(1) Farmers have poor awareness of environmental protection, and the living environment in rural areas is "dirty and chaotic". Problems such as "littering of firewood, cross-flow of sewage, littering of feces, littering of livestock and poultry" are widespread, which not only affects the appearance of towns, but also causes certain pollution to the atmosphere, surface water and groundwater.
(2) Great changes have taken place in the composition of garbage: the domestic garbage generated in rural areas in the past can be dissolved and recycled on the spot. Nowadays, with the improvement of farmers' living standards and great changes in their lifestyles, the proportion of refractory wastes produced by plastics, electronics and other products is increasing.
(3) Rural areas become transit places for urban garbage. Because of the vast land and loose management, rural areas often become the choice places for cities to transfer life, construction waste, toxic and harmful industries and medical and health waste.
(4) The layout of villages and towns is unreasonable, the sanitation infrastructure and garbage collection houses are basically not matched, and most of the domestic garbage is not treated harmlessly, which leads to the accumulation of domestic garbage in some villages and towns, especially in rural areas in the middle and outer suburbs, and the accumulation of garbage in living areas, production areas, farmland and rivers. According to statistics, the amount of domestic garbage produced by urban population per person per day is 0.8- 1 kg. There is no specific statistics on the amount of domestic garbage per capita in rural areas, which should be lower than that in cities. However, due to the large population in rural areas, garbage cannot be disposed of in time. The accumulation of garbage is amazing.
2. Water pollution. At present, the water quality of urban water supply exceeds the standard by 20% and that of rural water supply exceeds the standard by 50%. According to relevant data, the pollution of drinking water in China mainly comes from inorganic nitrite, pesticides, humic acid, microcystins and by-products of chlorination and disinfection. Many studies have shown that drinking drinking water polluted by pathogens or organic substances is very harmful to human health, often bringing blood diseases to people, and is related to the occurrence of liver cancer, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer.
Our city spans the Jianghuai watershed, and the surface water resources per capita and mu are about half of that of the whole province, and the water resources are relatively short. At present, affected by environmental factors, there are many problems in drinking water and irrigation water for rural population in our city, such as water quality, water source guarantee rate, water convenience and so on, which are strongly reflected by farmers. Mainly manifested in: rural domestic sewage treatment facilities are seriously lagging behind. At present, the sewage pipe networks in towns are basically not matched, and most of them are discharged out of order. A large number of rural people still drink brackish water and sewage polluted by fertilizers, pesticides and bacteria; Irrigation water in lake polder area along the river is polluted by industry and life; A large number of hand-killed wells in rural areas are generally not advisable in dry years, and the guarantee rate of drinking water sources is not enough.
The main causes of water pollution are industrial and domestic wastewater discharge and agricultural wastewater reflux. Agricultural wastewater treatment is caused by the extensive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. In addition, the pollution of intensive aquaculture to the water environment has become increasingly prominent. Livestock manure and urine are discharged directly, and domestic garbage is discarded at will, which further aggravates water pollution.
According to the survey, the number of people drinking brackish water and polluted water in Baohe District is 33,485. The sampling test results of some drinking water by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Baohe District showed that 9 of the 2 1 indicators, such as color, turbidity, smell, total hardness, chloride, total dissolved solids, nitrate, oxygen consumption and bacterial number, were unqualified, mainly distributed in the polder areas and suburbs along the river. The research team visited Tangxi Village and Zhoukan Village in Yicheng Town. Both villages live on the Chaohu levee. * * * There are 1 150 households with a population of 4,494. Villagers live near Chaohu Lake, but they can only sigh at the water. It is impossible to completely solve the drinking water problem only by four centralized tap water supply points. According to the investigation, the western part of Chaohu Lake and most of its tributaries can't meet the water quality requirements of the corresponding water functional areas. Water pollution destroys the basic material foundation of aquatic ecosystem, and degrades the population structure of aquatic organisms and fishery resources. Standing on the Chaohu levee, looking around, there are layers of algae floating on the dark green lake, and a burst of stench is coming, and its pollution situation is shocking. The main rivers in Feixi County are also polluted to varying degrees. The monitoring results show that the water quality of Hangbu River and Fengle River in this county is three categories and four categories respectively, and the pollution degree is increasing year by year. The water quality of Yandun River and Paihe River is worse than five categories, and the degree of organic pollution is extremely serious.
3. Pollution from industrial enterprises. In recent years, towns and villages, especially industrial parks, have increased their efforts to attract investment. In order to give priority to economic development or lax control, some polluting enterprises have been introduced, only some of which can meet the discharge standards, and a considerable number of enterprises are discharging sewage and waste gas openly or covertly. It is an indisputable fact that the total amount of pollutants discharged by industrial production is increasing day by day, which leads to the decline of rural environmental quality.
4. Agricultural non-point source pollution.
The types of rural non-point source pollution mainly include:
(1) Livestock manure pollution. In recent years, livestock and poultry farming has changed from scattered farmers' farming to intensive and factory farming, and the pollution of livestock and poultry manure has increased greatly, becoming an important pollution source. By the end of 2004, the number of large livestock in our city was 125790, the number of small livestock was 1 122395, and the number of poultry was19.53 million. According to the survey, the sewage discharge of feeding a pig is equivalent to 10 people, raising a cow is equivalent to 35 people, and the sewage discharge of a chicken and duck is equivalent to 3 people. However, few large-scale farms can treat sewage in a more formal and standard way. The rapid development of livestock and poultry breeding has caused increasingly serious environmental pollution in rural areas, which has become one of the problems to be solved urgently in animal husbandry production. Wangzui Reservoir, the water source of Nangang Town Water Plant in Feixi County, was polluted by livestock and domestic wastewater from Anhui Baiti Group Industrial Park and the Fourth Dairy Factory of Bai Di Dairy Company, and the water quality deteriorated, causing strong dissatisfaction among the people in Nangang Town.
(2) The use of pesticides, fertilizers and agricultural films has aggravated environmental pollution. In 2004, the amount of chemical fertilizer in our city was 164884 tons, and the amount of chemical fertilizer per mu was 150 kilograms. The amount of pesticides used is 3577 tons. Generally speaking, only 10%-20% of pesticides are attached to crops, and the rest are lost in soil, water and air. The dosage of agricultural film is 357 1 ton. The unscientific application of pesticides and fertilizers not only leads to the waste of pesticides, the loss of fertilizers, the decline of soil fertility, and the sharp decrease of the number and types of natural enemies of harmful organisms, but also causes serious pollution to the soil and water environment.
(3) Air pollution caused by burning crop straws during harvesting. Straw burning is a new agricultural ecological environment problem, and it is also a pollution path that can be changed but not changed. Hefei produces more than 2 million tons of straw every year. Every year, in order to catch seeds before sowing, farmers often light straw in fields and roadsides. When a fire breaks out, smoke and floating dust billow all over the sky, which not only wastes resources, destroys soil structure, pollutes the air and environment in rural and urban areas, but also affects the traffic safety of citizens. In recent years, the relevant departments of our municipal government have taken effective measures to curb the scope and quantity of straw burning, but they have not fundamentally solved the problem. The United States imports Puweixin Tmall
(4) Other environmental factors.
High-frequency farming and planting, and improper irrigation methods of flood irrigation lead to the decrease of soil organic matter and the deterioration of local soil conditions. About 10.8% of the land in our city is endangered by soil erosion, and the soil organic matter decreases at a rate of 2% every year. In addition, the agriculture in our city is mainly planted with grain, cotton and oil tankers, with low product yield structure and low resource utilization rate. The leading position of bioenergy in rural life is gradually declining, which leads to the deterioration of resources and the increasing development of environmental pollution.