Participants in the Boxer Rebellion are called "Boxers" or "Boxers". The Boxer Rebellion was originally a secret folk society popular in Shandong and Zhili (now Hebei) for a long time. They used superstitious methods, such as setting up shrines and painting symbols, to invite God to gather people in secret, and taught believers to practice a boxing method that is said to be invulnerable, called "Boxer of Righteousness". At first, they rebelled against the Manchu rule, and the slogan was "anti-Qing and regaining sight". Later, he turned to support the Qing dynasty and tried his best to exclude foreigners. The slogan was changed to "help the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries".
Xenophobia and religious programs
Boxer activities are mainly concentrated in China, Shandong and Hebei in North China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, western missionaries were allowed to preach and set up churches in China. Under the extraterritorial jurisdiction, not only the church clergy were not under the jurisdiction of the Qing government; Ordinary people in China can be protected by the church as long as they believe in religion. In the local area, Christian churches often conflict with local people for various reasons such as cultural and customs differences. The members of some churches are mixed, and they oppress the local people from time to time. However, local governments are often afraid of the extraterritoriality of the church and do not want to be enemies with foreigners, so they fail to deal with it openly, resulting in "teaching plans" constantly. Coupled with the bankruptcy of local economy in North China in the late Qing Dynasty, the traditional social discipline collapsed; Times have changed, people are worried, and various secret societies have mushroomed. Churches, congregations, foreigners and foreign goods, which represent the change and violation of tradition, have become the targets of hatred.
China was defeated by the Japanese in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, and was forced to sign treaty of shimonoseki in 1895, which showed that the previous Westernization Movement failed to change the backward face of China and once again aroused the ambitions of European powers. 1896, the European powers intending to carve up China made territorial claims to the Qing government and asked for permission to build railways and mine. 1897, 1 1 In June, 2008, the "Cao Zhou Religious Case" occurred in Shandong, and two German missionaries Franz Niez and Richard Hoyle were killed by villagers who rushed into the church (for unknown reasons). Germany responded immediately and took the opportunity to send troops to occupy Jiaozhou Bay and Jiaoao (now Qingdao). The Kaiser even warned his fleet that "if China obstructs my affairs, he will use his old fist." . The following month, Russian troops moved to Lushun, south of Liaoyang, and Britain and France sent troops to occupy Weihai and Guangzhou Bay (now Zhanjiang, Guangdong) respectively.
Foreign invasion has caused xenophobia in all parts of Shandong. 1March, 898, the activities of boxing people in Shandong area intensified. 1899, Yu xian, a Chinese flag bearer who donated officials, became the governor of Shandong province, proposing that "the people can use it, the regiment should appease it, and the bandits will be suppressed", and adopted the method of appeasing the Boxers and incorporated them into the militia. As a result, the Boxer Rebellion became the Boxer Rebellion, and its slogan changed from "opposing the Qing Dynasty and restoring sight" to "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries". Boxers burned churches everywhere and killed priests; Resist all foreign things and the failed "Westernization Movement". Under the extreme exclusion of the boxer movement, foreigners are called "big Russians" and will be killed without forgiveness. If China people believe in Catholicism and Christianity, they are generally called "two hairs"; Other people who know a foreign language or even use foreign goods are called "three hairs" or "ten hairs", ranging from being insulted, robbed to being killed. Some people were killed by the Boxers because they hid foreign cigarettes and books, or because they wore glasses and had pencils, matches and other foreign things on them.
Gengzi incident
/kloc-in the winter of 0/899, buchs, an Anglican missionary, was killed in Feicheng, Shandong. Under the constant protests of western countries, Yuxian was ousted by the Qing court. Yuan Shikai, the new governor, led the Beiyang New Army to suppress the Shandong Boxer Rebellion. Yu Xian went to Beijing to meet Empress Dowager Cixi after leaving her job and proposed the Boxer Rebellion to her. Later, he was transferred to Shanxi Governor (later, he personally ordered the trapping and killing of 150 missionaries and their families. See Modern History of China by Zhonghua Book Company 1983 edition). 1898 Cixi, who completely controlled the imperial court after the coup, was very dissatisfied with the western opposition to her deposing Guangxu. 1900 65438+ 10, in spite of the protests of western diplomats, Cixi issued an imperial decree to protect the Boxer Rebellion. Youlu, the governor of Zhili, changed from exterminating the Boxer Rebellion to supporting the Boxer Rebellion. In addition to paying salaries to the group members, Yulu also invited the leaders of the Boxer Rebellion to come to Tianjin to open an altar to gather people. So the Boxers in Shandong poured into Zhili. From Tianjin to Zhuozhou and Baoding, the Boxer Rebellion raised altars everywhere to invite gods, burned churches, killed foreigners and destroyed foreign objects such as railways and telephone poles. Zhuozhou magistrate was occupied by thirty thousand Boxers. Cixi sent the military affairs minister to assist the university students in the investigation in Zhuozhou. As a result, he resolutely returned to Beijing and reported to Cixi that "the boxing people are loyal and the magic is complete". Duanjun Wangzhuang and the Boxer lord protector Lan fought against foreigners together.
1900 On June 9th, Cixi transferred the post-Wuwei army of Dong Fuxiang to the city and stationed it near the Temple of Heaven and the Xiannongtan. Many Dong Jun soldiers took part in the Boxer Movement. 10 June, Duanwang Zaiyi became Prime Minister's Foreign Minister. At the same time, the Boxers began to enter Beijing in large numbers. At its peak, there were more than100000 boxers in Beijing. Boxers set fire to churches and all foreign-related things in Beijing, and about 1000 shops in Qianmen area were burned to ruins by the fire of the old Deji Western Pharmacy. At the same time, the Boxers collectively plundered and slaughtered the parishioners. Hundreds of parishioners were killed only once outside the Zhuang Palace.
/kloc-in June of 0/3, the boxer entered the inner city. On the same day, the Yasili Church in Xiaoxiao Hutong, the Double Flag London Church (now outside the west entrance of the Foreign Ministry Street), the Bamiancao (Wangfujing) Catholic East Church, the dengshikou Church, the American Evangelical Church at the west entrance of Dongsiwutiao, the Jiaokou Presbyterian Church, the Yaer Hutong Presbyterian Church in gulou west, the Xizhimen Catholic West Church and the Xisiyang Hutong Christian Church were burned down. 3,200 Catholics fled into the Catholic North Church (protected by 42 French and Italian soldiers), and more than 2,000 Christians fled into the embassy district of Dongjiaominxiang.
On June 10, consulates of various countries in Tianjin organized a coalition of 2,000 people led by Edward Seymour, commander of the British Navy, to reinforce 1 1 embassies of various countries in Beijing by train. Because the railway was destroyed by the Boxer Rebellion, Seymour was blocked in Yangcun, outside Tianjin, and fought with the Qing soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion, so he retreated to the city, which led to his first attempt to lift the siege of the legation by the Qing soldiers and the Boxer Rebellion.
Declare war on eleven countries and the G8.
On June 1 1, Sugiyama Bin, secretary of the Japanese Embassy in China, was killed by A Qing soldier Gan Jun who had just transferred to Beijing. /kloc-in June of 0/5, the military department once sent an edict to Li Hongzhang, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and Yuan Shikai, governor of Shandong Province, to enter Beijing soon. Cixi also issued an imperial edict and ordered the dissolution of the Boxer Rebellion after the command meeting was held in June 16. Unexpectedly, the next day (1June 7), I received the message that foreigners sent troops and asked her to return to Guangxu. So Cixi's attitude changed 180 degrees. On June 20, the German ambassador to China, Cleander, went to the Prime Minister's yamen to ask for protection on behalf of all countries, and was ambushed and killed by Qing soldiers on the way. The fuse of war. In June 2 1 year, the Qing government declared war on Britain, America, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands and Austria in the name of Guangxu. Boxers and imperial troops surrounded the embassy in Beijing. While countries are preparing to rescue the embassy by force, the Beijing embassy is building fortifications, and Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the British plenipotentiary, is responsible for commanding the defense.
This incident eventually turned into an international military conflict. Before the incident subsided, there were about 450,000 Japanese, American, Austro-Hungarian Empire, British (British troops included China Corps composed of China trained by British in Ahava), French, German, Italian and Russian Eight-Nation Alliance, and China troops fighting the Boxer Rebellion. The commander of the allied forces was an Englishman, General Gasseri. Just before the Qing government declared war on the eleven countries, the allied forces captured Dagu Fort as early as June 17. 14 July, the allied forces occupied Tianjin; Yulu, governor of Zhili, committed suicide after the defeat. On August 4th, the Allied Forces set out for Beijing, without any real stubborn resistance along the way. At that time, it was estimated that there were as many as 6.5438+0.5 million Qing soldiers and Boxers along the route, while the total number of allied troops was only over 30,000 at first (later increased). It was August, the climate was hot and humid, and the dense cornfields along the way formed a natural barrier, which added various difficulties to the March. Allied forces arrived outside Beijing in the early morning of August 14, and after two days of fierce fighting, they gradually captured the gate of Beijing in August 15, and then fought with the Qing army in various parts of Beijing. By the evening of August 16, Eight-Nation Alliance had basically occupied the whole city. After the fall of Beijing, Cixi and the royal family immediately left in a hurry and fled to xi.
In American historical records, this military action to alleviate the crisis of the legation was called China's rescue expedition, while China called it Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China.
The Germans arrived in China two months after the fall of Peking. They eagerly carried out the order issued by Kaiser Wilhelm II on July 2nd: "You know, you are facing a cunning, brave, well-equipped and cruel enemy. If you meet him, remember: don't sympathize with him and don't accept prisoners of war. You must fight bravely, so that China people will not dare to peep at the Germans after a thousand years. " (German original: IHR Westers Wall, IHR salter Fichten Gainine VoShi Lage Ning, Tapelan, Gut Beowulf Netten, Grausa Menfend. Please listen to me. We won't forgive you. I don't know. Therefore, China people seldom go to Germany to study. There are two different versions of this speech (see discussion page for details) and it has been criticized. William II's speech is a memory of the Huns' invasion of Europe in the 5th century. Later, this passage was also borrowed by the British in World War I to belittle their German enemies.
In addition to attacking Peking with the allied forces, Russia also sent more than 200,000 people from the north and south roads to occupy the northeast of China. North Road Russian troops captured Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang, in August and Jilin, the capital of Jilin, in September; South Road occupied Yingkou in August, Shenyang in October, and the two armies joined forces in October, occupying the whole northeast.
Note 1: The statistics of figures are different. In mid-August, there were only 7 countries (two of which were only symbolic standard bearers) with about16,000 troops from Tianjin to Beijing, including 8,000 Japanese, 4,800 Russians, 3,000 British (mainly Sikhs), 2 100 Americans, 800 French and 50 Austrian.
Tragic massacres in various parts of North China
During the Boxer Rebellion, mass killings of Christians and foreigners in China occurred in all provinces of China, mainly in Zhili and Shanxi in North China, as well as in Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. * * * 24 1 foreigners (53 Catholic missionaries, 65,438 Protestant missionaries and their children * *+088, including 53 children) and more than 20,000 China Christians (65,438 Catholics+08,000 Protestants+5,000) died in the massacre in the summer of 1900.
In Shanxi, more than 5,700 China Catholics and thousands of Protestants were killed in the province, of which the mainland church was the largest, and the others belonged to the Congregational Church and the British Baptist Church. On July 9th, in front of the yamen of Taiyuan Governor's Office, Governor Yu Xian killed two Franciscan missionaries 12 (Italian bishops Ai Shijie and Fuguela, three priests, monks and seven nuns), and 34 Protestant missionaries and their families' children (belonging to British Baptist Church and Shouyang Society, including children 1 1).
In Inner Mongolia, in July of 19, Qing cavalry occupied 24 hectares of land where the Bishop's Cathedral in southwest Mongolia was located, and a large number of Catholics in the village were killed. Belgian Bishop Ferdinand Hamer was "hand in hand, tied with bamboo poles", and then "put an iron rope through the shoulder blades and imprisoned in a cage" and paraded the streets. On July 24th, he was killed in Togtoh. In the eastern diocese of Mongolia, the tragedy of burying the priest alive in Luanping County happened. Most parishes in central Mongolia (more than 3,200 people) were killed, and only more than 5,000 parishioners took refuge in the Episcopal Church in Xiwanzi (Chongli, Hebei).
In Zhili (Hebei), with the support of Governor Yulu and Qian Tingyong, the Boxers spread all over the county. A large number of Catholics in this province (still the province with the largest concentration of Catholics in China) suddenly faced the threat of death and built forts in villages where Catholics gathered everywhere to defend themselves. On July 20th, Chen led the Qing army into Zhujiahe village in Jingzhou. More than 3,000 Catholics and two priests gathered in the village, regardless of gender, age and age, were all slaughtered on the same day, which was the most one-time death in 1900. There were 50,575 parishioners and 5 153 people died in the southeast pastoral area of Zhili where Zhu Jiahe lived. Only the Sacred Heart of Jesus Cathedral in Zhangzhuang, xian county successfully resisted the attack and survived. 9000 Catholics gathered in Donglu village near Baoding to take refuge here. Because it repelled the attack of 40,000 Boxers, it became the famous pilgrimage site of Notre Dame in the north and the most concentrated village of Catholics in China after the war.
Catholics in Fengtian (Liaoning) were killed 1400, including bishop 1 0 and priest 10.
In Qutai, Zhejiang, there was also a massacre. Bishops and priests were also killed in Hengzhou, Hunan Province and Shaanxi Province. In Shandong and Henan, 78% of churches were destroyed.
Southeast mutual protection and hate and ugliness treaty
Before the Qing government declared war on foreign countries, Liu Liukun Yi, Governor of Liangjiang, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Huguang, Governor of Guangdong and Hong Kong, and Sheng Xuanhuai, Minister of Railways, discussed how to preserve the stability of the southeast provinces and avoid the invasion of foreign powers. At the same time, I secretly calculated that if Beijing fell and something happened to the palace, Li Hongzhang would be the president's backing. After the Qing government declared war on eleven countries, Liu Kunyi, Zhang Zhidong, Li Hongzhang, Governor Xu Ying of Fujian and Zhejiang Province, Governor Wei Xiao of Sichuan Province and Governor Yuan Shikai of Shandong Province reached a local agreement with foreign countries, which was called Southeast Mutual Insurance. Under the threat of the Boxer Rebellion, they called the imperial edict a "rebellion" and disobeyed the orders of the southeast provinces to support the Boxer Rebellion.
On the way to Xi 'an, the Qing royal family ordered officers and men from all over the country to destroy the Boxer Rebellion. On September 7, the Qing court issued an imperial edict, saying that "since the beginning of this case, the Boxer Rebellion was indeed the cause of the trouble. To pull out the source now, we must add pain and eradicate it. " The combination of Chinese and foreign forces led to the failure of the boxer movement. At the same time, the Qing government sent Qing princes Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang as plenipotentiaries to negotiate peace with other countries.
1900 5438+00 In June, Li Hongzhang arrived in Beijing and began negotiations with eight occupying powers. Among them, Russia aims to acquire Northeast China in another contract; Germany, France, Japan and Italy all have the idea of dividing up China's territory; However, Britain and the United States attach importance to commerce, hope to safeguard their trade interests in China, and be wary of Russian expansion, so they oppose the territorial claims of various countries. From the perspective of international law, Li Hongzhang proposed the Boxer Rebellion, and the declaration of war was issued under the hostage. Do not admit that China is at war with eleven countries; The incident was that foreign countries sent troops to China to help suppress the rebellion. Therefore, there is no reason for countries to cede territory, and China has only the obligation to compensate for military expenses. The official name of the final "Xin Chou Treaty" is only a protocol between China and eleven countries, not a formal peace treaty between warring countries. Western countries still refer to the Boxer Rebellion as the whole Boxer Rebellion and the Eight-Nation Alliance Incident.
On June 190 1, 1 1, the Qing court issued a decree to stop the civil and military examinations for five years in the following 45 towns where foreigners were "victimized and abused", such as Taiyuan, Xinzhou, Taigu, Datong, Fenzhou, Xiaoyi, Quwo and Dadou. Nanyang Prefecture, Hanoi County, Zhengzhou City, kwangchow City and Chenzhou City; Quzhou area, Zhejiang Province; Shuntianfu, Baoding, Yongqing, Tianjin, Shunde, Wang Du, Huolu, Xin 'an, Tongzhou, Wuyi, Jingzhou and Luoping in Zhili; Shengjing, Jiazichang, Lianshan, Yuqing Street, Beilinzi and Hulan in the three northeastern provinces; Ningqiang area of Shaanxi Province; Poyang County, Jiangxi Province; Hengzhou district, Hunan province.
190 1 On September 7th, the Qing government was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty". Although China is exempt from territorial division, it has to pay 450 million taels of war reparations to other countries, which are deducted from customs duties and salt taxes. This amount means that everyone in China will be fined one or two pieces of silver. According to the current price of silver, the total compensation is about $303.3 million. The amount of compensation is too large. Later, the United States voluntarily returned part of the compensation. China paid the US compensation of 24.44 million yuan, and the US returned the unpaid 10.78 million yuan from 1909, helping China to establish the education system for studying abroad. Formerly known as "Tsinghua School", it is the foundation of Tsinghua University. Britain later returned part of the compensation.
In the eyes of the public in China, the Qing royal family acted foolishly and lost face in front of the allied forces, which repeatedly showed that the Qing government was corrupt and incompetent and its ruling prestige was greatly reduced. Ten years later, this public sentiment reached its peak. 19 1 1 year, the Xinhai revolution broke out in Wuchang, and the provinces once again defied the Qing Dynasty and declared independence. Finally, the Qing Dynasty perished and the Republic of China was founded.
The privileges granted to foreign trade by China-DPRK Treaty have been criticized in China, most of which are extraterritorial. ) was revoked from 1930s to 1940s.
Russia took the opportunity to occupy a large number of territories in northeast China (or Manchuria), threatening China's territorial integrity and the open-door trade policy that Britain and the United States hoped to maintain. Finally, in February 1904, a tragic Russian-Japanese war broke out with the rapidly rising Japan.
Subsequent influence
Although the Boxer Rebellion was regarded by the west as an anti-Qing and xenophobic movement at that time, it did weaken the ruling ability of the Qing government to a great extent. Later, Empress Dowager Cixi of China, who was in charge of state affairs, also realized that no matter what her previous attitude was, in order to avoid the demise of the Qing Dynasty, China was bound to carry out reforms. Among the great powers, Japan gained international prestige by taking the lead in helping to suppress the Boxer Rebellion militarily. This is the first time that the Japanese imperial army has been regarded as an international power. As mentioned earlier, the long-term contradiction between the Japanese imperial army and the Russian army in Liaodong and the eastern provinces of Manchuria eventually led to the breakdown of two-year negotiations and the outbreak of war. The Germans were nicknamed "Huns" after suppressing the Boxer Rebellion. On the other hand, Russia's concession to Liaodong (1898) was officially recognized.
The Ninth Infantry Regiment of the US Army was nicknamed "Manchu" because of its performance in the battle. To this day, the infantry regiment (stationed at Camp Casey in South Korea) will still walk 25 miles every season to commemorate the tragic battle. Soldiers who can successfully complete the uniform will get a ribbon specially painted with dragons.