Leaders of the Soviet ****production party
1. Vladimir? Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Lenin October 6, 1917 - April 3, 1922 Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Russian ****(B) and Executive Member of the ****productivity International
Leon Trotsky October 1917 - August 1927 Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the United ****(B) and Executive Member of the ****productivity International
2. Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin Stalin April 3, 1922 - March 5, 1953 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the U*** (B) (before the end of the 19th Congress of the Soviet Union), First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union (after the end of the 19th Congress of the Soviet Union)
3. Nikita Sergeyevich Stalin, member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the U*** (B), member of the Executive Committee of the ****production International
2. Nikita Sergeyevich? Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev September 7, 1953 - October 14, 1964 First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union
4. Leonid Ilyich Khrushchev, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union (after the 19th Congress of the Soviet Union)
4. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev October 14, 1964 - November 10, 1982 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the S***, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the S*** from October 14, 1964 to April 8, 1966
5. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov Andropov November 12, 1982 - February 9, 1984 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union
6. Konstantin K. Ustinovich Konstantinovich Konstantinov Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko February 13, 1984 - March 10, 1985 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union
7. Mikhail Sergeyevich Chernenko, General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union
8. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev March 11, 1985 - December 25, 1991 General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union
Heads of State
1. Lev Borisovich Kamenev November 9, 1917 - November 21, 1917 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
2. Yakov Mikhailovich Mikhailovich Kamenev (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
3. Mikhailovich Sverdlov 1917 November 21, 1917 - March 16, 1919 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
3. Mikhail Fyodorovich Sverdlovich Sverdlovich Sverdlovich Sverdlovich Sverdlovich Sverdlovich Sverdlovich Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky March 16, 1919 - March 30, 1919 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
4. Mikhail Fyodorovich Vladimirsky (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets)
5. Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin Kalinin December 30, 1919 - July 19, 1938 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets), December 30, 1922 - January 12, 1938 (Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Congress of Soviets of the USSR), January 17, 1938 - May 9, 1946 (Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR's Supreme Soviet). Nikolai Mikhailovich Shvernik Shvernik May 9, 1946 - March 15, 1953 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
6. Clement Evromovich Shvernik (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR) Clement Evromovich Voroshilov March 15, 1953 - May 7, 1960 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
7. Leonid Ilyich Voroshilov (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
8. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev May 7, 1960 - July 5, 1964 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
8. Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan Anastas Ivanovich Mikoyan July 5, 1964 - December 9, 1965 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
9. Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny Nikolai Viktorovich Podgorny December 9, 1965 - June 16, 1977 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
10. Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev June 16, 1977 - November 10, 1982 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
11. Vasilyevich Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich Kuznetsov November 10, 1982 - June 16, 1983 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
12. Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov June 16, 1983 - February 9, 1984 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
13. Vasilyevich Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich Kuznetsov February 9, 1984 - April 11, 1984 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
14. Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko April 11, 1984 - March 5, 1985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
15. Vasilyevich Kuznetsov Vasily Vasilievich Kuznetsov March 5, 1985 - July 27, 1985 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
16. Andrei Andreyevich Gromyko July 27, 1985 - August 1, 1988 (Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR)
17. Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Mikhail Gorbachev August 1, 1988 - May 25, 1989 (Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from May 25, 1989 to March 15, 1990 and President of the USSR from March 15, 1990 to December 25, 1991)
Government
Vladimir Ilyich? Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Lenin November 8, 1917 - January 23, 1924 (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars)
Alexei Ivanovich Lenin (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR) Ivanovich Likov. Likov January 23, 1924 - December 19, 1930 (Chairman of the People's Committees)
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Lenin (Chairman of the People's Committees)
Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Lenin (Chairman of the People's Committees) Mikhailovich Molotov Molotov December 19, 1930 - May 6, 1941 (Chairman of the People's Committees)
Joseph Vissarionovich Molotov (Chairman of the People's Committees) Vissarionovich Stalin Stalin May 6, 1941 - March 19, 1946 (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, Chairman of the Council of Ministers from March 19, 1946 to March 5, 1953)
Gregoriy K. Maximilianovich Stalin (Chairman of the People's Commissariats of the Russian Federation) Maximilianovich Marinkov Marinkov March 5, 1953 - February 8, 1955 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai? Nikolai Aleksandrovich Bulganin Bulganin February 8, 1955 - March 27, 1958 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikita Sergeyevich Marinkov (President of the Council of Ministers) Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev March 27, 1958 - October 15, 1964 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Alexei Nikolayevich Khrushchev (President of the Council of Ministers) Nikolayevich Kosygin Kosygin October 15, 1964 - October 23, 1980 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolay Nikolay Nikolayevich Kosygin (President of the Council of Ministers) Nikolay Aleksandrovich Gikhonov October 23, 1980 - September 27, 1985 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Nikolai Ivanovich Gikhonov (Chairman of the Council of Ministers). Ivanovich Ryzhkov Ryzhkov September 27, 1985 - January 14, 1991 (Chairman of the Council of Ministers)
Valentin K. Sergeyevich, the President of the Council of Ministers, was appointed as the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. Sergeyevich Pavlov Pavlov January 14, 1991 - August 24, 1991 (Premier of the USSR)
Economy
Economy of the USSR: Developed on a socialist model. Planned economy with state monopoly on means of production. The state controlled and adjusted the economy by means of five-year plans. After the first five-year plan from 1928 to 1932, the proportion of industrial output in the national economy of the USSR rose from 48% to 70%, and the USSR became an advanced industrial country. However, the industrial development of the USSR was uneven. The military industry, heavy industry, chemical industry and aerospace industry were very advanced and the level of these industries was in the leading position in the world, but the light industry, which was related to people's livelihood, was very backward, resulting in a very low standard of living for the people.
The main industrial zones of the USSR were concentrated in Moscow, Leningrad, Donbass and the Urals. Secondary industrial areas included the coast of the Baltic Sea, Western Siberia, and the middle and lower Volga. The industrial sector of the Soviet Union to implement centralized management and state regulation, factory production products, types, specifications and prices are subordinate to the central and join the **** and the State Council of Ministers of the Council of the National Economy to stipulate.
During the Tsarist era, Russia was one of Europe's leading grain exporters. However, due to the devastating destruction of agricultural production in the 1930s as a result of the policies of collectivization of agriculture and elimination of the "rich peasants," the USSR was never self-sufficient in food. The Soviet Union completed the collectivization of agriculture at the end of the second five-year plan, and agricultural production was based on collective farms, with mechanized planting and cultivation carried out by tractors, automobiles, and combine harvesters attached to the machinery stations of the collective farms.
The main grain crop in the USSR is wheat, and other important crops include sugar beets, cotton, potatoes, corn, and tobacco. In the Caucasus, there are cash crops such as coffee and sugar cane.
Culture: The USSR has a very high rate of education popularization, with ten years of compulsory education throughout the country and the basic elimination of illiteracy. Famous universities in the USSR include Moscow University, Leningrad University, Kharkov University, Kiev University, and the Institute of International Relations. In the USSR, literature, art, cinema, and publishing were controlled by the USSR ****production party, which allowed freedom of creativity without touching politics, and under the condition that works were censored. However, so-called "negative" and "decadent" works (the Western equivalent of avant-garde art) were banned.
The center of scientific research in the USSR is the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The writers' organization was the Association of Soviet Writers. The official news agency was TASS. The official newspaper of the USSR was Pravda, and other major newspapers included Kommersant, Pravda of the **** Youth League, Literature, Labor, and Red Star.
Administrative divisions: the whole Union **** there are 15 joining **** and the state, joining **** and the state under the krai and oblasts, the whole country **** there are 155 oblasts (область) and 6 krai (Края), in some of the joining **** and the state of the ethnic minority areas, according to the number of the number of ethnic groups were set up autonomy **** and the state, autonomous oblasts and autonomous sub-prefectures, the whole Union **** there are 20 autonomous **** and state, autonomous oblasts and autonomous sub-prefectures, the whole Union **** there are 20 autonomous **** and state, autonomous oblasts and autonomous sub-prefectures. **There are 20 autonomous **** and countries, 8 autonomous oblasts (автономная область), and 10 autonomous prefectures (автономная район).
The 15 Union **** and States and the autonomous **** and States under them are:
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist **** and State (Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, РСФСР)
Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist **** and State (Башкирская АССР, Башкирия)
Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist **** and State (Бурятская АССР, Бурятия)
Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist **** and State (Дагестанская А АССР, Дагестан)
Kabardino-Balkar Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Кабардино-Балкарская АССР, Кабардино-Балкария)
Kalmyk Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Калмыщкая АССР, Калмыкка)
Calmek Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Калмыщкая Калмыкая, Калмыщкая, Калмыка)
Daghestan Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Калмыкая, Калмыка)
Dagestan Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Дагестанская АССР, Калмыка) Калмыщкая АССР, Карелия)
Karelian SSA*** and State (Карельская АССР, Карелия)
Komi SSA*** and State (Коми АССР, Коми)
Mali SSA*** and State (Марийская АССР, Марийская Марийская, Марийская АССР, Марийская АССР, Марийская АССР, Марийская АССР, Марийская АСССР, Марийская АСССР, Марийская АСССР) Р, Мария)
Mordovan Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Мордовская АССР, Мордовия)
North Ossetian Soviet Socialist Autonomous*** and State (Северо-Осетинская АССР, Северная Осетия)
Tatar Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Татарская АССР, Татария)
Tuva Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Тувинская АССР, Тува)
Udmurt Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Удмуртская АССР, Удмуртия
Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist*** and State (Чечено-Ингушская АССР, Чечено-Ингушетия)
Chuva? Autonomous Soviet Socialist*** and State (Чувашская АССР, Чувашия)
Yakutia Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Якутская АССР, Якутия)
Ukrainian Soviet Socialist **** and State (Украинская Советская Социалистическая Республика, УССР)
Belarusian Soviet Socialist **** and State (Белорусская Советская Социалистическая Республика, БССР )
Estonian Soviet Socialist **** and State (Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ЭстССР)
Latvian Soviet Socialist **** and State (Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ЛавтССР)
Lithuanian Soviet Socialist **** and State (Литовская Советская Соц Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ЛитССР)
Moldavian Soviet Socialism*** and State (Молдавская Советская Социалистическая Республика, МолдССР)
Georgian Soviet Socialism*** and State (Грродная Советская Советская Советствическая Социалистическая Республика, МолдСССР)
Georgian Soviet Socialist *** **and the State (Грузинская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ГрузССР)
Armenian Soviet Socialist ***and the State (Армянская Советская Социалистическая Республика, Арм ССР)
Abkhazian Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Абхазская АССР, Абхазия)
Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Аджарская АССР, Аджария)
Azerbaijani Soviet Socialist **** and State (Азербай джанская Советская Социалистическая Республика, АзербССР)
Nakhchivan Soviet Socialist Autonomous **** and State (Нахичеванская АССР)
Kazakh Soviet Socialist **** and State (Казахская С Казахская Советская Социалистическая Республика, КазССР)
Uzbek Soviet Socialist *** and State (Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика, УзбСССР)
Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist*** and State (Каракалпакская АССР, Каракалпакия)
Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist*** and State (Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика, КиргСССР
Turkmen Soviet Socialist*** and State (Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ТуркмСССР)
Soviet Politics :According to Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR the USSR*** Producers' Party, with its 20 million members, is the ruling center of the country. Every factory and collective farm was to have a branch of the party. At the center of the whole system were the members of the Central Committee of the USSR ****production party. After the Stalin era, in order to avoid the concentration of power in the hands of one person, the USSR*** practiced the principle of collective leadership, whereby whoever was able to command a majority of the votes of the Central Committee held the leadership of the party and the state.
Members of the party's Politburo belong to the country's privileged class. They enjoy specialized medical care, have access to special stores where they can buy duty-free, low-priced Western imported luxury goods, live in state-provided apartments and villas, have special fleets of cars and special express lanes in the middle of the road, as well as special hunting forests and sanatorium beaches. Their children can easily join the party, further their studies at prestigious universities like the Institute of International Relations, and find the best jobs in places like the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Ministry of Foreign Trade, and embassies abroad. This class also includes the heads of the army, the KGB, and the leading officials of the member **** and countries. The next class was the heads of factories, bank managers, local leaders, and party secretaries. They controlled the distribution of goods and local privileges. The standard of living of the general population was the lowest in Stalin's time. This was also related to the domestic and foreign situation of the Soviet Union at the time. During Khrushchev's time, the Soviet Union and the United States were engaged in a peaceful, race to raise the standard of living of the people, and the lives of the people began to improve. Brezhnev introduced the concepts of "Party for All" and "State for All", and the political struggle in the country no longer involved the common people, and the living standard of the people was improved. The government provided free medical care and free education. Rent is very cheap, only a few rubles per month, which includes the cost of heating, telephone and water. Many people were able to go on vacation to the Black Sea or to recuperate in sanatoriums with government subsidies. This was the Soviet model of the welfare state. There weren't many consumer goods to sell, but prices were also relatively low. But unlike the welfare states of Northern Europe, the Soviet welfare policy did not have a strong economic base as its financial security, thus contributing to the economic difficulties of the post-Brezhnev era. The Soviet Constitution provided guarantees for employment, so people did not feel compelled to go to work. Embezzlement, theft and appropriation of state property for personal use were widespread, bribery was the norm and productivity was low. The second half of the Brezhnev era has been called the "period of stagnation" and "ossification" in the Soviet Union.
The post-Stalin period saw a more civilized approach to intra-party struggle. Losers were no longer shot, but exiled to marginal positions in remote areas. Dissidents were no longer physically eliminated, but punished by exile from the country or confinement in special psychiatric hospitals, depending on their level of influence. Political prisoners among the general population were put in prisons and labor camps like criminal offenders. The KGB, synonymous with the Soviet Union's reign of terror, had more than 700,000 employees and nearly as many informers. The KGB's power permeated the country at every level and in every sector. In fact, the term "KGB" has now become synonymous with the reign of terror by the secret police. It is worth noting that the current President of the Russian Federation, Vladimir Putin, was a Soviet agent in the GDR.