, to eliminate the fear of earthquake psychology.
4, do not believe rumors, blindly shopping.
When a big earthquake comes, family members should be how to avoid the earthquake, experts suggest mastering three principles:
Principle one: according to the local conditions, the right choice. Quake everyone in the environment, the situation is very different, the way to avoid the earthquake can not be the same, to be analyzed on a case-by-case basis. These circumstances include: whether to live in a cottage or live in the building, the earthquake occurred during the day or night, the house is not solid, there is no indoor space to avoid earthquakes, your location from the door of the room, whether the outdoor open, safe.
Principle two: act decisively, do not hesitate. Whether or not the earthquake can be successful, in the nick of time, never look ahead, hesitation. If you live in the cottage to avoid the earthquake, more decisive action, or nearby shelter, or emergency out, do not go back and forth.
Principle three: ambush and to be determined, can not rush out. The ancients in the "Earthquake Record" has recorded: "suddenly heard the change, can not rush out, ambush and to be determined, even if there is a nest, can hope for the egg," meaning that, in the event of an earthquake, do not rush to run out of the outdoors, and should seize the time to find a suitable place to avoid the earthquake and take a crouch or sit down, waiting for the earthquake to pass, so that even if the house collapsed, the person can also be safe and sound.
Three strategies for avoiding earthquakes in high-rise buildings
Experts suggest that, in a metropolis such as Beijing, which is dominated by buildings, residents should consciously master some of the scientifically applicable earthquake avoidance strategies.
Strategy 1: Stay calm during the quake and walk outdoors afterward. This is an internationally recognized code of practice for earthquake avoidance, and many examples of earthquakes at home and abroad have shown that the probability of being smashed to death or injury is greatest in the brief moments of an earthquake when people are entering or leaving a building. Therefore, experts caution that indoor earthquake avoidance is the first choice if the conditions are good. If the building is poorly resistant to earthquakes, run out of the room as much as possible.
According to relevant national standards, residential buildings in Beijing should have the ability to withstand damage from earthquakes with an intensity of 8 degrees. Experts suggest that when an earthquake occurs, don't panic first and keep your vision open and maneuverable so that you can act on camera. Particularly bear in mind is not to stay in bed; not to run to the balcony; not to run to the hallway and other crowded places to go; not to jump; not to use the elevator, if the quake in the elevator should leave as soon as possible, if the door can not be opened to crouch down with their heads. In addition, to immediately extinguish the fire and power outages to prevent scalding electrocution and fire.
Strategy two: earthquake location is crucial. Live in the building to avoid earthquakes, according to the layout of the building and indoor conditions, the situation, looking for safe space to hide. It is best to find a place where a triangular space can be formed. Squatting next to the heater is safer, the bearing capacity of the heater is larger, the network structure and elasticity of the metal pipeline is not easy to be torn, even in the earthquake is not easy to be thrown out of the substantial shaking; heating pipeline ventilation is good, is not easy to cause people to suffocate; the pipeline of the water can be prolonged survival period. More importantly, trapped people can be used to hit the heating pipe to the outside world to send a message, and the heating against the outside wall of the location is conducive to the fastest access to help.
Need to pay special attention to is, when hiding in the kitchen, bathroom, such as small open room, as far as possible from the stove, gas pipeline and easy to break dishes farther. If the kitchen and bathroom are in the nooks and crannies of the building, and the partition wall is a thin plate wall, do not choose it as the best place to avoid the earthquake. In addition, do not drill into the cabinet or box, because once a person drilled into the immediate loss of mobility, obstructed vision, limbs are bound, not only will miss the opportunity to escape but also not conducive to being rescued; lying posture is not good, the human body's plane area increases, the probability of being hit than standing 5 times greater, and it is difficult to maneuver to change position. Strategy 3: near water not near fire, leaning out not leaning in. This is an important principle to ensure timely assistance from others in an urban earthquake. Don't get close to gas stoves, gas pipes and household appliances; don't choose a location on the inside of a building, try to get as close as possible to the outside wall, but don't hide under the windows