「Title Note」 In order to practically understand the current situation of public **** financial coverage of rural areas, and to objectively study the policy of public **** financial coverage of rural areas, the Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Finance sent four investigation teams to Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Henan at the beginning of July 2003 to carry out a research.
"Executive Summary" This report firstly discusses the connotation of rural public **** products, and on this basis, combined with the actual investigation of typical counties in four provinces, it describes the current situation of serious shortage of supply of rural public **** products, and discusses several basic issues of public **** financial coverage of the countryside during the transition period, and then puts forward a number of alternative proposals for public **** financial coverage of the countryside.
"Keywords" public **** finance/rural public **** products/financial expenditure/research
Realizing the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and the coordinated development of economy and society is an important content of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way. Since the reform and opening up, China's national economy and social development has made great progress, the country's economic strength continues to grow, especially since the implementation of positive fiscal policy, the pace of public **** infrastructure construction accelerated, but the allocation of social and financial resources and elements of the elements of the main tilt to industry and cities, so that once narrowed the gap between urban and rural areas once again widen the urban-rural dichotomy structure is obvious, the three rural issues have become a major problem in China, the three rural areas, the three rural issues have become a major problem in China. The "three rural issues" have become a prominent problem in China's socio-economic development. Therefore, the realization of public *** financial coverage of rural areas, accelerate the economic and social development of rural areas, not only for the realization of the overall construction of a moderately prosperous society strategy, but also for the realization of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and the whole sustainable economic and social development are of great practical significance.
First, the preliminary definition of rural public **** products
Public **** products relative to private products, mainly to meet the needs of the social public ****, at the same time has the characteristics of non-competitive and non-exclusive, can not be completely or can not be fully regulated by the market, and can not be provided by private. As far as the national nature of rural residents is concerned, they should enjoy public **** products and public **** services without any difference from those of urban residents, and in this sense rural public **** products and quasi-public **** products are defined in the same way as urban ones. However, since agriculture is a basic and weak industry of the national economy, coupled with the fact that farmers are a vulnerable group with low income and low accumulation. Therefore, the definition of the scope of public and quasi-public products in rural areas is broader than that of urban areas. From the perspective of the reality of rural development, rural public **** products and public **** services covered by government public **** finances mainly include two categories. One category is purely public **** products, including administrative services for rural grassroots governments and village organizations, rural public **** infrastructure (rural roads, clean drinking water), ecological environment construction and protection, large rivers and streams governance, agricultural infrastructure construction (water conservancy and irrigation systems, agricultural product quality and safety monitoring and testing systems, and agricultural information systems), agricultural scientific and technological progress (basic research, pilot testing of major technological achievements, and popularization and demonstration), and rural disaster relief and prevention. demonstration), rural disaster relief, rural public **** health and epidemic prevention, and rural poverty alleviation and development. The other category is quasi-public **** products, namely, rural basic education, rural medical assistance, rural social security, rural science and culture.
Second, the public **** financial coverage of the rural status quo
From the scope of the current financial expenditure, the public **** financial basically involves all the public **** products or public **** service areas in the rural areas, but the investment is insufficient, the overall coverage is insufficient, the gap between urban and rural areas is large; the regional differences are obvious, the eastern part of the rural public **** infrastructure construction and public **** service situation has improved, and the central and western regions are relatively backward, the public **** services. The central and western regions are relatively backward, public **** financial coverage is narrow, the problem is more concentrated, the contradiction is more acute.
(a) Rural public **** infrastructure construction
The central and western regions of the countryside road conditions are poor. In recent years, the state has increased its investment in rural roads. From 1999 to 2002, the state invested a cumulative total of 31.5 billion yuan in rural roads (Note: the information on rural roads comes from the Ministry of Finance's Department of Economy and Construction's "Reflections on the Situation"), in addition to which, 4 billion yuan of the annual financial poverty alleviation funds are also mainly used for the construction of rural roads in impoverished areas, which has alleviated to a certain extent the problem of rural road construction in central and western regions. To a certain extent, this has eased the problem of difficulty in traveling on rural roads in the central and western regions, but it has not fundamentally changed the backwardness of rural road transportation. At present, there are 261 townships and 54,000 villages with no road access; of the nation's 1,043,000 kilometers of gravel roads, dirt roads, and unpaved roads, 923,000 kilometers, or 88.5%, are rural roads; and there are also about 1.2 million kilometers of simple roads between villages that have not been included in the statistics. In many places, the rural roads are obstructed by rain and sunshine, have low disaster-resistance capacity and are in poor condition. Among the three counties in the central and western parts of the country, 29 villages in Xiping County, Henan Province, are not yet connected to the highway, and the roads that are connected are in poor condition, with the hardening rate of the highway through the villages being less than 30%; 93 villages in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, are not connected to the highway; and 408 villages are not yet connected to the highway in Santai County, Sichuan Province.
In some areas, people and animals have difficulties in drinking water, and basic survival conditions cannot be guaranteed. at the beginning of 2000, there were 50.2 million rural people in China who had difficulties in drinking water. Among them, 24.23 million people are "eighty-seven poverty alleviation program" left behind, is expected by the end of 2003 to solve. The remaining 25.97 million people have been newly added to the population with drinking water problems in recent years due to drought and changes in water sources, and these people are mainly located in the central and western regions. Of the four counties surveyed in the field, except for Shangyu City in Zhejiang Province, where more than 95 percent of the farmers have access to clean tap water, three counties in the central and western regions not only have problems with drinking water for humans and animals, but also 32 villages in Xiping County have not solved the problem of drinking water for humans and animals, involving more than 20,000 people; in Dali County, 220 villages have not solved the problem of drinking water for humans and animals, involving a population of 330,000 people and 75,000 heads of large livestock; and in Santai County, there are 102 villages with more than 60,000 people with difficulties in drinking water, with more than 60,000 people with difficulties in drinking water. More than 60,000 people have difficulties in drinking water, there are 4 villages with serious water shortage and 16 dry mountain villages. In addition to the difficulty of drinking water for some people, much rural drinking water in the central and western regions currently fails to meet clean drinking standards. Farmland water conservancy infrastructure is aging and in disrepair, and the ability to withstand natural disasters is weak.
(B) Rural medical care and public **** health (Note: National information from the Ministry of Finance Social Security Department "on rural public **** health issues" report)
Whether in the eastern coast of the developed regions and the central and western regions, urban and rural medical care and health there is a huge gap. Nationally, in terms of health, the infant mortality rate in rural areas is about four times that of urban areas, the maternal mortality rate is 2.4 times that of urban areas, life expectancy in rural areas is six years lower than that of urban areas, and the incidence of endemic and infectious diseases, such as schistosomiasis, which have already been brought under control in rural areas, is on the rebound or even resurfacing. In terms of government investment, during the period 1991-2000, government expenditure on rural health amounted to 69 billion yuan, accounting for 15.9 per cent of the total budgetary expenditure on health, an increase of only 48.5 per cent in 10 years, and only 12.4 per cent of the increase in government budgetary investment in health in 2000 compared with 1991 was spent on rural areas. Even in the eastern region of Zhejiang Province, Shangyu City, 2002 budget for urban and rural health care per capita input ratio of 9: 1. Rural health care and public **** health serious backwardness is specifically manifested in: First, the rural medical conditions are poor, low service capacity. Farmers seek medical treatment mainly in village-level clinics, township health centers, and county-level hospitals. Comparatively speaking, county hospitals are far better than village clinics and township health centers in terms of investment or equipment. The medical equipment in village clinics is limited to thermometers and blood pressure monitors, and 9.2% of the practitioners are elementary school graduates, while 67.8% are graduates of junior high schools, and are only able to diagnose and treat minor ailments in general. The infrastructure of township health centers is in poor condition, and their equipment is outdated, with most of the equipment in the central and western regions dating back to the 1960s and 1970s; of the health and technical personnel, 1.4% have a bachelor's degree or higher, and 9% have a college degree. Secondly, rural medical fees are relatively high, and cooperative medical care for serious illnesses is struggling; from 1991 to 2000, the average outpatient and hospitalization fees per person rose from 10.9 yuan and 473.3 yuan to 79 yuan and 2,891 yuan, respectively, an increase of 6.2 times and 5.1 times, while per capita income of peasants increased by an average of 7.7% per year during the same period. Farmers easily dare not go to the hospital, small illnesses drag, big illnesses carry, once suffering from serious illnesses, it is very likely to fall into poverty. According to the questionnaire survey, Sichuan Province, Santai County, LuXi Township farmers to see a doctor spending accounted for 5.31% of household consumption expenditure, GuJing Township, 8.14%, Luban Township, 10.91%, we visited the Sichuan Province, Santai County, a few households in special hardship, most of them due to disease, serious illness has become the main factor in the farmer's poverty. At present, only 10% of the villages in the country have cooperative medical care, and it is mainly concentrated in developed areas. Of the counties (cities) where we conducted field research, only Shangyu City in Zhejiang Province has begun a pilot program.
(3) Rural Education
China's current rural education system is a locally responsible, county-based system, and for a long time, the funding for rural basic education has mainly come from county and township finances and farmers' pooled funds, and education funding at the central, provincial and municipal levels is mainly used for higher education and basic education in cities, with a very low proportion being used for basic education in the countryside. 2001, the budgeted expenditure for rural education amounted to 73.869 billion yuan, with the budgeted expenditure for rural education being 73.869 billion yuan. In 2001, the budgeted expenditure on rural education amounted to 73.869 billion yuan, of which 9.732 billion yuan, or only 13.17 per cent, was spent by the central government on rural education. Although in recent years, especially since the pilot reform of rural taxes and fees, the central, provincial and municipal levels of finance have increased their investment in rural basic education, it still accounts for only a small proportion. According to the survey, the current status of rural basic education: First, teachers' salaries are basically solved, and there is a big gap in hardware facilities. In the counties we studied, the salaries of rural primary and secondary school teachers have basically been resolved, and the enrolment rate of school-age children is close to 100 per cent, but school buildings, equipment, playgrounds and other hardware facilities are generally backward. Dali County, Shaanxi Province, there are still dangerous, leaky school building area of 36,000 square meters. 2001 began the implementation of the "National Primary and Secondary School Dangerous Buildings Renovation Project", by the end of 2002, the central funds to support the 25 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, as well as the Xinjiang Corps of Primary and Secondary School Dangerous Buildings Renovation Funds amounted to 12 billion yuan, the renovation of D dangerous buildings (the most dangerous) 30 million square meters, the renovation of D dangerous buildings (the most dangerous). By the end of 2002, the total amount of funds provided by the central government for the reconstruction of dangerous buildings in primary and secondary schools in 25 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, and the Xinjiang Corps had reached 12 billion yuan, and the area of D-class dangerous buildings (the most dangerous) had been reconstructed to 30 million square meters. Second, the cost of basic education is high, and farmers cannot afford it. According to direct questionnaire surveys of farming households in Henan, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, the cost of schooling for rural children is currently the biggest expense for farming families. In Dali County, Shaanxi Province, the average farmer's household expenditure in 2002 was 7,869.07 yuan, of which 2,714.07 yuan, or 35%, was spent on children's schooling. In Baoji County, the average farmer's family expenditure in 2002 was 8219.63 yuan, of which 2334.67 yuan, or 28%, was spent on children's schooling. Among the 30 farmers surveyed by questionnaire in Gujing Township, Santai County, Sichuan Province, schooling expenses accounted for 33.47% of farmers' household consumption expenditures, 30.57% in Luxi Township, and 28.75% in Luban Township. Some children drop out of school because they cannot afford the tuition fees. Local farmers say, "The schools are beautiful, but fewer children can afford to go to school". Thirdly, the level of teachers is low, and the quality of education is not high. At present, due to wages, housing and other conditions, rural primary and secondary schools in some of the high quality, teaching ability of teachers or flow to the city, or left the teaching position, the overall level of the teaching force is difficult to ensure that the overall level of the low rate of advancement to higher education, nine-year compulsory education, the failure rate is relatively low, into the high school stage of the failure rate has increased dramatically, often due to the test scores lower than 1 or a few points need to pay tens of thousands of dollars and the phenomenon of failure to go to school abounds. At the same time, the rural employment skills training is mainly organized by some private sector or institutions, only a certain economic strength of farmers can participate, and most of the farmers do not have access to effective employment skills training, go out to work or engage in non-agricultural employment can only do some rough work, heavy work, dirty work, very unstable.
(D) Rural social security issues
Although the Ministry of Civil Affairs is studying the relief of rural households in special hardship, but at present, the rural minimum subsistence guarantee system and the medical insurance system for rural migrant workers injured in the workplace is only in some areas of the start. For example, Beijing, Shanghai, Zhejiang and Shandong have initially established a unified urban and rural minimum subsistence guarantee system, which includes the rural special hardship population in the scope of the minimum subsistence guarantee, and Guangxi introduced a medical insurance system for work-related injuries of rural migrant workers in 2003. However, the rural population of the above regions only accounts for 16.56% of the national rural population, and the coverage of rural social security is very low.
(E) Agricultural infrastructure construction and progress in agricultural science and technology
At present, the national financial support for agricultural infrastructure construction and progress in agricultural science and technology has been reflected in the budgetary arrangements for various subjects, but the total amount of input is insufficient, the expenditure structure is unreasonable, and the effectiveness is not strong. There is both a lack of position, but also offside. The offside is mainly the excessive number of personnel in agricultural institutions supported by the treasury, excessive expenditures on the circulation of agricultural products, and the fact that some products or services that should be regulated by the market or provided by the private sector are also borne by the government treasury. And agricultural science and technology, agricultural quality and safety inputs in the government's financial expenditure accounted for a very low proportion.
(6) Rural grassroots organizations
The phenomenon of county and township indebtedness is serious. In the three counties in the central and western regions surveyed in the field, the counties, townships and villages all have debts. Xiping County in Henan Province currently has a cumulative debt of 220 million yuan for counties, townships and villages, of which the village debt is as high as 140 million yuan; Slide County in Henan Province has a rolling deficit of 22.12 million yuan over the years as of the end of 2002, with a total debt of 290 million yuan for the whole county; and Santai County in Sichuan Province has a cumulative deficit of 61.23 million yuan, with a total debt of 1.1 billion yuan for the whole county (five times the 2002 county fiscal revenue).
Because of the financial difficulties, most of the townships in the central and western regions have a low standard of office expenses for party and government organizations, which makes it difficult for them to operate, and most of the salaries of township cadres are "naked salaries" and cannot be paid normally.
The reasons for the overall low quality of the current rural public **** product supply and the prominent contradictions are manifold. First of all, the current system leads to urban and rural socio-economic development dual structure, urban and rural input gap is obvious. China's current institutional pattern is centered on industry and cities, and the allocation of public **** financial resources carries a particularly obvious industrial and urban preference; urban public **** products and public **** services are basically supplied by public **** finances, such as public **** infrastructure and education, medical care, and social security. Rural public **** products and public **** services, although all levels of finance arrange a certain amount of expenditure, in comparison, both the total level and the relative level are very low. According to preliminary statistics, in 2001, the country's financial investment in the "three rural areas" amounted to 330 billion yuan, accounting for 13 per cent of total financial expenditure, or 11 per cent of total financial expenditure if national debt funds are deducted. Field research in Henan Province, slip county, the total population of 1.22 million people, the agricultural population of 1.13 million people, accounting for 93% of the total population. 2002 county per capita public **** construction of the financial investment of 131 yuan, while the rural per capita investment in the construction of the public **** 7.55 yuan, equivalent to the per capita level of only 5.8 percent. Secondly, the county and township levels have limited financial resources and are unable to guarantee the supply of rural public **** products. At present, investment in rural public **** products is mainly borne by the county and township governments, which are in dire financial straits, making it difficult for them to provide strong support.The expenditures of Xiping County, Henan Province, on supporting the development of rural social undertakings in the townships and the construction of living infrastructures (excluding expenditures on rural education) during 1998-2002 were 10.09 million yuan, 10.28 million yuan, 11.71 million yuan, 10.17 million yuan and 10.21 million yuan, respectively, 11.71 million yuan, 10.13 million yuan and 11.72 million yuan, accounting for 7%, 6%, 6%, 4.9% and 4.5% of the total fiscal expenditure respectively, showing a decreasing trend year by year. The situation in other counties is more or less the same. Third, the main body of rural public **** product supply is misplaced, and financial and administrative powers are asymmetrical. Under the current system, although the central and local governments have divided the financial rights, the rights are still ambiguously intersected, especially in the supply of rural public **** products and public **** services, which should be invested by the higher level government, but some of them are handed over to the lower level government to provide by transferring the right to do things, and even villagers' self-governance committees have taken on a greater number of governmental affairs, so that the main body of the supply is seriously misplaced. For example, basic education and family planning are basic national policies, involving the long-term development and long-term stability of the entire country, and are national public ****products that should be borne by the central government and local governments***together, but at present, these matters are mainly borne by the county and township governments as well as by the villages, with a relatively low proportion of the burden borne by the central government and at the provincial level. Fourth, the investment gap left by the tax reform cannot be bridged for the time being. In the past, the village collectives mainly relied on the collection of funds and the collection of funds. After the rural tax and fee reform, the system has standardized farmers' taxes and put a stop to all kinds of fund-raising, amortization and fee-charging for farmers. At present, however, transfers from the central government and provincial governments can only ensure the functioning of the grass-roots authorities and the needs of rural education, and there is a lack of corresponding sources of funding for the construction of rural public *** infrastructure and the development of public *** undertakings. According to the national standard of no more than 15 yuan per person per year and the "one issue at a time"
Third, the public **** financial coverage of rural areas need to consider several issues
China is in a period of socio-economic transition, the country's financial resources are limited, and the framework of the financial system of the public **** is still in the process of being perfected, so public **** Therefore, the financial coverage of rural areas is also a gradual process. In this process there are several issues that need to be seriously considered.
(a) sustained industrialization and urbanization
China is in the historical period of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way and the process of industrialization and urbanization is accelerating. With the continuous promotion of industrialization and urbanization, China's urban and rural resource allocation structure, population distribution structure, employment structure, social structure and so on inevitably have to undergo a great deal of change, which is an objective and inevitable trend, but also the realization of the strategy of building a moderately affluent society in all aspects of the inevitable choice. Therefore, public *** financial coverage of the countryside must be adapted to this trend and promote the process of industrialization and urbanization. The allocation of public *** financial resources between urban and rural areas should be appropriate to avoid going from one extreme to the other.
(ii) The cost of public **** financial coverage of rural areas
China now has 39,000 townships and 695,000 administrative villages (Note: China's rural economy main data 1978-2002, National Bureau of Statistics Rural Socio-Economic Survey, 2003), and the number of villages is even greater when calculated on the basis of natural villages. If public *** financial coverage of rural areas were to be achieved in accordance with the existing layout of villages and population distribution, it would not only require huge financial expenditures, which are unaffordable to the national treasury, but would also be costly in terms of organizational and input costs. At the same time, as the level of urbanization increases, some villages and townships will be merged, which will result in a waste of financial resources and ineffective allocation of resources if the existing layout and population distribution of villages are used to achieve public **** financial coverage of the countryside. From Japan's "parallel village movement" and South Korea's "new rural movement" practice, even in Japan and South Korea, where population density is greater than that of China, the corresponding concentration of the rural population and the appropriate merger of residential villages for the public *** financial coverage of the countryside and the effective allocation of financial resources is also a necessary prerequisite for the public *** financial coverage of the countryside and the public *** financial The first is to make sure that you have a good understanding of the situation, and that you have a good idea of what you are doing.
(C) the objective existence of urban-rural differences
From China's actual situation, narrowing the gap of uneven development, can be said to be the "comprehensive well-off" one of the most important connotation. It should be emphasized, however, that it will not be possible to eliminate this gap for a long period of time. In a sense, this gap is also one of the driving forces of urbanization. One of the objectives of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, as set out in the report of the Sixteenth Party Congress, is that "the trend of widening disparities between workers and peasants, between urban and rural areas, and between regions should be gradually reversed". Therefore, to improve rural public **** services, we must recognize the reality of urban-rural differences, seek truth from facts, act according to our ability, gradually solve the problem of lagging rural public **** services, and gradually reverse the "three major differences", and we cannot force rural roads, drinking water, schools, culture and sports, street lights, refuse collection points and other public **** services to reach the same standards as in the city! The first is that it is impractical and unrealistic.
(D) differences in the level of economic development between regions
China is a large country with a large population, is a vast developing country, the imbalance of economic and social development between the regions exists objectively. 2002, China's developed regions in the southeast of the per capita GDP has exceeded 1400 U.S. dollars, Beijing, Shanghai and other major cities more than 3,000 U.S. dollars, while the western provinces and regions of the nine provinces. In 2001, the per capita consumption expenditure of urban households was 5,309 yuan, while that of rural households was only 1,741 yuan. When farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province start to think about modernization of agriculture and urbanization of rural areas, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County in the central and western parts of the country are still worrying about drinking water and water supply; when farmers in Shangyu City start to pursue a high quality of spiritual life, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County are still digging for food in the soil; when farmers in Shangyu City start to do business abroad, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County are still watching over the world and trying to make a living. When farmers in Shangyu City started to do business abroad, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County were still looking at the fields, not knowing what kind of world was beyond the mountains; when farmers in Shangyu City upgraded their household appliances, and cars and houses came into people's homes, farmers in Xiping County, Santai County and Dali County might not even be able to use electricity or could not afford to use it. The difference between the eastern and central-western regions is obvious, and there is a tendency for this difference to widen further. Therefore, when formulating goals and policies for rural public **** services and Xiaokang construction, we must recognize the differences and imbalances between the economic development of the eastern and central and western regions, and, on this basis, treat them differently, categorize them, and reasonably design and formulate goals, standards and other indicators for the construction of rural public **** services in the eastern, central and western regions, and we must never apply a one-size-fits-all approach.
(E) financial system and financial power pattern
The tax system regulates the distribution relationship between the central and local, mobilizes the central and local two enthusiasm, and strengthens the central financial macro-control ability. At the same time, a relatively standardized transfer payment system has been initially established, and the central government's transfer payments to localities have increased year by year. the rural public ****products cannot be guaranteed. Secondly, the 1994 tax-sharing system was determined on the basis of the financial revenue and expenditure envelope base at that time, with a great deal of contingency and arbitrariness, and with the passage of time and changes in economic conditions, the irrationality of these revenue and expenditure bases has become more and more prominent, and the differences in financial resources between regions have been further widened. Santai County in Sichuan Province is 210 million yuan, Xiping County in Henan Province and Dali County in Shaanxi Province are less than 100 million yuan, and there is a large gap between the level of financial resources and that of Shangyu City in Zhejiang Province. Therefore, the current pattern of financial resources determines the expenditure capacity of public **** finances at different levels and among regions, and objectively determines that at the present stage, expenditures of public **** finances to cover the rural areas should be mainly borne by the central government and provincial-level finances, and the policy choices of public **** finances to cover the rural areas in different regions should also be differentiated. For the central and western regions, the government's financial situation determines the supply of rural public **** products in these areas should be measured, especially not in a hurry.
(F) distinguish between priorities, integrated and balanced, highlighting the solution to the main contradictions
Effective supply of rural public **** products and public **** services to improve the standard of living of farmers, both in the physiological sense of the demand, that is, clothing, food, housing, transportation and other survival needs to be more and more high degree of satisfaction of the problem, but also survival needs on top of the need for development needs to realize the problem. Development needs include not only the extension of physiological needs, such as health and leisure, but also social needs, such as improving cultural standards, acquiring more competitive social skills, and realizing one's own ideals and aspirations, i.e., "promoting the all-round development of human beings". In China's vast rural areas, especially in the central and western regions, the shortage of public **** products and services is so serious that even the basic problems of food, clothing, shelter and transportation have not been fully resolved, not to mention the realization of comprehensive human development. China's financial and economic strength is not strong enough to solve the problems of farmers and rural areas, which account for the vast majority of the population and area of the countryside, is a very difficult and arduous task. In terms of ideological understanding, neither pessimism nor despondency, see no hope; nor blind optimism, fantasizing that the problem can be solved overnight. We must be prepared to fight a hard battle, fight a protracted war. In terms of strategy, we should focus on the long term, based on the current, clear priorities, first and second, integrated, one by one to solve the problem.
Fourth, the public **** financial coverage of rural recommendations
(a) adjust the structure of national income distribution and financial expenditure structure, increase the public **** financial investment in rural areas
Adjustment of the structure of financial expenditure in the stock of adjustments and incremental adjustments at the same time to do the article, focusing on incremental adjustments to progressively increase the solution of the "three rural" problem. Stock adjustment is mainly: reconfiguration of education, health, culture and other aspects of the existing financial resources, increase rural education, culture, health and other aspects of financial inputs; adjust the compression of financial subsidies in the field of food circulation, increase the direct subsidies to grain farmers; adjust the configuration of the Government's agricultural management functions, the integration of agricultural financial resources, according to the establishment of a market economy, the public **** financial institutional framework and accession to the WTO after the development needs, re-establishment of agricultural financial resources. After the establishment of the market economy system, the framework of the public *** financial system and the development needs after joining the WTO, re-establish the classification of agricultural financial funds, reduce the intersection and intermediate links, and improve the efficiency of using agricultural financial funds. The incremental adjustments mainly include: conscientiously implementing the policy that new expenditures on education, health, culture, science and technology within the fiscal budget will be mainly used in rural areas, with a ratio of no less than 70% in 2004 and more than 80% after 2005; adjusting the proportion of investment in national bond funds, with the proportion of funds used for agriculture and rural areas in 2004-2005 increased from 1/3 to 2/3 of the current budget, and gradually increased to 80% after 2006; and increasing the proportion of funds used for agriculture and rural areas to 80% after 2006. In addition, the proportion of State bond funds invested in agriculture and rural areas should be adjusted so that it will be increased from the current 1/3 to 2/3 in 2004-2005, and gradually increased to over 80% after 2006. At the same time, tax incentives, discounts and other measures to encourage other social forces to enter the field of social development in agriculture and rural areas.
(B) rationally determine the public *** financial coverage of rural priorities
The limited financial resources of the country determines the public *** financial coverage of rural areas must be prioritized in stages, by region. The basic principles of prioritization should be: first to ensure the social stability of rural areas and the basic needs of farmers, and then to create conditions to promote rural development; first to ensure pure public **** products, and then to provide quasi-public **** products and mixed products.
In the actual research, we designed a relevant questionnaire to conduct a questionnaire survey on the needs of local governments and farmers. The statistical results show that due to insufficient financial resources, in recent years, county and township governments have become more and more dependent on transfer payments from higher levels, and the vast majority of the financial expenditures of county and township finances are mainly used for administrative and institutional expenditures and educational expenditures, while agricultural and rural public **** undertakings can only rely on transfer payments from higher levels of finance. In our questionnaire survey of farmers, we listed eleven items for farmers to choose from, including the construction of roads, bridges, and other infrastructure; increasing investment in education to build school buildings and improve teachers; reducing or waiving school fees for students; solving the problem of irrigation water; increasing the number of medical points and reducing the burden of medical care; technical training; and solving the problem of difficulty in watching television. Due to different natural and economic conditions in different regions, farmers' choices differ, but if regional differences are excluded, farmers' concerns are mainly focused on, first, infrastructure construction such as roads, bridges and water conservancy construction. The concern rate of farmers in Henan Province is as high as 100%; the concern rate of farmers in Dali County, Shaanxi Province reaches 79.6%; the concern rate of farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province reaches 52%.
The second is to reduce children's school expenses. In Xiping County, Henan Province, 93.33% of farmers are concerned about this issue; in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, 87% of farmers are concerned about this issue; in Baoji County, Shaanxi Province, 83.3% of farmers are concerned about this issue; and in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, 80% of farmers are concerned about this issue. The third is to increase investment in education to repair school buildings and improve the level of teachers. In Henan Province, 92.22% of farmers are concerned about this issue; in Baoji County, Shaanxi Province, 88.9% of farmers are concerned about this issue; in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, 80% of farmers are concerned about this issue; and in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, 63% of farmers are concerned about this issue. Fourth, increasing the number of medical points and reducing the burden of visiting doctors. The concern rate of farmers in Baoji County, Shaanxi Province, has reached 90.7%; the concern rate of farmers in Henan Province is 72.22%; the concern rate of farmers in Dali County, Shaanxi Province, is 70.4%; and the concern rate of farmers in Shangyu City, Zhejiang Province, has reached 61%. The fifth is to help develop production and technical training.
(C) in the policy design to leave the interface between urban and rural coordinated development
So that rural residents enjoy national treatment, enjoy the same public **** services as urban residents is the long-term goal of economic and social development, which means that the eventual formation of urban and rural areas unified public **** products and public **** services of the institutional arrangements. However, the realization of this goal is a step-by-step process, which requires that the need for future urban-rural policy harmonization be taken into account in the initial policy design regarding the supply of rural public **** products.