Definition of high-tech industry
High-tech industry refers to the use of contemporary cutting-edge technology (mainly refers to the field of information technology, bio-engineering and new materials, etc.) to produce high-tech products of the industrial group. It is an industry with high investment in research and development and a large proportion of researchers and developers. High-technology industry develops rapidly and has strong penetration ability to other industries.
In 1971, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in the "Technology and National Trade" first proposed the concept of high technology (hightechnologyHigh-Tech), the British government in Thatcher's administration during the high technology as a national development program, in August 1982, Japan's Newsweek and Business Weekly published the "Japan's high technology" and "High Technology Monographs
The definition of high-tech industry, the United States scholars A, Nloisog that the high-tech industry is the research and development of high-tech-intensive industries, the U.S. Department of Commerce to draw on its research on the definition of high-tech industry is mainly based on the two elements, one is the professional and technical personnel, and the second is the proportion of sales of R & amp; D. LanrDege scholars believe that the high-tech industry is the production of high-tech products, the production of high-tech products. industry refers to the production of high-tech products rather than just the use of high technology to produce products.
Characteristics of high-tech industry
Introduction of characteristics
The main characteristics of high-tech industry are: 1) knowledge and technology-intensive, the proportion of scientific and technological personnel is large, and the workers' cultural and technical level is high; 2) low consumption of resources and energy, diversification of products, software, small batch size, rapid renewal, and high value-added; 3) large investment in research and development; and 4) high growth rate of industry. Taking information industry as an example, the output value of information industry in developed countries has accounted for 40% to 60% of the gross national product, and the annual growth rate is 3 to 5 times of the traditional industry. The advantages of high technology industry, such as intellectual, innovative, strategic and less environmental pollution, are of great importance to the development of society and economy.Since the 1980s, the booming development of high technology industry has had a great impact on the world economy, and opened up an unprecedented bright prospect for the human society.
Introduction of Uses
High-tech industry is an important position for international economic and scientific competition. The development of high-tech and basic industries has an irreplaceable role in promoting the upgrading of industrial structure and improving labor productivity and economic benefits. The Decision of the Central Government and the State Council on Accelerating the Progress of Science and Technology (May 6, 1995) clearly states that "the national industrial policy and development planning should prioritize the development of high-technology industries, and give key support in terms of policy." By the year 2000, the output value of China's high-tech industry should strive to reach 15% of the total industrial output value, and be raised to about 25% by 2010, close to the level of the United States in the early 1990s. The specific tasks for the development of high-tech industry during the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period are:
1) market-oriented, with information technology, bioengineering technology, aerospace technology, advanced manufacturing technology, marine technology, new medicines, new materials, new energy as the focus of application, breakthroughs in a number of national economy, national defense construction and social development in the breakthroughs in a number of national economy, national defense construction and social development in the key technologies that need to be resolved.
2) Support large, medium and small high-tech enterprises **** the same development.
3) Combine the development of high-tech industries with the transformation of traditional industries.
4) Improve and build a number of high-tech research and industrial bases, and create an environment and mechanism for the development of integrated high-tech research, development, debugging and production.
The development of high-tech industries requires high research costs, and it takes a certain research cycle from product development to market launch, in which uncertainties are difficult to foresee and risks are high. Therefore, how to utilize limited funds and resources to develop high-tech industries is an important topic worthy of study.
Introduction of High-Tech Industry
In this kind of industry, human creativity (element of knowledge) or ideas are considered to be the fundamental element for producers to participate in competition. Many producers invest heavily in the creation and development of new ideas (technological innovation) and the utilization of human capabilities (knowledge innovation), which is a testament to this concept. Confirmation of whether it is a high-tech industry, then, is based primarily on whether the investment in research and development exceeds that of the general industry, or whether the wages paid to scientists and engineers exceed that of the general industry, or both.
Generally speaking, high-tech industries are some industries that are relatively mature and invest more in research and development. For example, civil aircraft manufacturing, communications equipment manufacturing and emerging industries that invest more in research and development, such as robot development and biotechnology. In addition, the high-tech industry has entered the technology field that can be applied in many industries, such as new materials, electronic components.
High technology is the emerging cutting-edge technology to the general traditional technology. Since the Second World War, due to the highly differentiated and highly integrated development characteristics of modern science and technology, a high-tech group represented by electronic information technology, biotechnology, new materials technology, new energy technology and aerospace technology has arisen. The industry dominated by high-tech product development and production is called high-tech industry.
Industrial significance
(1) Vigorous development of high-tech industries can substantially increase China's labor productivity and reduce resource consumption.
(2) The use of high-tech industries to transform traditional and basic industries can rapidly improve the structure of China's industries and promote the coordinated and stable development of the economy.
(3) Vigorously developing high-tech industries can rapidly improve the competitiveness of China's enterprises and enhance the comprehensive national strength.
High-tech industry constraints
Environmental aspects
(1) Macro-environmental aspects: in the macro-environmental aspects of the development of high-tech industry in China, it is both favorable and unfavorable:
a. International situation. Peaceful international environment, coupled with the emergence of industrial "hollowing out" in developed countries and the trend of high-tech industries to the internationalization of the development of international cooperation and the use of external forces to develop China's high-tech industry provides favorable conditions. The main battlefield of the world is shifting from military to direct economic competition, the international market competition is intensifying unprecedentedly, and trade protectionism is more prevalent, thus bringing difficulties to our country in seeking development opportunities, and making the challenges we are facing more severe. But on the whole, the international situation is favorable to our country.
b, the domestic political situation. Our domestic situation also includes a favorable side and difficult side. Favorable side is mainly: under the guidance of the general policy of national reform and opening up, the reform of the economy, science, education and political system has been carried out comprehensively and has achieved initial results; to determine the policy of relying on science and technology to develop the economy, the development of high-tech industries into the national policy, and to participate in the international cycle; to formulate the "863 plan" and to promote the commercialization and industrialization of high-tech achievements. It has formulated the "863 Plan" and the "Torch Plan" for the purpose of promoting the commercialization and industrialization of high-tech achievements, and has begun to organize the implementation of the National Trial Production Plan for Major New Products. These are the efforts made by the government to improve the macro management environment of the country. The unfavorable side is mainly: the above plans, decrees, policies and measures in the implementation of the difficulties encountered, did not really form a favorable macro-environment for the development of high-tech industries.
Constraints
c, economic factors. There are mainly the following two major problems: First, although China's economic development is very fast, but the per capita GDP is still very low, people's lives are not rich, the weak economic foundation for the development of China's high-tech industry has played a certain role in restricting; Secondly, many economic relations have not yet been rationalized, the socialist market economy has not yet stepped into the track of healthy development.
d, science and education factors. It is generally believed that China's level of science and technology relative to the level of productivity is ahead of the curve, compared with the developed countries, than other areas of the gap is smaller, but there are still some unfavorable factors as follows.
e, industrial base. Founded 50 years ago, China has established a huge sector complete industrial system. Among them, the coastal areas of industry is more developed, heavy industry has a considerable scale, technology-intensive industries have also developed, and most of the city's industry has reached the level of Asia's newly industrialized countries and regions. But there are still many problems.
f, culture. The long history of Chinese culture, with the absorption of a hundred rivers and blend into one of the deep heritage. That is to say, its ability to absorb new things is particularly strong, which is its favorable side. The negative side is mainly its sense of innovation, pioneering spirit is not strong enough, thus not conducive to the development of high-tech industries.
(2) Micro-environmental aspects: due to the natural conditions of each region, geographic location, etc., coupled with China's regional development is extremely unbalanced, although the governments of various regions are very enthusiastic about the creation of high-tech development zones, but high-tech development zones throughout the country have been provided by the micro-environment is not the same, there are good and bad. Among them, most of the high-tech development zones do not have very good conditions, its micro-environment is not ideal. Only a few of them, due to more mature conditions, have formed some regional environments that are favorable to the development of high-tech industries, i.e., microenvironments with advantages.
Distribution of high-tech industries in China
Currently, from the point of view of regional distribution, China has initially formed the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta states, the Bohai Rim region and other distinctive high-tech industry belts.
China's high-tech industries in the four major intensive areas: Bohai High-tech Industrial Intensive Zone centered on Beijing Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park, high-tech industrial zone along the Yangtze River centered on Shanghai High-tech Zone, high-tech industrial zone along the Southeast Coast centered on Shenzhen High-tech Zone, high-tech industrial zone along the Xi'an-Yangling High-tech Zone, and high-tech industrial zone along the Asia-Europe Continental Bridge centered on Xi'an-Yangling High-tech Zone. Asia-Europe Continental Bridge high-tech industry intensive zone.
High-tech Classification
National Economy Industry Classification Code
I. Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Industry
(I) Chemical Manufacturing
Chemical Drugs Raw Materials Manufacturing
Chemical Drugs Preparation Manufacturing
(II) Processing of Traditional Chinese Medicines
(III) Production of Proprietary Chinese Medicines
(IV) Manufacturing of Veterinary Drugs
(V) Manufacturing of Veterinary Drugs
(IV) Manufacturing of Veterinary Medicines
(E) Biological Drugs Manufacturing
(F) Hygienic Materials and Medical Supplies Manufacturing
II. Aviation, Space Vehicles and Equipment Manufacturing
(A) Aircraft Manufacturing
(B) Space Vehicle Manufacturing
(C) Aviation, Space-Related Equipment Manufacturing
(D) Other Aviation Spacecraft Manufacturing
(E) Aviation Spacecraft Repair
three, electronics and communications equipment manufacturing
(a) special equipment for the electronics industry manufacturing
(b) fiber optics, fiber optic cables manufacturing
(c) lithium-ion batteries manufacturing
(d) communications equipment manufacturing
Communication system equipment manufacturing
Communication Terminal Equipment Manufacturing
(V) Radio and Television Equipment Manufacturing
Radio and Television Program Production and Transmission Equipment Manufacturing
Radio and Television Receiving Equipment and Equipment Manufacturing
Applied Television Equipment and Other Radio and Television Equipment Manufacturing
(F) Radar and Ancillary Equipment Manufacturing
(VII) Audiovisual Equipment Manufacturing
Television manufacturing
Audio equipment manufacturing
Film and television recording and playback equipment manufacturing
(H) electronic device manufacturing
Electronic vacuum device manufacturing
Semiconductor discrete device manufacturing
Integrated Circuit Manufacturing
Opto-electronic and other electronic device manufacturing
(IX) electronic components manufacturing
Electronic components and assemblies manufacturing
Printed circuit boards manufacturing
(10) other electronic equipment manufacturing
Four, computer and office equipment manufacturing
(a) Computer machine manufacturing
(2) Computer parts manufacturing
(3) Computer peripheral equipment manufacturing< / p>
(D) other computer manufacturing
(E) office equipment manufacturing
Copying and offset printing equipment manufacturing
Calculator and special equipment for currency manufacturing
5, medical equipment and instruments manufacturing
(A) medical equipment and instruments manufacturing
Medical diagnostic, monitoring and therapeutic equipment Manufacturing
Dental equipment and appliances manufacturing
Medical laboratory and medical sterilization equipment and apparatus manufacturing
Medical, surgical and veterinary instruments manufacturing
Mechanical therapy and ward care equipment manufacturing
Prosthetics, artificial organs and implants (intermediary) into the device manufacturing
Other medical equipment and instruments manufacturing
(B) instrumentation manufacturing
Industrial automatic control system device manufacturing
Electrical instrumentation manufacturing
Drawing, calculating and measuring instruments manufacturing
Experimental analytical instrumentation manufacturing
Testing machine manufacturing
Supply of instrumentation and other general-purpose instrumentation manufacturing
Specialized instrumentation for environmental monitoring Manufacturing
Transportation equipment and production counting instrumentation manufacturing
Navigation, meteorological and marine instrumentation manufacturing
Agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery instrumentation manufacturing
Geological exploration and seismic instrumentation manufacturing
Teaching instrumentation manufacturing
Nucleus and nuclear radiation measurement instrumentation manufacturing
Electronic measuring instruments Manufacturing
Other specialized instrument manufacturing
Optical instrument manufacturing
Other instrument manufacturing
VI. Information chemical manufacturing industry
(I) Information chemical manufacturing