Discuss What are green barriers? What are the forms of expression

Green trade barriers are commonly used in today's international trade field of a form of trade barriers, because it has both positive and negative effects of the nature of the duality, determines the use of its use has a certain degree of legitimacy, but also led to its use of the broader nature. This paper analyzes the positive effects of the duality of green trade barriers from an individual and global perspective. [Keywords] green trade barriers; duality; positive role To analyze the positive role of green trade barriers, we should start from the perspective of individual countries and the world globally. From the individual perspective, the green trade barriers involve the individual countries are mainly the restrictive countries and the restricted countries. Because most of the green trade barriers implemented in the field of international trade are barriers set up by importing countries to restrict the products of exporting countries, this paper temporarily sets the restriction country as the importing country and the restriction country as the exporting country. The following from the importing country, exporting countries and the global three aspects of the positive role of green trade barriers. First, the positive effect of green trade barriers on importing countries to green standards, regulations, systems and other forms of green trade barriers to the emergence of the roots of the protection of the ecological environment and the need for human survival and security. Research shows that hundreds of years of industrialization has led to more than 1 billion people around the world live in the health of the SO2 concentration exceeds the standard environment; Antarctica 15-20 kilometers above the lower stratosphere between the total column of ozone has decreased by an average of 30-40%, and the reduction of ozone will directly lead to a large number of patients with cataracts and skin cancer; in the earth's total water accounted for only 0.1% of the freshwater available for human use, 10% has been seriously affected by the impact on the environment and the environment. Of the fresh water resources available for human use, which accounts for only 0.1% of the total water on earth, 10% has been seriously polluted, and "water shortages" are occurring one after another. In this situation of crisis, some countries gradually realize that their own development can never be separated from the support of the external environment, and that the development of human beings must be subject to the laws of the external environment, or else they will be severely punished. Green trade barriers are in line with the importing country away from pollution, protection of the environment, to protect human health, the reality of sustainable development requirements, to maintain the quality of the domestic environment of the importing country, the protection of domestic resources has played a positive role in safeguarding. At the same time, with the gradual increase in the level of economic development in all countries, people's environmental awareness has gradually increased, the environment for their own survival, the quality of survival of more and more demanding. Theoretically speaking, human consumption demand is not only affected by Maslow's "Hierarchy of Needs", but also by the influence of the time sequence, that is, there are differences in the consumption demand at different stages of development, that is, "quantitative satisfaction --- qualitative satisfaction --- emotional satisfaction". - The first two satisfactions are mainly for the commodity itself, while the emotional satisfaction is more important. The first two satisfactions are mainly for the commodity itself, the emotional satisfaction focuses more on the psychological needs, and the ecological satisfaction comes from the concern for the survival and development of human beings. To a certain extent, green trade barriers reflect the development direction of human consumption needs. With the implementation of green trade barriers, objectively also promotes the occurrence of green consumption behavior, and further enhances people's environmental awareness and environmental action. In addition, the importing country to take the green trade barriers measures, in the impediment to imported products at the same time, the relevant industries in their own countries will play a great role in supporting and guiding. For example, the Japanese government on July 10, 2002 to the importer issued to "self-restriction on imports" of frozen vegetables from China's directives, requiring pesticides exceeding the standard of imported frozen vegetables all destroyed, because in China's frozen vegetables found in the inspection of the pesticide "chlorpyrifos "The Japanese government stipulates that the residue limit of chlorpyrifos for vegetables imported from China should not exceed 0.01 PPM, but the limit for radish produced in large quantities in Japan is 3 PPM. Restrictions on imports of Chinese vegetables, to protect the development of its domestic agriculture, because Japan imports 4-5 million tons of vegetables each year, 99% of which come from China. Second, the long-term effect of green trade barriers for exporting countries From a practical point of view, the implementation of green trade barriers by importing countries impedes the export of goods from exporting countries, causing damage to the export industry of exporting countries, and even affecting the development of other related industries in exporting countries. However, from another point of view, if the exporting country enterprises and the government can work closely together to form a "cooperative game" relationship, green trade barriers will not only not impede the process of industrial development in exporting countries, but also the exporting country's industrial upgrading to play a very good role in guiding and promoting. When enterprises encounter green trade barriers, they may face three choices: the first choice is to transfer the market, the products will be sold to other countries and regions with relatively lax green control; the second choice is to gradually adapt to the strict green trade control of the importing country through the enterprise's own efforts; the third choice is to negotiate with the importing country through the collective strength, and strive for the initiative to continue to retain the other side of the country's market share. These three options differ in terms of implementation difficulty, cost, realization effect and contribution to the macroeconomy. Market shifting firms adopt "avoidance tactics", and although they gain some short-term benefits, their products will eventually lose market share as people become more environmentally conscious. Adaptation-type enterprises are faced with the loss of short-term benefits and a large amount of preliminary investment, transformation of the early stage of the export of serious obstacles to the enterprise's business in a difficult situation, how to get through this difficult time is the key to enterprise development. Enterprises of the third type face the double risks of failure of negotiation, loss of market and increase of enterprise burden. Comparing the above three ways, enterprises encountered green trade barriers, in order to realize the long-term development of enterprises, access to a broad international market space, we must renew and reform their product structure, service content, increase investment in scientific research and technology, from the function of the product, shape design, production and processing, packaging materials, packaging instructions, sales of the main style, after-sales service and other aspects of innovation, and strive to Embodying the green and humanized features of the products, so as to stand out in the competition of the world trade in green products. Sichuan is one of the major exporters of bee products in China, and in 2001, the province exported more than 5,000 tons of bee products, generating 5 million U.S. dollars in foreign exchange. In response to the EU's "blocking ban" on China's bee products, in March 2002, the Sichuan Provincial Breeding Management Station issued a notice to the province's farmers banning the use of chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, sulfonamides and other antibiotic drugs. After that, Sichuan beekeeping enterprises have developed a set of "tricks" to prevent and treat diseases of bees with traditional Chinese medicines: bees with dysentery, using Huanglian to administer medicine; hot weather, using honeysuckle to eliminate summer heat and detoxify the toxins ....... The use of traditional Chinese medicine to prevent and treat diseases of honeybees, there will be no "excessive", "residue" and other phenomena. 5, June, Dujiangyan, a bee product enterprises to produce and purchase more than 400 tons of honey products, through the test, antibiotics have been controlled at a rate of more than 90%! In May and June, a bee product enterprise in Dujiangyan produced and acquired more than 400 tons of honey products. In response to the EU's "bee products into the EU market, must provide relevant test results" requirements, in April 2002, Sichuan Province, a bee product enterprises to take the lead in investing more than 1 million yuan, the introduction of the EU countries from Germany to test the product's instrumentation, and three times to invite Germany's renowned Bremen Laboratory experts in Chengdu, to guide how to test trace antibiotic indicators, to establish a new system of antibiotic testing. Testing trace antibiotic indicators, the establishment of a laboratory in line with EU testing standards. So far, the production, transportation and storage of Sichuan honey has implemented one-stop scientific management, and the testing methods have reached the international advanced level. It can be seen that the full utilization of green trade barriers of this "push mechanism", will be the developing countries to develop their own green industry, to compete for the future of the mainstream international commodities market is a very good opportunity. If we can in technological innovation, actively develop green products and services at the same time to argue, through the importing country's domestic enterprises, industry associations, consumer associations and other channels to fight for products in the importing country has more room for survival. For the exporting countries encountered green trade barriers, if the government policy can actively guide, export enterprises can take active coping strategies, if the short-term decline in trade volume will be with the application of new technologies, the introduction of new products and gradually reversed, until restored to the original level or even higher, in the green trade barriers to the "mechanism of reverse pressure "under the formation of a high to low, and then from low to high similar to the" U "-shaped trade development curve. Importing countries to implement green trade barriers to another possible result is to force the exporting country from the government to enterprises, and then to consumers to gradually set up environmental protection awareness, and ultimately the formation of society as a whole to pay attention to the environment, pay attention to human health and survival of a good social atmosphere. From the exporting country's government, in order to make the country's economy sustained and healthy development, we must completely give up the original "sacrifice the living environment as the price of economic development" economic growth model, and gradually embark on a coordinated development of the economy, society and culture of the sustainable growth of the road; for the exporting country's enterprises, in order to be in the increasingly competitive international market, to occupy a place, we need to be aware of the importance of the environment. For enterprises in exporting countries, in order to occupy a place in the increasingly competitive international market, it is necessary to comply with the requirements of the development of the international market, and endeavor to carry out technological innovation, green product development, strict implementation of production standards, and strengthen the environmental management of the production process. In short, the exporting country governments and enterprises in foreign green trade barriers in the "push mechanism" under the strategy and action, for the exporting country consumers to implement the green behavior to create the conditions, but also can guide people to pay more attention to the survival of mankind and the future development of the state. Third, the positive impact of green trade barriers on the global From a global perspective, green trade barriers will also produce "positive externalities". In the long run, the implementation of green trade barriers can bring about the improvement of the global ecological environment and related technological innovation and industrial upgrading, and has a positive significance for the sustainable development of the global community. First, green trade barriers produce environmental spillover effects. As green trade barriers require that trade products must meet the requirements of environmental protection and human safety and health, so in order to cross the green trade barriers, trade products must be green, pollution-free, and beneficial to environmental protection and human health. The global environment is originally integrated and indivisible, the protection of a country's environment is also bound to have a positive impact on neighboring countries and even the global environment. Just as the import of Brazilian timber and related products to be restricted, objectively play a role in the protection of the Brazilian rainforest, which is not only the importing country's needs, but also the exporting country and the world as a whole, is the need to protect the normal temperature of the earth. Secondly, green trade barriers produce technical spillover effects. The implementation of green trade barriers will objectively promote the exporting countries to improve their own technical equipment, improve the level of production technology, increase the degree of environmental protection of products and their production processes. With the gradual maturation of green products, its export market is no longer limited to the original importing countries, in the process of developing other markets, invariably make the third-country consumers enjoy the green consumer goods, while increasing the third-country producers to obtain, learn and imitate the opportunities of new technologies, stimulate the development of environmental protection industry in third countries. And the improvement of environmental protection technology and the development of environmental protection industry in the third country will have a spillover effect, with the green export of its products and the promotion of environmental protection technology, drive more countries to improve the level of environmental protection technology. At the same time, in order to meet the rising global environmental protection requirements, governments and enterprises will increase more investment in green products and technologies, thus promoting the further improvement of global environmental protection technology level. Therefore, the implementation of green trade barriers to the global green product development, environmental technology development has a positive impact. This is the technology spillover effect of green trade barriers. Finally, green trade barriers produce system spillover effects. Institutional spillovers include both formal institutional spillovers and informal institutional spillovers. As the implementation of green trade barriers to promote the improvement of the global economic and technological level and the establishment of the global green consumer market, so the governments of the country's products will formulate more stringent norms of production and technical standards, to create a sound system of domestic and international environmental regulations, in order to improve the degree of environmental friendliness of the products, to meet the consumer's conditions of life and the quality of survival of the higher requirements. At the same time, with the popularization and promotion of green products, the international market for green products continues to improve, and the environmental awareness of the public will gradually improve, forming a good social style of protecting the Earth, protecting the environment, and protecting all mankind. In this good system conditions, non-environmental products will no longer have a foothold. In other words, due to the establishment of green trade barriers to make non-environmental products have no place, thus promoting the establishment and improvement of the global environmental protection system.