American English
Spare /5speEr/ /speE/
Burglar /5bErglEr/ /5bE:glE/
Purpose /5pErpEs/ /5pE:pEs/
(b) /t/ is pronounced similarly to /d/ in the American language.
Note: When /t/ occurs between two vowels in non-stressed position in American, it is pronounced like /d/, not exactly the same. We use /d/ here to represent this approximation.
American English
City /5sidi/ /5siti/
Better /5bedEr/ /5betE/
Pretty /5pridi/ /5priti/
(c) Listening for /A in American sounds
The letter a is pronounced in - ss -st -th -ff -ef -nce, etc. When preceded by -th -ff -ef -nce, etc., American sounds pronounce a as /A/
American sounds British sounds
can't /kAnt/ /ka:nt/
last /5lAst/ /5la:st/
Mask /5mAsk/ /5ma. sk/
Chance /5tFAns/ /5tFa:ns/
Advantage /Ed5vAntidV/ /Ed5va:ntidV/
(4) Letters of the alphabet from "hot dog". "The letter "o" is pronounced as /a/ in American and /R/ in English
American English
Bottle /batl/ /bCtl/
Popular /5papjulE/ /5pCpjulE/
Knock /nak/ /nCk/
Politician /pali5tiFEn/ /pCli5tiFEn/
(v) The difference between the letters u and ew in the British and American sounds
The letters u and ew are pronounced /R/ in the British and American sounds. After l dn t, Americans tend to pronounce /u/ and British tend to pronounce /ju/
American British
Due /du:/ /dju:/
Produce /prE5du:s/ /prE5dju:s/
Attitude /Atitu:d/ /Atitju:d/
Student /5stU:dEnt/ /5stjU:dEnt/
(vi) Some words are pronounced differently in American English and British English, even though they have the same meanings and spelling.
American English British English
Neither /5ni:TE/ /5naiTE/
Tomato /tE5meitEu/ /tE5ma:tEu/
Epoch /5epRk/ /5i:pRk/
Clerk /klE:k/ /kla:k/< /5serimEuni/ /5serimEni/
Obey /Eu5bei/ /5E5bei/
Dormitory /5dCrmitCri/ /5dC:mitri/
Secretary /5sekritEri/ /5sekritri/
Epoch /5epCk/ /5i:pCk/
(vii) Special word-final pronunciations ?ile
The word 'ile' is pronounced as /l in American and /ail in British
American and British. 5tekstl/ /5tekstail
(2) Intonation Differences
The differences in intonation between British and American English are mainly reflected in the following:
(a) The intonation of British English is subdued, with a wide range of variations between registers, while the intonation of American English is comparatively smoother, with a smaller range of variations.
(b) When dealing with the pronunciation of stressed syllables and sentence repetition, British people are accustomed to strengthening the pronunciation of stressed syllables, stressed words or phrases, while non-stressed words or phrases are often passed over. Americans do not reinforce stressed words or phrases as much as the British do.
(c) Americans speak at a slower pace and are used to dragging out their voices slowly, so we often feel that American English is easy to understand.
(3) Vocabulary Differences
There are no grammatical differences, that is, American English and British English often use different words for the same thing or concept.
American English British English Chinese
(1) Transportation
one-way ticket , single ticket one-way ticket
round trip ticket , return ticket round trip ticket
subway / underground , Tube (London)
underpass , subway underground
truck , lorry truck
ticket office , booking office box office
sidewalk , pavement
gas/gasoline , petrol gasoline
gas station , filling station gas station
windshield , windscreen windshield
(2) postal and telecommunications
to wire , to telegram telegram
to call(up) , to ring(up) call
long distance call , trunk call long distance call
phone booth , phone box public **** phone booth
zip code , post code zip code
vest waist , coat suit vest
pants , trousers pants
undershirt , vest intimate underwear
(4) food
candy , sweets candy
can , tin cans
potato chips , crisps chips
French fries , chips fries
liquor , spirits spirits
(5) Entertainment
vacation , holiday holiday
movie theatre , cinema
(6) Medical
shot/injection , injection/jab subcutaneous injection
emergency ward , casualty department emergency room
operating room , operating theatre operating room
drugstore/pharmacy , chemist's/pharmacy pharmacy
druggist , chemist pharmacist
to get sick , to be taken ill sick
(7) Other
(7)
(8)(9)(10)(7) Other
instructor , lecturer
bartender , barman/barmaid bartender
sales-girl , shop-girl/shop assistant sales-girl
fire-man fire-fighter , fireman firefighter
trash-can , dust-bin dumpster
sneakers , gym shoes sneakers
raise , rise
to wait in line , queue up
Other accent problems, that is, with the Chinese people speak the same, are Mandarin, there are said to be Tianjin flavor, there are said to be Tangshan flavor, this has to do with the place, I originally went to the United Kingdom to play, the same is the United Kingdom, the London accent and Liverpool's is not the same. But it doesn't matter.
It is very similar, but the difference is great, although all those letters, I learned English, French and German, the letters are not much difference, just a few different. The origin is the difference between their respective civilizations, this depends on the history, the formation of the various European countries. It is the national history of each country on, and we Chinese characters to ask our origin is the same, from the oracle bone until now ah.
European language types
European languages are very complex. Although Europe is the birthplace of capitalism, the current economy, culture, transportation and other aspects of the more advanced, and gradually eliminated some of the language barriers to interaction between countries and peoples, but for a long time in history, due to the complexity of the national structure, easy access to transportation, language differences are very significant.
Most of the languages in Europe belong to the Indo-European family, which evolved from the original Indo-European languages. In addition, in Europe there is a considerable part of the ethnic groups speak Uralic, Altai and other languages.
1. Indo-European family
(a) Romance languages (or Latin family)
Including Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, Catalan, Galician, Moldavian, Rhaeto-Romance and so on.
(2) Germanic Languages
Divided into the West Germanic Branch and the North Germanic Branch, the former includes German, Dutch, Flemish, and English; the latter includes Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic. In addition, Yiddish, which is spoken by a portion of the Jewish population, also belongs to the Germanic branch.
(C) Slavic Languages
The Slavic languages are divided into the East Slavic branch, the West Slavic branch and the Yugoslav branch. The East Slavic branch consists of Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian; the West Slavic branch includes Polish, Sorbian, Czech, and Slovak; and the languages belonging to the Yugoslav branch are Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Macedonian, and Slovenian.
(iv) The Celtic language group
includes Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Wealdic and Breton.
(v) Baltic language group
Consists of Latvian and Lithuanian, or is called the Leto-Lithuanian language group.
(vi) Greek Language Group
Greek is self-contained.
(vii) Albanian Language Group
Only Albanian language exists at present.
(viii) Indic language group
At present in Europe it refers mainly to the native language of the Gypsies.
2. Uralic Languages
(i) Finnish Language Group
Includes Finnish, Saami, Estonian, Karelian, Mordovian, Mali, Udmurt, Komi, etc.
(ii) Ugric Group of Languages
The Magyar or Hungarian language.
3. Altaic Languages Family
(i) Turkic Languages Family
Includes Turkish, Chuvash, Tatar, Bashkir, and Kazakh.
(ii) The Mongolian language group
is Kalmyk.
4. Semitic languages
Only Maltese.
5. Basque
To date linguists have not been able to assign Basque to any of the language families.
The Romance (Latin) group of Indo-European languages is derived from the languages of the ancient Latins, and due to the rise of the Romans and the expansion of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century B.C.E., the Latin language was extended to the entire domain of the Roman Empire. At that time, the Romans were more advanced than other peoples in the empire, and soon Latinized many peoples and changed their language to Latin. However, due to the influence of the original languages of the peoples, these Latin languages were called folk Latin, and they were the basis for the formation of the Romance languages.
The distribution of the Romance languages is much smaller than the territory of the Roman Empire for three reasons: (1) in the border areas of the Roman Empire, the Roman culture is not very stable; (2) the Greek culture is more developed, and was not assimilated into the Roman culture, but on the contrary, the Roman culture has been greatly influenced by the Greek culture, and even the Latin alphabet is developed on the basis of the Greek alphabet; (3) after the fall of the Roman Empire, barbaric peoples invaded one after another, and the Romance languages were changed to Latin, and the Romance languages were changed into folk Latin. After the fall of the Roman Empire, barbaric peoples invaded one after another and brought their languages and cultures, making part of the local residents who had already been Latinized switch to Germanic or Slavic languages.
The Balkan Peninsula, in addition to Albania due to the mountainous terrain, the transportation is closed, retained the Albanian language of its own language family, as well as Greece due to the economic and cultural development of the Greek language, the Slavic language has been developed, and dominant. Southern Britain was originally conquered by the Roman Empire, but it was located in a remote area of the Empire, so the local Celts were only influenced by Latin culture, but not Romanized. After the 5th century A.D., an Anglo-Saxon invader assimilated the local Celts and converted them to the Germanic language. The culture of the occupiers had little effect on the Celtic peoples of Wales, Scotland and parts of the mountainous regions of Ireland, who retained their Celtic language and traditions. The Germanic language group is a fairly important language group in the Indo-European language family. It was not until the 3rd and 4th centuries AD that some historical writings on the Germanic languages appeared. Old Germanic was divided into several branches; (1) East Germanic was the language spoken by the East Germanic peoples who lived along the Oder, Vistula, and Carpathian Mountains, although they also founded some states and had some influence, but the Vandals, Burgundians, and Goths did not leave their own language; (2) West Germanic includes the modern Germanic languages that have survived to the present day, Dutch, Flemish, and English; (3) North Germanic languages are mainly Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Icelandic. English was formed on the basis of Anglo-Saxon, y influenced by French, Latin, and Danish, and contains a large number of words from these languages, so that today's English is very different from German. The German language is divided into Highland German and Lowland German; after the 16th century, Highland German was mainly used in cities and official documents, while Lowland German was used in the countryside. Dutch and Flemish are two different dialects in spoken language, while the written texts are identical. Swedish, Norwegian and Danish have their **** in spoken language, and people of these three nationalities can speak to each other. Norwegian and Danish share more ****, the former being a combination of the ancient Norwegian dialect on the basis of the latter, while the written script is not the same, especially between Danish and Swedish, both grammatically and phonetically. A portion of the Jews were gradually converted to Yiddish after entering Europe from the East in the Middle Ages, and Yiddish, which also belongs to the Germanic Norse group, is based on the Upper Germanic dialects of the Middle Ages, but retains a greater number of ancient Hebrew words.
The Slavic languages are the largest language group in Europe, and there is more **** between the Slavic languages than between the Romance and Germanic languages, the reason for which is mainly the slow development of the group and the preservation of more Old Slavic features. Since the 10th century AD, the Slavic language family has gradually been divided into three language branches: the East Slavic branch, the West Slavic branch and the Yugoslav branch.
The East Slavic branch consists of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian. Russian is the native language of the Russians and is spoken in the countries of the former Soviet Union, while the other two languages are spoken in the eponymous **** and within the country. The three languages share similarities in both written and spoken language. Russian is based on the Moscow dialect, Ukrainian was originally the language of the Principality of Kiev and its southern dependencies, and Belarusian is derived from the southern dialect of the Old Rus' language.
West Slavic languages include Polish, Czech, Slovak and Sobno. Czech and Slovak are closer, and it is even argued that the two languages can be largely counted as one language despite some differences. Sorbian is somewhere between Polish and Czech. It is spoken by Sorbs now living in Germany.
The South Slavic branch includes Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian and Macedonian. Bulgarian and Macedonian are so close that they can speak to each other in the border area.
In addition to the Romance, Germanic and Slavic languages, the Indo-European language family also includes the Celtic, Greek, Albanian and Baltic languages.
The Celtics lived in the Rhine, Seine and Loire valleys and the upper reaches of the Danube in the first millennium BC. After 450 B.C. they occupied the territories of present-day France and Britain, and part of them also occupied the northern part of the Italian Peninsula. In 388 B.C. the Celtics sacked Rome, and part of them drove on and dispersed to the southern part of the Italian Peninsula, while others arrived in the Black Sea area through Hungary. They also settled in Asia Minor in 278 BC. In this vast territory, their culture had a major impact and passed their language, which was later conquered by the Roman Empire. The Celtic culture and language have survived only in isolated areas such as Scotland, Wales, Ireland and Brittany. Today the Celtic languages can be divided into two branches: the Gaelic language, spoken in the sparsely populated Scottish Highlands and Ireland; and the Breton language, which includes Welsh and French Brittany. Like early Greek culture, Greek has had a strong influence on European languages, with many languages containing Greek words and the Latin alphabet having been altered from Greek.
Albanian is a language group in its own right, and because Albanians live in mountainous areas where transportation is limited, it is the only surviving language of the Thracian-Irish language group that was once widely spoken in the Balkans, and Albanian has also been influenced by Greek and Latin.
The languages of the Lithuanians and Latvians on the southeastern shores of the Baltic Sea, which constitute the Baltic or Leto-Lithuanian group, retain the oldest features of the Indo-European family of languages, which are now spoken by only 4 million people (2.6 million Lithuanians and 1.4 million Latvians). Lithuanian is less widely spoken than in the past, while Latvian has been extended to the Finnish-speaking Livonians. Europe **** there are 5OO million Gypsies, their language belongs to the Indo-European family of Indian languages, because they are wandering, mobility is great, so it is divided into three dialects: generally speaking, Western Europe, Northern Europe's Roma (Rom) group speak Romany (Romany); Eastern Europe's Manus (Manus) or Sinte (Sinte) group speak Sinto (Sinto); Southern and Eastern Europe's Ka1e group speak Ka1e (Ka1e); the South and the East Europe's Ka1e group speak Ka1e. Ka1e group in Southern and Eastern Europe speak Kalo. The Gypsy language is of Hindi origin, but has absorbed a large number of foreign words and has grammatical similarities with Hindi.