Compulsory Course 2 Review Outline
Chapter 1 Changes in Population
Knowledge Points
1.1 Quantitative Changes in Population
1. The natural growth of a region’s population is determined by both the birth rate and the death rate.
2. Reasons for the rapid population growth since the 20th century, especially over the past 100 years:
In the past 100 years, with the advancement of production tools and social productivity, humans have exploited the natural environment. The scope of utilization and transformation is constantly expanding, and the ability to defend against various disasters and diseases is also constantly improving, which makes human beings' utilization and adaptability to the natural environment continue to increase, and the mortality rate is further reduced.
3. The amount of natural population growth in a certain area is affected by the natural growth rate of the population and the size of the population base.
4. Comparison of population changes between developed and developing countries: (comprehension and memory)
Analysis of natural growth rate levels, characteristics and causes of population growth, future change trends, examples of typical countries
< p>Developed countries maintain a low level of growth, slow growth, sound social security systems, and relatively stable changes in fertility concepts. The population of some countries will gradually decrease. Russia, Germany, and JapanDeveloping countries have higher levels. The population is growing rapidly. Developing countries account for more than 80% of the world's new population. Political independence, the development of the national economy, the progress of medical and health services, and the decline in population mortality. Population growth has begun to slow down. Many countries have implemented population Control measures China, India, Pakistan
5. The population growth model consists of three indicators: birth rate, death rate, and natural growth rate.
Formula: Natural growth rate = birth rate - death rate
6. Characteristics of the three population growth models
Characteristics of the population model
Original Type with high birth rate, high death rate and low natural growth rate
Traditional type with high birth rate, low death rate and high natural growth rate
Modern type with low birth rate, low death rate and low natural growth rate Growth rate
7. Changes in population growth model:
The population growth model is changing from primitive to traditional and then to modern.
Factors of transformation: productivity levels, national policies, social welfare, natural environment, cultural concepts
8. Most developed countries (represented by Europe and North America) are modern, and most Most developing countries are traditional, China is modern, and the world is in a transitional stage from traditional to modern.
1.2 Spatial changes in population
1. Population migration: People’s residence changes within the international or national context.
Judgment of population migration: whether there has been a geographical movement (change of administrative location); whether there has been a change of residence; a change of time (usually one year)
2 , Types of population migration (according to whether it crosses national borders): international migration, domestic migration
3. The significance of population migration
Adjust the spatial distribution of population and talent shortage, and strengthen national integration and culture exchanges, promote economic development and narrow regional disparities.
4. The impact of population migration on the place of immigration and the place of emigration
On the place of emigration: good impacts include reducing the population density of the place of emigration and alleviating the impact of population on the environment. Pressure
The bad impact is the loss of talents and labor force
The good impact is the inflow of talents and the provision of cheap labor, which is conducive to economic development
>Bad impacts include increased population density and increased pressure on the environment
5. Factors affecting population migration:
(1) Natural environment and socio-economic environment Changes (2) Changes in personal life or career needs
Among the factors that affect population migration, economic factors often play an important role.
6. Factors of population migration in ancient China and in recent decades:
In ancient times: mainly wars (Yongjia Rebellion, Anshi Rebellion, Jingkang Rebellion), followed by the expansion of frontiers Soil, exile, border defense, etc.
In recent decades: mainly national policies, social changes, economic development, personal needs, etc.
1.3 Reasonable capacity of population
1. The relationship between environmental carrying capacity and population capacity
Environmental carrying capacity refers to the number of people that the environment can sustainably support. An important indicator to measure environmental carrying capacity is the environmental population.
2. Concept and constraints of environmental population capacity
Environmental population capacity refers to the utilization of local resources and other resources, intelligence and technology by a country or region within a foreseeable period. Conditions, the number of people that the local area can sustainably support while ensuring material living standards that meet social and cultural standards. (Maximum population that can be accommodated)
Constraining factors: resources (directly proportional), level of scientific and technological development (directly proportional), and living and cultural consumption levels (inversely proportional).
3. The concept of reasonable population capacity:
Under the premise of ensuring a healthy living standard according to a reasonable lifestyle without hindering the quality of life of the future population, a country or region can best Suitable population size.
4. The urgency of maintaining a reasonable population capacity:
The increasingly serious problems of excessive population growth, population urbanization, and urban population aging
5. Measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity: [Memory]
(1) The international community advocates controlling the population within a reasonable scale as much as possible
(2) Establishing a fair order guarantee Most people have equal rights to continuously pursue a high level of quality of life
Chapter 2 Cities and Urbanization
2.1 Urban Internal Spatial Structure
1. Urban Form The concept of:
A city occupies a certain space and has a specific external outline.
2. Types of urban morphology:
Type: lumpy, strip-like, group-like
Distribution areas: plain areas, forced along railways or rivers, valleys, etc. Extending hilly and mountainous areas with rugged terrain
For example, Chengdu and Hefei in my country, Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, Yichang and Chongqing in Washington in the United States
3. The agglomeration effect of urban land use
The same type of land use often requires the same land space and location, which will lead to the agglomeration of the same kind of activities in urban space.
4. There are no clear boundaries between functional areas. A certain functional area is mainly based on a certain land use method, and may also include other types of land.
5. Functional areas: residential areas, commercial areas, industrial areas
6. Economic factors are the main factors affecting the internal spatial structure of the city, reflected in the rent-paying ability of various activities . The main factors that affect the ability to pay rent include: the convenience of transportation and the distance from the city center.
7. Schematic diagram of the rent-paying capacity of various land uses decreasing with distance [understanding]
The rent-paying capacity of commerce is most affected by the distance from the city center
Industry The ability to pay rent is least affected by the distance from the city center
OA has the strongest ability to pay rent for commercial purposes
The ability to pay rent for AB residential properties is the strongest
The ability to pay rent for BC industry The strongest ability
8. Other factors that affect the internal spatial structure of the city:
(1) The level of income leads to the differentiation of residential areas
(2) Historical, cultural or economic reputation
(3) Ethnic or religious groups (Chinatown, etc.)
(4) Impact of early land use
9. The internal spatial structure of the city gradually forms and changes with the development of the city
In the early stage: the differentiation of functional areas is not obvious, and the city center attracts industrial gatherings with its market, transportation and other advantages
After a certain scale: due to Due to problems such as land shortage, traffic congestion, and environmental pollution, factories and enterprises have relocated outwards, and the internal spatial structure of the city has changed.
2.2 Service functions of cities at different levels
1. City level division and basis: [Memory]
Urban levels are generally divided into: market towns, cities, large cities Cities and megacities
my country’s classification: megacities (more than 1 million), large cities (500,000 to 1 million), medium cities (200,000 to 500,000), small cities (less than 200,000), and below For counties, incorporated towns, etc.
Based on: urban population size
2. The relationship between city level and service scope [understanding]
The city level is low and the service types are If there are few, the service scope is relatively small; if the city level is high, the service types are many, the service scope is relatively large.
3. Factors influencing changes in Shanghai’s city level and service scope [Understanding and Memory]
(1) Shanghai is located at the midpoint of my country’s north and south coastlines and at the outlet of the Yangtze River
(2) Shanghai has a developed railway network, which allows Shanghai to have sufficient raw materials, labor, agricultural products and a huge market
(3) Shanghai is located in the Yangtze River Delta, with flat and open terrain.
4. Urban hierarchy: [memory]
The types and scope of services in a city correspond to the hierarchy of the city. In the same area, the spatial distribution of the city also Closely related to the city's hierarchy, these different levels of city stewardess combinations constitute a region's urban hierarchy system.
5. The relationship between city level and the number of cities and their mutual distance [understanding]
The number of cities with higher levels is smaller and farther apart; the number of cities with lower levels is larger , relatively close to each other.
(Southern Germany as an example)
2.3 Urbanization
1. The meaning of urbanization
(1) Urbanization of land (rural land becomes urban land) )
(2) Urbanization of population (rural population changes to urban population)
(3) A process of urban level improvement
(4) A The process of formation of the regional urban hierarchical system
2. The driving force for population migration to cities: [Memory]
Push: Rapid population growth puts great pressure on land, natural disasters, low income, social Shortage of services
Motivation: many employment opportunities, high level of social welfare protection, complete cultural facilities, convenient transportation
3. A sign of measuring the level of urbanization: the proportion of urban population in the total population
4. The significance of urbanization:
(1) The economic center of urban regional development can drive regional economic development, and the improvement of regional economic level promotes the development of cities< /p>
(2) Promote changes in settlement patterns, production methods, lifestyles, values, etc.
5. The process of world urbanization
Horizontal development in the urbanization stage Common problems with regional expansion trends
In the early stage, it is less than 25%~30%. In the low-slow-slow city, various functional land uses are mixed and arranged, and the differentiation of functional areas is unclear
In the mid-term stage, it is 30%~ 70%, high speed, traffic congestion, environmental deterioration, housing shortage, etc.
More than 70% in the later stage, high speed, slow speed, or even stagnation, continuing to increase the central hollowing out, counter-urbanization, etc. of big cities
6. Comparison of urbanization between developing countries and developed countries
Developing countries: late start, rapid development; low level; unreasonable development (abnormal development); in the early and middle stages< /p>
Developed countries: early start; high level; counter-urbanization phenomenon; in late stage
7. The impact of urbanization on the geographical environment [memory]
Source hazards
Air pollution: smoke and dust emitted by urban residents; smoke emitted by industrial and mining enterprises; tail gas pollutants emitted by various vehicles include soot, dust, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, lead and other harmful Substances pollute the air and endanger health (London smog incident, photochemical pollution, acid rain)
Water pollution industrial wastewater and domestic sewage deteriorate the quality of rivers, lakes, seas and groundwater, endangering human health and animal and plant reproduction (bone pain) diseases, etc.)
Solid waste pollutes industrial production, urban construction, and residential consumption, harming human health and the environment (white pollution, used batteries, etc.)
Noise pollutes transportation, industrial production, Building construction and social activities hinder people's rest and work, and endanger human health
8. How to build an "ecological city": [Memory]
(1) In urban construction, it is necessary to develop Low-pollution, energy-saving buildings and green transportation reduce environmental pollution
(2) Make the urban landscape as harmonious as possible with natural landscapes such as mountains, rivers, lakes, seas, and vegetation, and establish a virtuous cycle (" "Unity of man and nature")
Chapter 3 The formation and development of agricultural regions
3.1 Location selection of agriculture
1. The concept of agriculture:
Humans use the natural productivity of the land to cultivate plants or raise animals to obtain the products they need.
2. The meaning of agricultural location:
(1) The location of agricultural production
(2) The relationship between agriculture and various factors of the geographical environment
3. Main location factors of agriculture: [memory]
Natural factors: climate, terrain, soil, water sources
Socioeconomic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, Machinery, technology
An important factor in determining the type and scale of agricultural activities is market factors.
4. The essence of agricultural location selection: rational utilization of agricultural land
5. Judgment of location factors that dominate agricultural activities
Rice is mainly distributed in the monsoon District, "Oranges grow as tangerines in Huainan and as tangerines in north Huaibei" (climate factors)
Three-dimensional agriculture in Qianyanzhou (topography factors)
Since the reform and opening up, my country's subtropical Changes in coastal agricultural landscapes (market and policy)
Tea should be planted in acidic red soil in the south (soil factors)
Dairy livestock and horticulture industries along highways in big cities (traffic factors)
6. Changes in agricultural location factors
Natural factors are relatively stable, while socio-economic factors develop and change rapidly.
Examples of using science and technology to transform natural factors: cultivating improved varieties to promote agricultural development (Yuan Longping’s expansion of hybrid rice and rubber tree planting areas); improving local natural conditions to develop agriculture (greenhouse agriculture to produce off-season vegetables)
< p>The development of transportation and the advancement of refrigeration technology have led to the specialization and regionalization of world agriculture7. The meaning of agricultural region:
In a certain stage of historical development, in society An agricultural production area formed under the combined effects of , economy, science and technology, culture and natural conditions. The formation of agricultural regions is the result of developing agriculture according to local conditions and rationally utilizing agricultural land.
8. The main characteristics of Australia’s mixed agriculture:
Production structure: mixed agriculture combining planting and animal husbandry (wheat-sheep)
Management method: Family farms
Technological applications: zoned rotational grazing, planting high-quality forage, crop rotation system
High levels of agricultural specialization and regionalization
Development measures: East China Water Diversion to the West
3.2 Types of agricultural regions dominated by planting
1. Monsoon paddy field agriculture (labor-intensive)
Distribution: Monsoon areas in Asia (Distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia, and South Asia)
Crops: Mainly rice (habits of rice: warm and wet)
2. Location conditions of monsoon paddy field agriculture:
p>(1) The climate is dominated by monsoon, with high temperature and rainy weather suitable for rice growth
(2) The terrain is flat and suitable for paddy field management
(3) Densely populated and abundant labor force
(4) There are more people and less land, and living habits lead to a large demand for food
(5) Rice production has a long history (7,000 years of history)
3 , Characteristics of monsoon paddy field agriculture
(1) Small farmer operation (small production scale)
(2) High yield, low commodity rate
(3) Mechanization and low scientific level
(4) Large amount of water conservancy projects
4. Commercial grain agriculture (market-oriented)
Distribution: United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina , Russia, Ukraine
Crops: wheat, corn
5. Location conditions for commercial grain agriculture
(1) Superior natural conditions (mild climate, flat terrain , fertile soil)
(2) Convenient transportation
(3) Broad market
(4) Vast land and sparsely populated areas
(5) High degree of mechanization
(6) Advanced agricultural science and technology
6. Main characteristics of commercial grain agriculture
Large production scale, high commodity rate, mechanization and high level of science and technology
3.3 Types of agricultural regions dominated by animal husbandry
1. Large pasture grazing industry (market-oriented)
Distribution: United States, Australia , New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa (arid and semi-arid climate zones)
Production objects: cattle, sheep
2. Location conditions of large pasture grazing industry
( 1) The climate is warm and the grass is lush
(2) The land is vast and sparsely populated, and the land price is low
(3) It is close to the seaport and has convenient transportation
3. Characteristics of ranch grazing industry
Large production scale, high commodity rate and high degree of specialization
4. Development measures of Argentina’s ranch grazing industry
(1 ) Grazing in fences, dividing areas for rotational grazing, planting feed, and opening up water sources
(2) Breeding fine breed cattle and strengthening research on cattle diseases
5. Dairy industry
< p>Distribution: Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New ZealandAgricultural products: milk and dairy products
6. Location conditions of dairy industry
(1) The climate is warm, cool and humid, suitable for the growth of succulent grass
(2) The high level of urbanization and the influence of living habits have led to a large demand for dairy products
7 , the main characteristics of the dairy industry
High commodity rate; high degree of mechanization; high degree of intensification; mostly distributed around big cities
Chapter 4 The formation and development of industrial regions< /p>
4.1 Industrial location factors and location selection
1. Main industrial location factors: [memory]
Natural factors: terrain, water source
Socioeconomic factors: market, labor force, transportation, policy, machinery, technology
2. Economic benefits
From the perspective of economics
From the perspective of economic benefits, the factory should be located in a place with obvious location advantages to obtain the highest profits with the lowest production costs. (Dominating factor)
Type name Typical industrial sector advantageous development area
Raw material-oriented industry Areas rich in industrial raw materials required for the sugar industry, aquatic product processing industry, and fruit processing industry< /p>
Market-oriented industries: bottled beverage industry, furniture manufacturing, printing industry, areas close to product consumer markets
Power-oriented industries: non-ferrous metal smelting industry, chemical industry, areas with sufficient energy supply< /p>
Cheap labor-oriented industries: areas with a large number of cheap labor in general clothing, electronic assembly, strapping, umbrella-making, and shoe-making industries
Technology-oriented industries: integrated circuits, aerospace, aviation, Areas with advanced higher education and technology in precision instrumentation.
3. Social benefits
The impact of changes in national policies: from the great development of industry in my country's coastal areas in the 1980s to my country's large-scale development of the western region in the early 21st century.
Needs for national defense: From the 1950s to the 1970s, my country established some large-scale industrial bases in the mainland, mainly heavy industry and military industry.
The influence of personal preferences: A large number of overseas Chinese and overseas Chinese invest and set up factories in their hometowns.
4. Environmental benefits
Read textbook P61 "Location Selection Map for Seriously Polluting Industries" and analyze how to choose the location of severely polluting industries?
Analysis process: a certain factory - type of pollution - how to control it
5. The overall analysis idea of ??a factory’s location selection:
1) Economic benefits
2) Social benefits
3) Environmental benefits
4 ．2 The formation of industrial regions
1. Industrial connections—industrial agglomeration—industrial regions
1. Industrial connection
(1) Input-output connection
The first is that the output of enterprise A is the input of enterprise B. Such as spinning - weaving - printing and dyeing - clothing manufacturing. The connection between different processes in the same factory also belongs to this kind of connection, such as the production assembly line.
(2) Non-production spatial connections
Some factories have no connection with each other in terms of production processes, but are connected in geographical space. This kind of relationship between factories Some of the spatial connections are for the common use of infrastructure, and some are for the common use of cheap labor, such as different industrial enterprises in some economic and technological development zones
2. Industrial agglomeration
p>In industrial development, industrial agglomeration often occurs in some factories with industrial connections.
The advantages of industrial agglomeration can make full use of infrastructure, strengthen information exchange and technical collaboration between each other, reduce transportation costs and energy consumption of intermediate products, and ultimately reduce production costs, increase profits, and obtain Economies of scale.
3． Industrial region
(1) The concept of industrial region
The region formed by industrial agglomeration is called industrial region.
(2) The formation of industrial regions
Industrial regions can be divided into two categories according to different formation processes:
①Spontaneously formed industrial regions
p>It is mainly formed by the spontaneous agglomeration of industrial enterprises with input-output links in production;
②The planned and constructed industrial areas
have the same characteristics as the former Types are also formed by the agglomeration of different industries under the same infrastructure conditions.
(3) Nature of industrial regions
Industrial regions are divided into two categories according to different levels of development:
①Industrial regions with a lower degree of development< /p>
(such as the food industry), mainly local agricultural and sideline products processing industries, with simple industrial connections, small scale, and few factories.
②Highly developed industrial areas
(such as steel industrial zones) have complex industrial connections, large areas, many collaborative enterprises, and large production scales, which can often form a large number of specializations. A strong industrial city. There are many famous "steel cities", "oil cities" and "automobile cities" in my country and the world
2. Industrial dispersion and regional connections between industries
In recent years, some high-tech, Industries with complex processes (such as aircraft, automobile manufacturing and electronics industries) are beginning to see a trend of decentralization.
Multinational enterprises are looking for optimal location conditions around the world to reduce costs and ultimately obtain the greatest comprehensive economic benefits.
4.3 Traditional industrial areas and new industrial areas
1. Traditional industrial areas
1. Main distribution: Ruhr area in Germany, Midland area in England, The Northeastern Industrial Zone of the United States, the Central and South Liaoning Industrial Zone of my country, etc.
2. Characteristics of traditional industrial zones
⑴ Generally based on rich coal and iron resources, they are dominated by traditional industries such as textiles, coal, steel, machinery, and chemicals;< /p>
⑵ It has gradually developed with large enterprises as the axis;
(3) Problems: large consumption of raw materials and energy, large transportation volume, serious pollution, etc.
2. The development, decline and improvement of the Ruhr area (read the textbook picture)
1. Location conditions for development
Abundant coal resources
Close to iron mines
Abundant water sources
Convenient transportation
Broad market
The Ruhr area is based on the coal industry, dominated by the steel industry, and a few heavy industry sectors are highly concentrated.
2. The main reasons for the decline
After the 1950s, the economy began to decline. The reasons are:
(1) The production structure is single
The five major enterprises in the Ruhr area Traditional industrial sectors: coal, electricity, steel, machinery, chemical industry
(2) Coal’s energy status declines
(3) Worldwide steel surplus
( 4) The impact of the new technological revolution
(5) Land shortage and serious environmental pollution
3. Comprehensive rectification measures
In the 1960s, the Ruhr District began to implement the overall rules of comprehensive rectification, which mainly carried out comprehensive rectification from four aspects.
A. Adjust industrial structure
B. Adjust industrial layout
C. Develop tertiary industry
D. Optimize environment
p>
3. Emerging Industrial Zones
1. Concept: Emerging industrial zones refer to flexible small and medium-sized enterprises that have gradually formed in some rural areas of developed countries since the 1950s. Mainly industrial areas.
2. Mainly distributed: in the northeastern and central regions of Italy, southern Germany, as well as the "Silicon Valley" of the United States, Japan's "Silicon Island" (Kyushu Island)
4. Italy's emerging industrial areas (traditional light industry)
1. Development characteristics of Italy's emerging industrial zones
Industrial zones Italy's emerging industrial zones Traditional industrial zones
The production scale is dominated by small and medium-sized enterprises and mainly large enterprises
Main industries Sector Light Industry Heavy Industry
The production process is decentralized and concentrated.
The degree of capital concentration is low and high
Industrial distribution is scattered in small towns or rural areas
None Concentrated layout in areas with advantages of traditional industrial zones
2. Unique development model—industrial community
5. "Silicon Valley" in the United States (read the textbook picture)
1. Characteristics
Since the middle and late 20th century, driven by the new technological revolution, some emerging industries with high technological content have developed rapidly.
(1) Talent: High level of practitioners
(2) Products: High R&D costs;
(3) Fast growth and update;
p>
(4) Products are oriented to the international market
2. Reasons for its rise
(1) Superior location and beautiful environment
(2) Pleasant climate. The climate here is Mediterranean, warm and humid.
(3) Colleges and universities. Stanford University
(4) Convenient transportation and fast access. Mainly highway and air transport.
(5) Market stability: military orders
Chapter 5 Transportation layout and its impact
1. Methods of regional contact: transportation, post and telecommunications , commerce, etc.
2. Main modes of transportation and their characteristics:
Advantages and disadvantages of transportation modes
Railway transportation is one of the most important modes of transportation in contemporary times.
Large transportation volume, fast speed, low freight, less affected by natural factors, good continuity, high cost of building railways, consumption of metal materials, wide area, high short-distance transportation cost
Highway transportation is the most developed It is the fastest, most widely used and increasingly important mode of transportation. Flexible maneuverability, fast turnover, convenient loading and unloading, strong adaptability to various natural conditions, small transportation volume, high energy consumption, high cost, and expensive freight
Water transportation is the oldest mode of transportation, transportation volume Large, low investment, low cost, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity, and greatly affected by natural influences such as waterway hydrological conditions and meteorology
Air transportation is fast and efficient, and is the fastest modern transportation method< /p>
The transportation volume is small, the energy consumption is large, the freight is high, the equipment investment is large, and the technical requirements are strict.
Pipeline transportation is a new mode of transportation in which transportation vehicles and lines are combined into one. The goods are mainly crude oil, refined oil, natural gas, coal slurry and other mineral slurries. The gas does not evaporate, the liquid does not flow out, the loss is small, the continuity is strong, it is stable and safe, the management is convenient, and it can be used day and night, with a large transport capacity. Pipeline transportation requires the laying of special pipelines, which requires large investment in equipment and poor flexibility.
2. The formation and development trend of transportation network:
High-speed, large-scale and specialization
3. Location factors of transportation lines and stations :
a. Location factors affecting railway construction: economic and social factors have become decisive factors
b. Location factors affecting highway construction: To build highways, 1. Make full use of Favorable natural conditions and avoid areas with complex topography, geology, and hydrological conditions. 2. Occupy as little farmland as possible and properly handle the relationship with urban development.
Chapter 6 Coordinated development of human beings and geographical environment
6.1 The evolution of the idea of ??man-land relationship
1. Historical review of man-land relationship:< /p>
The relationship between human beings and land during the period
The hunting and gathering civilization worshiped the basic coordination of nature and man and land
Agricultural society’s use of nature has become more antagonistic and the environment has been damaged
< p>The industrial revolution conquered nature and the relationship between man and land was completely uncoordinatedThe new technological revolution mankind seeks coordinated development and follows the path of sustainable development
2. Facing environmental problems
1. The occurrence of environmental problems
The environment has a certain ability to accommodate and remove excreta from human production and life (environmental self-purification ability). Environmental problems will arise when humans demand resources from the environment faster than the regeneration speed of the resources themselves and their substitutes, or when the amount of waste discharged into the environment exceeds the environment's self-purification capacity,
2 , Manifestations of environmental problems:
Environmental problems in today’s world are mainly characterized by environmental pollution (including air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, noise pollution, solid waste pollution, ocean pollution, radioactive pollution) and ecological destruction (Including soil erosion, land desertification, soil salinization, increase in carbon dioxide content and destruction of ozone, depletion of resources, and reduction of biological species).
3. Distribution of environmental problems:
Urban areas are mainly characterized by environmental pollution, while rural areas are mainly characterized by ecological destruction. Environmental problems in developing countries are more serious than those in developed regions (the reasons are: the environment is under the dual pressure of development and population; the economic and technological levels are backward; the relocation of heavily polluting industries in developed countries).
3. Sustainable development
1. Prevention and control of environmental problems:
From the main causes of environmental problems (population pressure, irrational use of resources, One-sided pursuit of economic growth); overall, the essence of environmental problems is development problems, which arise in the process of development and must be solved in the process of development
★2. Sustainable development
p>(1) The concept of sustainable development:
Sustainable development: It meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Its connotation can be summarized as: ecological sustainable development (basis), economic sustainable development (conditions), and social sustainable development (purpose). They are interconnected, restrictive, and form a system. . (Textbook P96 picture)
(2) Principles: fairness, continuity, and equality.
6.2 China’s sustainable development practices
1. Inevitability:
1. Huge population pressure
2. Resources Shortage
3. Profound environmental crisis
2. Approaches
1. Circular economy is an important approach.
Circular economy uses environmentally sound technology as a means, improves ecological benefits as its core, utilizes economic and environmental resources in an environmentally friendly way, and realizes the ecologicalization of economic activities.
2. The manifestation of circular economy in industry is cleaner production.
Cleaner production evaluates the impact of products on the environment from the entire process of raw material extraction - production and manufacturing - consumption and use - waste disposal, overcoming the shortcomings of traditional industrial production that only pays attention to end-of-pipe management. It can bring good environmental and economic benefits.
3. The main manifestation of circular economy in agriculture is ecological agriculture.
Ecological agriculture integrates agricultural production and ecological balance into a coordinated track. It simulates the structure and function of natural ecosystems to form healthy economic and ecological development.
Liu Minying Village is the "No. 1 Ecological Agriculture Village in China"
The main measures taken: adjust industrial institutions, carry out comprehensive utilization, expand sources of income, and develop and utilize new energy