First, the elevator and escalator basic knowledge 1 Definition (1) Elevator: is used in high-rise buildings in the fixed lift and transport equipment, it has a passenger-carrying car, along the vertical or inclined angle of less than 15 ° guide rail running between floors.
(2) car: is the direct transportation of passengers similar to the part of the car, generally after the door is closed is a closed box. (3) car door: the door of the car, passengers from the car to see the automatic opening and closing of the door.
It runs up and down with the car. (4) floor door (or hall door): set up in each floor elevator entrance door, it does not run up and down with the elevator, but with the car door to open or close.
(5) call box (or call box): set in each floor of the elevator entrance next to the door, generally have two buttons with arrows up and down, for passengers to call the car to the floor station when used. (6) car manipulation panel: installed on the inner wall of the car, there are digital buttons on behalf of the floors, as well as open and close the door buttons and emergency call buttons, mainly for passengers to enter the elevator to select the purpose of the floor to use.
(7) escalator: with a cycle of running steps, for inclined upward or downward continuous transportation of passengers in the transportation equipment. Intuitively it looks like a moving staircase, accompanied by a moving handrail.
(8) Moving walkways: circulating walkway, like a leveled escalator, generally used for horizontal or inclined angle of not more than 12 ° of the passengers and the transportation of goods carried by passengers. 2 classification (1) passenger elevators: elevators used to transport passengers, generally used in office buildings, hotels and other occasions.
(2) bed elevator: used to transport beds (including patients) medical equipment elevator, mainly set up in hospitals and other occasions, which is characterized by the load capacity and car area can not be too small, otherwise it can not be loaded and transported beds and oxygen cylinders, bottle racks and other resuscitation equipment. (3) residential elevator: for residents of residential buildings to use the elevator, the shape and size of the car in addition to consider transporting people, while considering the transport of some furniture, electrical appliances and stretchers or wheelchairs.
(4) Sightseeing elevator: mainly installed in hotels, shopping malls, high-rise office building occasions, there is a side or several sides of the shaft wall and the car wall is a transparent material, passengers in the elevator, you can watch the scenery outside the car. 3 basic knowledge of the elevator 3.1 Normal ride elevator Currently manned elevators are microcomputer-controlled intelligent, automated equipment, do not require special personnel to operate the driving, ordinary passengers as long as the following procedures to ride and operate the elevator can be.
(1) at the entrance of the elevator on the passenger floor, according to their own upward or downward needs, press the upward or downward arrow buttons, as long as the light on the button is on, it means that your call has been recorded, as long as you wait for the elevator to arrive. (2) After the elevator arrives and opens the door, let the people in the car get out of the elevator first, and then the caller will enter the elevator car again.
After entering the car, according to the floor you need to reach, press the corresponding digital button on the car's control panel. Similarly, as long as the button light is on, it means that your choice of floor has been recorded; at this time, you do not need to carry out any other operations, just wait for the elevator to arrive at your destination floor stop can be.
(3) The elevator will open the door automatically when it reaches your destination floor, and you can go out of the elevator according to the order, which is the end of a process. 3.2 Notes on civilized elevator use (1) Call (summon) the elevator.
Press the call button on the call box according to your need to go up or down the stairs, only press the up arrow button to go up, and only press the down arrow button to go down. Don't press both buttons, or the elevator may slow down even more.
You only need to press the call button once, as long as the button light is on, you don't need to press it again. As long as the button light is on, you don't need to press it again, because pressing it as many times as you want won't speed up the elevator, and it's easier to damage the button.
And do not wait a little longer to tap the button or the floor door panel. (2) Entering the elevator.
When the called elevator arrives at the floor station, there will be light, number or sound prompts, according to such prompts to wait to enter the elevator. After the elevator arrives at the door, enter the elevator in order and select your destination floor button on the car's control panel.
If the elevator door is closed when entering the elevator, don't be afraid, because every elevator door has a door detection device, touching or detecting a passenger in and out of the door will automatically reopen, even if the door is closed when the safety touch plate touches the human body, there is a little impact, don't be afraid, it won't cause any harm. Note: Passengers and children should not stay and play at the elevator door.
When the elevator car is full of passengers, don't force your way into the car again, otherwise the car will alarm due to overloading and can't start. (3) When the elevator is moving.
Passengers in the elevator driving process, should be relaxed standing, do not go to pick the door; once pick open the doorway elevator will be emergency braking, affecting the normal operation. (4) Get out of the elevator.
When the elevator reaches your destination floor, wait for the elevator to stop running and the door to open automatically, and then step out of the elevator in turn. 3.3 Riding Escalators Correctly Escalators and moving walkways are transportation devices that run continuously. When riding an escalator, children should be led by an adult, and young children should be picked up by an adult.
Don't hesitate to enter or exit the escalator. Generally, there is a box-shaped safety warning line on the steps of the escalator. When you step on the escalator, don't step on the line, that is, don't step on the joints of the two steps, or else when the escalator enters the tilted running section, people will be unsteady and fall down.
For normal escalator riders, they should stand on the right side and hold the right handrail with their hands, and don't be nervous at the exit of the escalator, just take a step in the right direction. 3.4 Precautions for civilized use of escalators (1) Children should not stay and play at the entrance and exit of escalator steps.
(2) Don't climb on the handrail. (3) Don't pick the lower part of the handrail with your hands.
(4) Don't bend down and put your hands into the combing boards at the entrances and exits of the steps on a moving escalator. (5) Don't throw hard objects such as fruit kernels and stones on the steps, and don't put sharp hard objects such as umbrella tips into the gaps around the steps, and don't put them into the combing boards.
(6) items of luggage should be hand-carried. 4 Emergency response when riding the elevator 4.1 The elevator door can not be closed After entering the elevator, such as the elevator door can not automatically close completely, press the close button can not be completely closed, at this time passengers should immediately out of the car, transfer to another elevator or take the stairs.
If it is convenient to do so, they should report to the elevator's maintenance department. 4.2 Being shut in the car Passengers in the car, the car stops or does not start for whatever reason, and cannot open the door automatically; at this time, passengers should remain calm and do not take any hasty action (for example, picking the door or bumping open the safety window on the upper ceiling of the car to climb out, etc.).
2. Basic knowledge of the elevator
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Content from the user: Zhang Xiaoyun
Basic knowledge of the elevator
1, the definition of the elevator
2, type, model, the main parameters
3, commonly used terms and terminology
4, the system components
5, the main performance requirements
6, traction system
7, the door system
8, the balance compensation system
9, the safety protection system
10, the electrical system
11, the installation work
12, the maintenance work
13, the technical file of the equipment Content
14, escalators
I. Definition of elevator:
1, the definition of narrow elevator = vertical elevator.
2, the definition of a broad elevator = vertical elevator + escalator + moving walkway.
3, the definition of the broad elevator:
The use of the box running along the rigid guide rail or along the fixed line running steps for lifting or parallel transportation of people and goods electromechanical equipment
Second, the types of elevators, models, main parameters
1, according to the use, speed, drive mode, control mode classification:
(1), according to the Use: passenger elevator, freight elevator, sickbed elevator, residential elevator, sightseeing elevator, special elevator.
(2), according to the speed: low-speed ladder, fast ladder, high-speed ladder, ultra-high-speed ladder. Their speeds are: less than or equal to 1 m/s, greater than 1 m/s less than or equal to 2 m/s, greater than 2 m/s less than or equal to 3 m/s, greater than 3 m/s.
(3), according to the control mode: signal control (driver control), set selection control (automatic control), parallel control, intelligent control
(4), according to the drive mode:
DC drive, AC asynchronous drive,
AC synchronous drive, hydraulic drive
2, elevator model
TKJ1000/1.5-JX
3, the parameters of the elevator:
Rated speed, rated load, the number of passengers, car size, the form of the door, the mode of operation, the number of floor stops, the lifting height, the height of the floor stops, the height of the top floor, the depth of the pit.
3.elevator what to study
The principle of power drag, which is the principle of elevator operation
1: elevator classification
Elevator has a variety of classifications, different classifications will cross each other, according to the use of the elevator for the following categories:
Passenger Elevator: elevator designed for the transportation of passengers, a wide range of applications.
Cargo elevator: it can be used by people, mainly designed for transporting goods, used in factories and warehouses.
Passenger and freight elevator: the elevator mainly carries passengers, but can also carry goods.
Bed elevators: elevators designed to transport beds (including patients) and medical equipment, used in hospitals and medical centers.
Residential elevator: designed to facilitate the transportation of passengers and furniture, sofas, stretchers, etc., for residential buildings.
Sundry elevator: the car space is restricted, do not allow people to enter, mainly used to transport a small amount of food, books and documents.
Car elevator: used to transport vehicles and elevators designed for use in three-dimensional parking equipment.
Special Elevator: The elevator is used in some elevators with special requirements, including explosion-proof elevator, anticorrosive elevator, marine elevator and so on.
Sightseeing elevator: at least one side of the shaft and car wall is transparent, passengers can watch the scenery outside the car elevator, mainly transporting passengers.
2: the basic principle
The elevator is mainly divided into mechanical and electrical aspects.
Mechanical: driven by the traction machine, through the friction between the wire rope and the traction sheave to Drive the car up and down; as a balance of the counterweight and the car running in the opposite direction.
Electrical: Driven by the microcomputer program in the control cabinet, and with the mechanical system *** with the role of controlling the elevator's running and stopping.
3: Safety protection device of the elevator
Overspeed protection device
When the speed of the elevator running up and down exceeds the specified speed, the safety switch of the speed limiter will be activated to stop the elevator.
Door locking electrical protection device
The hall door and car door are equipped with electrical interlocking switches, which are used to confirm the complete closure of the door, and the elevator can not be operated as long as one of the doors is not closed in place.
Stopping Protection Device (Holding Brake)
When the car stops at the station, the traction machine brake ensures that the leveling position of the car remains unchanged.
End station forced deceleration device
The upper and lower end station forced deceleration switches are installed at the operating speed change point to ensure that the elevator can reliably reduce the operating speed when approaching the end station.
End station limit device
When the forced deceleration switch does not work, the limit switch will operate, and the elevator will be forced to stop running and cannot go beyond this position, but can change the direction of running.
End station limit position protection device
Before the elevator runs to the end of the guide rail, the limit switch will act to cut off the power supply of the elevator and force the elevator to stop.
Bottom and roof protection device
When the elevator runs up and down beyond the limit position due to the failure of control system, the buffer in the pit protects the passengers from being hurt.
Overload protection device
It can weigh the weight of the car, and when it exceeds the rated load, the elevator will not start and emit a beeping tone to warn the passengers to exit the car in time.
Fall protection device
The up and down running speed of the car is monitored by the speed limiter in real time, once the car is out of control and exceeds the speed limit, the speed limiter will activate the safety clamp to stop the car on the guide rail immediately.
Door protection device
The door lock of the hall door and the safety switch of the hall and car door can ensure that the elevator can't run normally if the door is not safely closed in place or locked. The national standard has provisions for the size of the closing force of the elevator, which will not pinch passengers.
The door plate of the car door is usually equipped with a safety contact plate to ensure that the elevator closes the door in the process of the door plate contact with people and objects, can make the door automatically reopen; In addition, there is a non-contact door protection device - infrared light curtain protection device and ultrasonic monitoring device, can be in the case of the door plate does not touch the people and objects, so that the door reopens. Open.
Characteristics of the door protection device
It is reminded that the door protection function may disappear during the 50 milliseconds of the automatic door closing stroke, and the door protection device cannot be used to reopen the door at this time. In order to improve the efficiency of the elevator and the need for anti-tampering function, the elevator will be forced to close the door at a slow speed after the door protection device has been operated continuously for a period of time. If the door can not be closed, the elevator will issue a fault signal and stop running.
4. Knowledge of elevators
Origin With the emergence of high-rise buildings and the expansion of the building area, it is necessary to set up several elevators side by side to complete the vertical transportation tasks in the building, so there is a problem of elevator interconnection Chuan.
Multiple elevators installed together require the control systems of individual elevators to be interconnected and equipped with monitoring systems. In such a system, the hall call button is *** available for all parallel elevators, and the monitoring system determines which elevator in the group responds to the hall call signal.
This results in an elevator group control system that distributes call signals and schedules elevators in a unified manner. The earliest elevator group control systems used relay contact control, called "automatic mode selection systems" ['1, which worked by selecting operating commands at peak up and down times, as well as during flat peaks and in both directions.
This is the simplest form of group control, called directional preselection control, and is used for groups of two or three elevators, each of which is operated by directional preselection control. This system requires a single hall level summoning system with one up and one down button per hall level.
The control system effectively separates the elevators in the building to provide uniform service and stop one or more elevators at a designated landing. Driverless elevator operation can be achieved using relay contact control, but the primary goal of the control is to achieve sequential operation of the system, which is less efficient and more complex to maintain.
A simple two-elevator cluster, roughly partitioned into two elevators serving alternate floors. Both static and dynamic methods can be used to partition the hall floor call [5].
When static partitioning, a certain number of hall floors are combined together to form a region; adjacent upward hall calls can also be arranged to a number of upward demand areas, adjacent downward hall calls are arranged to a number of independent downward demand areas, thus defining the direction of the region. In dynamic partitioning, the number of areas and the location and extent of each area depend on the instantaneous state, location and direction of operation of the individual carriages.
Dynamic zoning is defined during normal elevator operation and generates new zones according to pre-defined rules that are continuously changing. Partition control shortens the cycle time of a single elevator run, and operational efficiency is improved.
The algorithm of dynamic partitioning is more complex, so it is mainly based on the static partitioning method. In recent years, the study of dynamic partitioning method has been emphasized.
With the development and application of integrated circuits, after 1970, the hall floor call distribution system began to develop. When a new hall call is generated, the most appropriate elevator is selected to respond to the call, and the call is assigned to the elevator.
This simply links the group control system to a single elevator controller, improving the reliability and quality of service of the entire system. This type of system uses integrated circuits, which allow for some more complex logic operations, but calculations for waiting time prediction cannot be performed accurately.
It was very popular in the later decade, and now some of the domestic group control elevators use this system. Development status of the elevator group control system from the 1940s to the present has developed several generations.
Initially, the use of relays, and then the application of integrated circuits to improve the system, until today's development of modern elevator group control stage of the application of computers. 1941 ~ 1971, the initial stage of the elevator group control system is used in the relay sequential control, but also the automatic mode selection system I0J.
It is based on a specific time period of the traffic pattern to select the corresponding mode of operation. mode of operation in a particular time period. Traffic patterns [7] are categorized as upward peak, downward peak, off-peak etc.
The control mode adopts Wuhan University of Technology master thesis interval control. Interval control refers to: in order to make the ladder group of cars along the shaft height of the uniform distribution, notably during the busy traffic needs, elevator group control system with appropriate time intervals from the layer station floors to send cars, like the public **** car like operation, group control system from the response to the demand for the distribution of the car in the sense that the dependence on the layer station call signals and work, but in accordance with the procedures from the layer station floors to distribute the car, the control of this kind of party The disadvantages of this type of control are: the car needs to spend a considerable amount of time waiting for the allocation interval cycle at the level station, stopping at the top station is often useless, and the car is idle while waiting for allocation.
In addition, cars also frequently run aimlessly between floors, and do so excessively when traffic is light. The car assignment method is the district assignment method.
The disadvantage of this system is the complexity of the hardware, low reliability, maintenance difficulties, low efficiency, not more complex logical reasoning. 1971-1975, the second phase of the elevator group control system, hardware using an integrated circuit to simplify the structure of the system, greatly improving the reliability of the system, and more importantly, can be engaged in and must carry out more complex logical operations.
This period of time using the call ladder distribution ladder mode, that is, for each specific call distribution ladder, when a layer of the station call ladder signal registration, the system will be based on the traffic situation and the state of the car to choose the lower part of the car for its services. This way of sending ladder has become the way of sending ladder in the future generations of group digging system.
The system is waiting time control, that is, according to the response time of each car to the call signal to decide to assign which car for this call signal service. However, this system is not perfect for the more complex calculation of values necessary to predict wait times.
1975 to the present, the modern group control stage of the elevator, which is marked by the beginning of the application of computers in 1975 elevator group control system. Prior to this, the two phases of the main application of mathematical statistics to study the characteristics of the flow of passengers in the elevator group, called statistical characteristics.
Since the application of computers in the group control system, the opening of fuzzy logic, expert systems and artificial neural networks and other artificial intelligence techniques to describe the characteristics of the elevator group control so as to improve the overall service performance of the elevator group control system to complete the overall configuration of elevator traffic I8]. Computer used in the elevator group control system, fully play the computer has the ability to carry out complex numerical calculations, logical reasoning and data recording, greatly satisfy the complex numerical calculations and logical reasoning requirements in the elevator group control system.
The computer control can directly complete the control algorithm parameters of the online modification, through the new program into the computer, and do not need to rewire, you can quickly realize the control algorithm of the complete change. An effective simulation program can be calculated offline on the installed system, which is conducive to the selection of reasonable parameters.
The simulation can also evaluate a new algorithm offline, which greatly increases the ease of changing the control algorithm. Another advantage of computational control is its data logging capabilities.
It can be memorized in the computer.
5. Elevator safety knowledge
Safety knowledge of freight elevators: 1, pay attention to whether your elevator has normal maintenance and annual inspection by the Technical Supervision Bureau, if not, the elevator is illegal and can be reported.
2, the work of the elevator to pay attention to what abnormal sound and vibration, if any, timely stopping to report for repair. 3, the elevator door is the most dangerous area, in and out of the door quickly through, should avoid a foot in the elevator, a foot outside the elevator standing force situation.
4, the elevator door is not as strong as you think, avoid leaning on the door. 5, if you need to use the triangle key to open the elevator door, never in advance to determine the location of the elevator, every year there are always a few people die in the wrong use of the triangle key.
If you have not been trained how to use the triangle key, even if you get it, do not use it. 6, pay attention to the stacking of goods in the elevator is stable, do not let the goods fall down and hit.
7. If the elevator is under maintenance, don't use it, because you can make the elevator move in the machine room or on the top of the elevator. Use the elevator in maintenance, not only may harm themselves, but also may harm the maintenance staff.
8, need to pay attention to the weight of the goods, not allowed to overweight. Can not transport flammable and explosive, strong corrosion of goods, such as sulfuric acid, alcohol, gasoline and other items.
6. General knowledge of elevator safety
Elevator is a very safe transportation equipment, safety hazards are usually parts aging and maintenance or scheduled maintenance is not in place.
For straight elevators, attention should be paid to these aspects.
1) for passengers, first of all, shear danger, do not stay in the door;
2) elevator failure electrical protection action on the passengers of the hazards, the most common possibility is to be shut inside the car, when encountering power outages, safety switches inadvertently operate, door contacts loose, the system *** disturbances and so on, the elevator will be a sudden stop to the passengers trapped inside the car, at this time, find ways to contact the outside world for rescue than self-help risk. Contact the outside world for rescue than the risk of self-help is much smaller.
3) into the elevator door in the attention, especially the old elevator or the elevator is under repair, encountered the former situation, to adhere to the first, the latter situation, do not enter the elevator, of course, may not be able to enter.
For the escalator, it is not appropriate to empty a relatively long skirt and particularly soft slippers. One hand should hold the handrail. Older bags should not be poked out of the handrail.
7. Common sense of safety in the elevator
Common sense of safety:
1) When using the elevator, those who want to go up should press the button for upward direction, and those who want to go down should press the button for downward direction.
2) After the elevator arrives at the floor, passengers should judge the running direction of the elevator; they should enter the car when they are sure that the running direction of the elevator is the same as the direction they are going.
3) Passengers can close the elevator door by pressing the "close door button" on the operation panel inside the elevator; the elevator door will be closed automatically at regular intervals, so passengers should not stay at the joints between the floor and the car to avoid being pinched.
4) After entering the car, passengers should press the floor selection button to determine the floor where the elevator stops. Passengers are not allowed to lean on the car door.
5) The elevator has a rated capacity standard. When overloaded, the alarm device in the elevator will give an audible alert, at which time passengers should take the initiative to reduce the number of passengers and exit the elevator.
6) When the elevator anomaly or failure, passengers should remain calm, can call the car alarm phone to seek help or wait for rescue. Do not pry the door without authorization and try to escape from the car.
7) Keep the car clean and sanitary, do not smoke in the car, discard waste.
8) Passengers should take care of the elevator facilities, do not press the button and pry the door.
The management personnel should strictly fulfill their duties, frequently check the operation of the elevator; and make daily maintenance inspection records, regularly contact the elevator maintenance, and make maintenance records; and find out the faults in time to deal with and report.
Expanded Information:
Elevators are composed of a machine room part, a shaft and pit part
The working principle of the elevator:
The two ends of the traction rope are connected to the car and the counterweight, wrapped around the traction sheave and the guide wheel, the traction motor through the speed reducer drives the traction sheave to rotate, relying on the traction force generated by the traction rope and the traction sheave friction, to achieve the car and the counterweight lifting and lowering movement to achieve the purpose of transportation.
Simple way to use the elevator (there are solutions below the emergency):
The manned elevator is a microcomputer-controlled intelligent, automated equipment, does not require special personnel to operate and drive, ordinary passengers can ride and operate the elevator as long as the following procedures.
1, at the entrance of the elevator on the passenger floor, according to their own upward or downward needs, press the upward or downward arrow buttons, as long as the lights on the buttons are on, it means that your call has been recorded, as long as you wait for the elevator to arrive.
2, the elevator arrives after opening the door, first let the people in the car out of the elevator, and then call the elevator and then enter the elevator car. After entering the car, according to the floor you need to reach, press the corresponding digital button on the control panel in the car. Similarly, as long as the button light is on, it means that your selected floor has been recorded; at this time do not need to carry out any other operations, just wait for the elevator to reach your destination floor stop can be.
3, the elevator travels to your destination floor will automatically open the door, this time according to the order out of the elevator that is the end of a process.