There is what you want
The old and new Chinese railroads lasted more than 120 years, and the new Chinese railroads used only about 1/3 less time than the old Chinese railroads to achieve several times more than the old Chinese railroads, a dozen times more than the old Chinese railroads, or even dozens of times more than the achievements.
The iron and steel avenues in all directions, the road network skeleton intersected horizontally and horizontally. Over the past few decades, the state in the northwest and southwest region built Chengdu-Chongqing, Baocheng, Sichuan-Guizhou, Guikun, Xiangqian, Chengkun, Xiangyu, Tianlan, Lanzhou-Qingdao, Lanzhou-Xinhua, Baolan, Qinghai-Tibet (to Golmud) and the northern border and so on more than a dozen of trunk lines, the two regions of the railroad mileage thus accounted for the whole of the road from about 6% to more than 24%; East China, North China, Northeast China and Central and South China and other coastal and inland, but also constructed a number of trunk lines and branch lines. In recent years, the completion of the Beijing-Kowloon, South Kunming, two major railroad lines, for the road network has added a new north-south artery, for the development of East China, Central and Southwest China's economy, culture, opened up a new major transportation routes.
In the past 50 years, the road rolling stock factories **** production of various locomotives more than 23,700 (including more than 9,700 steam locomotives, more than 11,100 internal combustion locomotives, electric locomotives, more than 2,800), a variety of more than 45,600 passenger cars, a variety of trucks more than 696,700. These locomotives and vehicles not only meet the needs of the railroad itself, but also supply a considerable number of domestic and foreign.
New China's railroad industry has formed an independent production system of many varieties and types adapted to the needs of railroads. It also produces bridges, communication signals, concrete sleepers and equipment and machinery for loading and unloading, road maintenance and construction needed by the railroad sector. The production of these products has made great progress in terms of quantity, variety and quality.
Passenger and freight traffic is rising, station services are improving. 50 years, the railroad department constantly improve the organization of transport, improve the level of passenger and freight transport operations, and vigorously tap the potential for transport, in addition to the "Cultural Revolution" as the individual years, year after year to complete and overfulfill the national plan, basically to meet the growing transport needs; into the period of reform and opening up, the railroad department has been the first time in the country. Since entering the period of reform and opening up, the layout of the Railway Bureau has been further adjusted in accordance with the economic zoning and the flow of goods and vehicles, and heavy combination of goods trains have been introduced, the passenger train grouping has been expanded, the speed of train operation has been increased, tourist trains and intercity "buses" and other high-quality trains have been established, and electronic computers have been applied to issue passenger tickets on a network basis in major cities such as Beijing, Guangzhou and Shanghai. At the same time, constantly improve the service level of station personnel, extend the transportation services, change the "boss" style, education staff strive to be passengers, shippers of the people.
Over the past 50 years, the national railroads have been improving the level of passenger and cargo transportation. To the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" in 1998 compared with the "First Five-Year Plan" at the end of 1957, the average gross traction weight of goods trains from 1520 tons to 2633 tons, the average travel speed of passenger trains from 34.8 kilometers per hour to 54.5 km The average travel speed of goods trains increased from 25.2 km per hour to 31.8 km per hour, the freight density per business kilometer increased from 5.039 million tons kilometers to 21.294 million tons kilometers, and the converted turnover of passengers and goods increased from 170.7 billion tons kilometers to 159.52 billion tons kilometers.
The unprecedented development of education and science and technology, and the successor to the attack.
In the early days of the founding of New China, there were only 2 professional universities, 1 railway technical research institute, and a few secondary specialized schools and technical schools. 2 universities had only a thousand students. Nowadays, there are 10 colleges and universities, 50 secondary specialized schools, 97 technical schools, and a large number of staff universities and junior colleges as well as various types of cadres and management colleges. 10 colleges and universities have generally established bachelor's degree system, and most of the disciplines can be awarded with master's degree, while the Southwest Jiaotong University, the Northern Jiaotong University, and Changsha Institute of Railway Technology can be awarded with the qualifications of bridge, tunnel and structural engineering, railway electrification and automation, railway information and control, and probability and accuracy respectively. Automation, railroad information and control and probability theory and mathematical statistics, etc. 10 universities enroll more than 52,000 students.
Today's Academy of Science and Research of the Ministry of Railways has numerous research institutes for transportation, rolling stock, railway construction, communication, metrology and computerization, as well as branch institutes in northwest China and Shenzhen. It has thousands of scientific research team, has gradually developed into a comprehensive, multidisciplinary research center specializing in railway science and technology, research and experimental centers, scientific and technological information centers and product quality inspection centers, comprehensively take up the task of researching and solving the major technological and key problems of the railroad sector transport production and construction. The industrial, infrastructure and health departments of the railroad system and colleges of higher education have also set up a number of specialized research institutes. Railroad bureaus, engineering bureaus and design institutes, as well as some ministry-owned factories have their own specialized research units.
Over the past 50 years, a large number of scientific and technological achievements have won special, first, second and third prizes for national scientific and technological progress. The research results of the Chengkun Railway and the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge have won the Grand Prize of National Major Scientific and Technological Achievements. The whole road already has a professional and technical team with many personnel, good quality and wide specialties. Some of the best people have been elected as academicians of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering.
Multiple businesses have emerged, the overall development of industry, commerce, agriculture and trade. Railroad business has formed a variety of transportation agents, warehousing, trade, foreign transport and container services, tourism, advertising, food services, real estate, mining and building materials, foreign trade and foreign trade and other 10 pillar industries as the focus of the business system. The scale of its operations, the operation of the industry, are called the history of the railroad. It has become a relatively independent business field, the formation of a diversified economic pattern, and become one of the important economic pillars of the railroad sector.
The scale, output value and profit of the railroad sector's multiple operations have been increasing. In terms of the operation system, in the initial stage in 1985, there were 1,500 multi-operating enterprises, 40,000 employees, revenue of 630 million yuan, profit of 200 million yuan; 10 years later, the multi-operating enterprises of this system have reached 8,000, 350,000 employees, total assets of 32.3 billion yuan, annual operating income of 30 billion yuan, 3.4 billion yuan of profit.
The continuous development of the road's various business enterprises, improve the overall economic efficiency of the railroad, the placement of workers' children employment, streaming laid-off workers, improve the lives of workers and even accelerate the development of the railroad industry, have played a very important role.
Broaden the channels of foreign cooperation, mutual benefit and friendly exchanges. Over the years, China Railway not only maintains the "old program" of international intermodal transport and technical cooperation and friendly exchanges with foreign railroads, but also explores many new areas of cooperation, such as economic and technical assistance, Sino-foreign joint ventures and cooperation in production and operation, foreign contracted projects, labor export and import and export trade.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the People's Republic of China (PRC), the foreign cooperation of the railroads had unprecedented development, and the partners of foreign contacts and cooperation were expanded from the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe and a few developing countries to developed countries, such as Japan, the United Kingdom, Germany, France, the United States, Canada, Australia and so on. With China's return to the United Nations, from 1979, China Railway began to participate in the activities of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific; from 1980, was formally restored to the status of associate member of the International Union of Railways; from 1984, sent representatives to participate in the ministerial meeting of the Organization for Cooperation in Railways, which had been interrupted for 17 years.
The non-transportation foreign cooperation of the railroad sector has been promoted on a large scale and in an all-round way. Foreign economic and technical assistance was a major project of China Railway's foreign cooperation, has been assisted by North Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, Tanzania, Zambia, Rwanda, Liberia, Guinea, Pakistan and many other countries; to these countries in addition to general technical cooperation, there are gratuitous assistance and interest-free loan assistance. The largest project of China's foreign aid - the Tanzanian Railway Project - embodies the Chinese government and the Chinese people's selfless help to the African people.
Direct utilization of foreign capital work and the development of foreign trade business is an important aspect of the railroad system's opening up to the outside world. By 1998, all kinds of enterprises in the railroad system and foreign investors *** with investment in 218 Chinese-foreign joint ventures, cooperative ventures, absorbing foreign investment of 260 million U.S. dollars. During the "Ninth Five-Year Plan" period, the Ministry of Railways to have a higher level of Sino-foreign cooperative enterprises as the goal, focusing on Datong cast steel wheels, Nankou railroad bearings, Changchun subway cars, Qingdao Sifang high-grade buses and Zhuzhou AC drive electric locomotives and other five large Sino-foreign joint venture production projects.
The foreign trade business, although a late start, but the development is quite rapid. the late 70's, China Civil Engineering Group Corporation for the first engaged in the foreign trade business enterprises, and now the whole road with all kinds of foreign trade and foreign trade right to operate the unit has amounted to 66, and its size has also increased dramatically. According to incomplete statistics, since the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the entire road has signed 3.322 billion U.S. dollars in new contracts for foreign contracted projects, labor service cooperation, design consulting and other foreign economic cooperation businesses, and completed a turnover of 2.178 billion U.S. dollars, with a turnover of 2.179 billion U.S. dollars in foreign import and export business, and the actual import and export volume completed at 1.768 billion U.S. dollars. The company's business has been recognized as one of the world's most important and most important.
Wages and benefits have been raised year by year, and the life of the workers has been improving. over the past 50 years, the wage level of the railroad workers has gradually risen amidst the ups and downs. Since the Sixth Five-Year Construction Plan, the wages of all railway workers have increased more and faster. After the wage reform in 1985, the average annual wage of all the employees of the whole railroad reached 1,460 yuan, which was 14% higher than that in 1984, 53% higher than that in 1980, and 87% higher than that in 1978. Since entering the 1990s, employee wages have increased by an average of more than 18% per year. Now, the actual average annual wage of all road workers has reached about 11,000 yuan.
Improvement of staff housing has experienced roughly the same process with the wage. 50 years, the state and enterprises for the construction of railroad staff housing investment according to incomplete statistics, **** more than 60 billion yuan, the completed residential area of 12,000 million square meters. Among them, only the eighth five-year construction plan period, the state and enterprises for railroad residential construction investment is 22.9 billion yuan, an increase of 31 million square meters of residential area. In recent years, the whole road and the purchase of more than 5 million square meters of commercial housing, one after another to build a large number of additional housing, many workers live in a lower cost, higher quality, more fully equipped units of railroad housing.
Over the past 50 years, the state has allocated special funds for railroad workers to build medical, sanitation, health care and child care, and built cultural and sports facilities, canteens and baths to serve railroad workers.
The achievements of the new China Railway are enormous, but we can not ignore the problem side. So far the situation and tasks faced by the railroad sector, is still very serious and difficult. Has been in the development of China's railroads, there has always been an outstanding contradiction between the volume and capacity, the increase in railroad transport capacity and quality of transport and transportation methods to improve the improvement of the national economy is still unable to catch up with the continuous development of the national economy and people's lives increasingly improve the objective needs. Railroad transportation is still quite constrained by the rapid development of the national economy, the railroad is still a weak link in the development of the national economy.