Accelerate the management of the Liaohe River Basin to build a "harmonious Liaoning"
Liaoning Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau
Preface The Thames River is the famous "mother" river in the UK. It has a total length of 402 kilometers, spanning the British capital London and more than 10 cities along the river, with a drainage area of ??13,000 square kilometers. After the industrial revolution, the population concentrated, and a large amount of urban domestic sewage and industrial wastewater was discharged directly into the river without treatment. In addition, a large amount of garbage and sewage accumulated along the bank, making the river an open sewage ditch in London. The stench is so bad in summer that foreign buildings along the river and the London Clock Tower have to close their doors and windows. The dirty river water also caused disease epidemics along the river. From 1849 to 1954, about 25,000 people died of cholera in the riverside area. In 1858, the British government began to regulate the Thames River. The entire management and restoration process took 120 years and took many measures such as legislation, industrial wastewater treatment, urban sewage pipe network construction, and urban sewage treatment plants. It cost a lot of money. After spending tens of billions of pounds, the lower Thames is now considered the cleanest river in the world through a capital city. From the successful experience of managing the Thames River, we can see that river management cannot be achieved overnight. Our province is still in a period of rapid economic growth. It will take decades or even hundreds of years to control the Liaohe River, and there is a long way to go. 1. Water pollution status and characteristics of the Liaohe River Basin The Liaohe River Basin is one of the seven major water systems in the country and consists of two water systems, the Liaohe River and the Daliaohe River. Among them, the Liaohe River is formed by the confluence of the Xiliao River, which originates in Hebei Province, and flows through Inner Mongolia and Jilin, and the Dongliao River, which originates from Jilin Province, in Changtu County, Liaoning Province, and flows into the Bohai Sea in Panjin City, with a total length of 1,345 kilometers; the Daliao River originates from The Hun River originating from Qingyuan County and the Taizi River originating from Xinbin County join together in Panjin City and flow into the Bohai Sea from Yingkou City, with a total length of 511 kilometers. The Liaohe River Basin covers an area of ??69,100 square kilometers and has a total population of more than 24 million. This area is my country's agricultural and animal husbandry production base and one of my country's important industrial production bases. (1) Water resources conditions in the basin. From 1956 to 2000, the multi-year average surface water resources in the Liaohe River Basin was 9.649 billion cubic meters, the groundwater resources were 7.323 billion cubic meters, the total water resources were 13.047 billion cubic meters, and the repeated water volume was 3.925 billion. cubic meter. The total amount of surface water resources. The multi-year average surface water resource volume in the Liaohe River Basin in Liaoning Province is 9.649 billion cubic meters. The Liaohe River, Taizi River and Daliao River in the Liaohe River Basin of Liaoning Province have the largest total water resources; Fushun and Tieling have the largest total water resources.
Amount of surface water resources in the basin (100 million cubic meters) Calculated area (square kilometers) Xilamulun River and Laoha River 0.953494 Dongliao River 0.61415 Liaohe River 35.9937927 Hun River 24.0411481 Taizi River and Daliao River mainstream 34.9015846 Total 96.4969163 Total amount of groundwater resources. The amount of groundwater resources in the Liaohe River Basin in Liaoning Province is 7.323 billion cubic meters. The Liaohe River, Taizi River and Daliao River in the Liaohe River Basin of Liaoning Province have the largest total amount of groundwater resources; Tieling and Shenyang have the largest total amount of groundwater resources.
Amount of surface water resources in the basin (billion cubic meters) Xilamulun River and Laoha River 0.45 Dongliao River 0.21 Liaohe River 37.8 Hun River 16.66 Taizi River and Daliao River mainstream 18.11 Total 73.23 Table 3 Multi-year average total water resources table of cities in the Liaohe River Basin
Total surface water resources in the administrative region (100 million cubic meters) Total groundwater resources (100 million cubic meters) Shenyang City 11.0322.54 Anshan City 5.816.93 Fushun City 26.166.56 Benxi City 14.463.24 Jinzhou City 3.044. 86 Yingkou City 0.741.04 Fuxin City 2.974.68 Liaoyang City 8.869.54 Tieling City 19.911.71 Chaoyang City 0.950.45 Panjin City 2.391.67 Dandong City 0.200.05 Total 96.4973.23 (2) Water Pollutant Discharge Status in the Basin 2004 The annual total COD emissions from point sources (including large-scale farms) in the Liaohe River Basin is 411,800 tons, of which industrial source emissions are 125,500 tons, accounting for 30.5%, domestic source emissions are 267,300 tons, accounting for 64.9%, and large-scale livestock and poultry breeding sources The total emissions of ammonia nitrogen were 36,780.9 tons, including 3,944.9 tons from industrial sources, accounting for 10.7, 29,021.4 tons from domestic sources, accounting for 78.9, and 3,814.6 tons from large-scale livestock and poultry breeding sources, accounting for 10.4. It is estimated that the amount of COD discharged into the river from non-point sources (urban runoff sources, rural runoff sources, mine runoff sources and rural living sources) in the Liaohe River Basin is 51,800 tons, and the amount of ammonia nitrogen discharged into the river is 2,050 tons. In 2004, Shenyang's COD emissions were significantly higher than those of other cities. The order of total emissions from high to low was Shenyang (20.8%), Yingkou (17%), Anshan (13.0%), Fushun (12.6%), Benxi (10.7%), Tieling (9.1%), Panjin (6.9), Liaoyang (6%), Chaoyang 1.7, Fuxin 0.5. In 2004, Shenyang’s ammonia nitrogen emissions were significantly higher than other cities, and the total emissions ranged from high to The lowest order is Shenyang (20.8%), Yingkou (17%), Anshan (13.0%), Fushun (12.6%), Benxi (10.7%), Tieling (9.1%), Panjin (6.9), Liaoyang (6%) ), Chaoyang 1.7, Fuxin 0.5. (3) Water quality conditions in the basin The water quality pollution in the Liaohe River Basin is relatively serious, which belongs to organic pollution. The main pollution factor is chemical oxygen demand (COD). The most polluted water period of the river is the dry season, and the most polluted section is the urban section. In 2005, the water quality of the Liaohe River Basin was severely polluted. The 21 main monitoring sections (chemical oxygen demand COD) in the basin are dominated by water quality inferior to Class V, accounting for 52.4%; Class V water quality accounts for 14.3%; Class VI water quality accounts for 19.0%; excellent water quality (Class I-III) accounts for only 14.3% %. According to the evaluation of water periods, the water quality is the most polluted in the dry season, followed by the normal water period, and the water quality is better in the wet season. Among the 21 sections, the highest COD value appeared in the Chenjia section of Tiaozi River in the dry season, exceeding the Class V water quality standard by 6.4 times; the highest value of ammonia nitrogen also appeared in the Chenjia section of the Tiaozi River in the dry season, exceeding the Class V water quality standard by 18.4 times. There are four rivers in the Liaohe River Basin of our province: West Liaohe River, East Liaohe River, Zhaosutai River, and Tiaozi River. Among the four provincial boundary sections, except for the Sanmenguojia section of the West Liaohe River, which has Class V water quality, the rest are inferior to Class V water quality. . The Tiaozi River is the most polluted, with annual average COD and ammonia nitrogen values ??of 167mg/L and 17.7mg/L respectively, exceeding Class V water quality standards by 3.2 times and 7.9 times. (4) Characteristics and causes of water pollution in the Liaohe River Basin and lack of ecological water. The Liaohe River Basin is a seasonal, controlled river with large interannual changes in precipitation and runoff. 80% of the annual average precipitation occurs from June to September, and the runoff in July and August accounts for 60% of the annual runoff. In 2000 and 2001, the east and west Liaohe Rivers and the main stream of the Liaohe River continued to dry up. The storage capacity of large and medium-sized reservoirs accounts for 34.4% of the total water resources, of which the Liaohe River accounts for 64.1%. The river courses lack runoff, and many urban river sections have become sewage ditches. Structural pollution is serious. The heavy and chemical industry accounts for a large proportion in the basin, and the total amount of pollutant emissions is high, far exceeding the environmental capacity.
The metallurgy, petrochemical, electric power, papermaking and coal industries account for 70% of the total industrial water consumption. In 2002, COD emissions per 10,000 yuan of GDP were 10.44 kg, nearly twice the national average. The main sources of pollution in the two major water systems are very different. The main source of pollution in the Liaohe River system is non-point source pollution. The average sand content of the Laoha River in the upper reaches of the West Liaohe River is 47.1 kilograms per cubic meter. More than 80 million tons of sand are transported to the Liaohe River every year. Water and soil erosion brings a large amount of organic matter into the river to form non-point source pollution. pollute. Since the Huntai water system flows through the urban agglomeration in central Liaoning Province, its main pollution comes from industrial wastewater and domestic sewage. Non-industrial pollution is becoming increasingly prominent. With the improvement of living standards, the discharge of domestic sewage continues to increase, and the proportion of domestic pollution continues to rise. The amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides applied continues to increase, but the effective utilization rate is only 30-40%. The scale and layout of livestock and poultry breeding have not been effectively controlled, and the proportion of manure returned to fields and comprehensive utilization is very low. Breeding pollution has become another major source of pollution after industry and life. Some cross-border tributaries are seriously polluted. Years of water quality monitoring results show that the water quality of the Tiaozi River and Zhaosutai River from Jilin Province into Liaoning Province is very seriously polluted. The water quality of the rivers all exceeds the fifth category standard, and at the highest it exceeds the standard by more than ten times. 2. Progress and Existing Problems in Water Pollution Prevention and Control in the Liaohe River Basin In 1996, the State Council listed the Liaohe River Basin as one of the “Three Rivers and Three Lakes” that are under national priority management. In 1999 and 2003, the State Council successively approved the “Liaohe River Basin Water Pollution Prevention and Control” The Ninth Five-Year Plan and the 2010 Plan” and the “Tenth Five-Year Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in the Liaohe River Basin”. The Provincial Party Committee and the Provincial Government also attach great importance to the prevention and control of water pollution in the Liaohe River, taking it as a key task, conscientiously organizing and implementing the pollution prevention and control plan, actively promoting cleaner production by implementing industrial structure adjustments, accelerating the construction of urban environmental infrastructure, and developing rural non-point sources. Through measures such as pollution prevention and control, the water pollution prevention and control work in the Liaohe River Basin has achieved remarkable results. As of the end of 2005, of the 86 key projects in the "Tenth Five-Year Plan for Water Pollution Prevention and Control in the Liaohe River Basin" approved by the State Council, 57 have been completed, accounting for 66%, and 13 are under construction, accounting for 15%. In order to promote the prevention and control of pollution in the basin, the main The following major measures have been taken: (1) Vigorously adjust the industrial structure. Unreasonable industrial structure, high pollution emission intensity, and serious structural pollution are prominent features of water pollution in the Liaohe River Basin. In view of this characteristic, the adjustment of industrial structure is regarded as a fundamental strategy to promote the prevention and control of industrial pollution and improve economic quality, reduce pollutant emissions at the source, and promote the coordinated development of the environment and economy. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period in Liaoning Province, more than 600 enterprises with poor economic returns and serious pollution were shut down, more than 1,700 "Tenth Five-Year Small" and "New Five Small" enterprises were banned, and paper mills with a pulping capacity of less than 20,000 tons were closed. 12 companies, reducing more than 2 million tons of sewage and 31,100 tons of COD annually. (2) Deepen the prevention and control of industrial pollution. Industrial pollution sources are the second largest pollution source in the basin, with total COD emissions reaching 125,500 tons in 2004. Since industrial pollution sources reached emission standards in 2000, the government has vigorously promoted cleaner production and continuously deepened the prevention and control of industrial pollution. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, Liaoning Province conducted cleaner production audits on more than 480 key enterprises, and implemented more than 9,420 cleaner production plans, saving 167 million tons of water annually and reducing wastewater emissions by 243 million tons, including COD33,590. tons, and 4,554 tons of petroleum, achieving economic benefits of 1.942 billion yuan. More than 50 wastewater "zero-discharge" enterprises have been created in high-water-consuming industries such as metallurgy, electric power, coal and mineral processing. Compared with 2000, the amount of fresh water taken by industrial enterprises has decreased by 24.5%. (3) Accelerate the construction of urban environmental infrastructure. In 2004, the total COD emissions in the Liaohe River Basin was 411,800 tons, of which 267,300 tons came from domestic pollution. Domestic pollution has become the largest source of pollution in the basin. The construction of urban sewage treatment plants is the fundamental strategy for controlling domestic pollution. The speed of construction and the quality of operation of sewage treatment plants are directly related to the effectiveness of Liaohe River water pollution prevention and control. During the "Tenth Five-Year Plan" period, a large amount of funds were raised for the construction of sewage treatment plants by collecting sewage treatment fees and promoting the industrialization of sewage treatment.
A strict law enforcement responsibility system and fault investigation system should be established to put an end to inaction and dereliction of duty. The third is to raise funds through multiple channels and accelerate the marketization of sewage treatment. Judging from the advanced experience of Jiangsu and other provinces, only by establishing a government-led, multi-channel financing and market-oriented operation mechanism can the problem of slow progress in the construction of pollution prevention and control projects be better solved. The government should mainly play a leading role in unified supervision, formulation of plans, strict law enforcement, formulation of charging standards, and introduction of preferential policies to create a good internal and external environment for pollution prevention and control. It is necessary to raise funds through multiple channels, actively strive for government bond funds, make full use of international financial organizations such as the World Bank and foreign government loans, and encourage social capital to participate in the construction and operation of urban sewage treatment facilities. The enterprise, marketization and industrialization of pollution control in the basin should be actively promoted in accordance with the principle of "polluters bear the burden and managers benefit". The fourth is to improve the cross-border section assessment system and promote the improvement of water environment quality. The water environment quality assessment system for cross-municipal boundary sections should be improved. Each city is responsible for the water environment quality within its jurisdiction, and sets exit water environment quality targets at different stages. This should be an important part of assessing regional work performance and cadre performance. Major exit pollutants exceed the target. If it is worth it, certain measures should be taken to hold them accountable, and it is recommended to implement a pollution compensation system. The fifth is to strengthen publicity and expand public participation. The prevention and control of water pollution in the Liaohe River Basin is a systematic project. It is a major event that will benefit the future and benefit the present. It must mobilize the power of the whole society to advance it together. The procedures and rules for public participation should be improved and public participation should be expanded. Strengthen environmental protection training and improve the environmental awareness of decision-makers at all levels, residents, and primary and secondary school students. Through television, radio, newspapers and the Internet, we will strengthen environmental publicity, publicly expose cases of environmental violations, and vigorously publicize good experiences in environmental protection; strengthen in-depth reporting on environmental issues, create a good social atmosphere, and encourage public supervision and public opinion supervision.
Members of the research team: Wen Yi, deputy director of Liaoning Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau
Hu Cheng (author), deputy director of Liaoning Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences