Medical sports referred to as "physical therapy", is based on the characteristics of the disease to take a variety of physical exercise methods to prevent and treat disease. It is through the impact of physical activity on the human body to treat disease and trauma, prevent complications, accelerate the recovery of function and labor. In medical science is an emerging independent discipline, is a branch of sports medicine, but also an important part of rehabilitation medicine.
Medical sports have a long history. China is the first country in the world to apply medical sports. As early as three thousand years ago, there have been records of the application of sports to cure diseases. Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals - and music chapter: "The former Tao Tang's beginning of the Yin more stagnant ambush and Zhanzhi ...... muscle and bone shrinkage is not up to the so as to dance to guide the." This is the earliest example of the use of movement to cure disease. To the Zhou, Qin (about 700 BC to 200 BC) has been clearly mentioned guide and press, that is, today's medical gymnastics and massage. In the ancient medical work "Nei Jing", there is a description of the role and indications of guiding to prevent and treat diseases. From the silk painting "Guiding Diagram" unearthed in the Han Tomb of Changsha Mawangdui (No. 3), it can be seen that there was already a complete set of medical sports methods at that time. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor, summarized the experience of his predecessors and developed the famous "Five Animal Acts", which imitated the movements and postures of tigers, deer, bears, apes, and birds to carry out physical activities in order to enhance physical fitness and prevent and treat diseases, which had a great influence on the development of medical sports in China. Sui, Tang later, in a variety of medical works such as Sui Chao Yuanfang recorded "the origin of all diseases," Tang Sun Simiao's "Thousand Golden Fonds" and other medical books have been a special chapter on the guide, health care method. Subsequently, taijiquan, eight-duanjin and other sets of medical sports methods developed one after another. These medical sports methods are characterized by emphasizing the exercise of "intention", requiring "unity of intention and qi", "intention and body follow each other", that is, the combination of consciousness and respiration, gymnastics, and sometimes with massage. Therefore, both in content and form are colorful, forming our unique style and system.
Ancient Greek physician Hippocrates (Hippokrates, about 460 ~ 377 BC) was the earliest application of gymnastics in the West to treat disease, the ancient Roman physician Galen (Galen, about 130 ~ 200) pointed out the impact of exercise therapy on physical and mental health and attention. Caelices Aurelianus (around the end of the fifth century AD) applied aquatic gymnastics, suspension and the use of pulleys and weights for power therapy, and for the first time used to treat paralyzed patients.Ling (1776~1839) created the Swedish Gymnastics, that is, the use of some equipment such as ribbed logs, gymnastic benches, etc., with the use of unarmed gymnastics in order to specialize in exercising the various parts of the body. In short, in the West to functional exercise as its characteristics.
In the 18th century, France's Amiot and Sweden's Ling were scholars who communicated between our country and Western medical sports. Amiot introduced our country's medical sports to Europe, and Ling introduced our country's physical therapy methods to modern medicine.
After liberation, China's medical sports has a new development, not only in hospitals, sanatoriums to carry out this work, but also in some of the schools, mines and rural grass-roots level has also been promoted. In addition to the inheritance and development of our national characteristics of boxing, work, exercise, etc., but also the Western functional exercise, equipment therapy, etc., absorption and application, and in the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, neurological and other diseases and sports system injuries and illnesses prevention and treatment of certain achievements. Some units have also conducted research on the basic theory of medical sports. At present, China's medical sports work is being developed to a new height.
The mechanism of medical sports treatment of disease is relatively complex, it is through the nerve reflexes, neurohumoral factors, compensatory functions and biomechanics (joints, muscle movement of mechanical effects) and other pathways on the human body's whole body and the local effects and impact, are described as follows:
(1) Improvement of central nervous system and phyto-neural regulation ability. Disease disrupts the normal activities of people, feeds the stimulation of the central nervous system by exercise; certain diseases due to long-term bedridden or less movement, and reduce the peripheral organs centripetal impulse stimulation of the brain, reducing the tension of the cerebral cortex, coupled with the negative inducing influence of the predominantly excitatory foci of some diseases, further weakening the cortical regulation of the function of the whole body. Medical sports increase the excitability of the central nervous system through the activity of peripheral muscles, due to the extensive connection between the motor area of the cerebral cortex and other functional areas, which in turn regulates its function and strengthens the inhibition of the foci of dominant excitability, thus achieving improvement of the disease and preventing and correcting the diseases caused by insufficient exercise. Medical sports can also high-speed balance of the function of the vegetative nervous system, in order to treat certain diseases caused by the dysfunction of the vegetative nervous system.
(2) improve metabolism, improve organ function. Many diseases reduce the cardiopulmonary function to a certain extent, so that the digestive capacity is low, metabolic disorders, is not conducive to the recovery of the disease. Medical sports can enhance the cardiac contraction force of the heart muscle, increase the volume of beat, improve the effectiveness of the respiratory muscles, increase lung capacity and improve the body's oxygen uptake capacity. Exercise can increase the secretion of catecholamine, improve the turnover of thyroxine and growth hormone, after a period of exercise, can make the secretion of insulin increased and hyperglycemia decreased, all these active body metabolism, improve the function, and improve appetite and digestive function, enhance resistance, promote the recovery of health.
(3) Maintain the relationship between form and function. Trauma and certain diseases can cause muscle atrophy and joint dysfunction, disrupting the normal relationship between form and function. Medical sports can accelerate blood flow, dilate small blood vessels, promote systemic and local blood circulation, regulate muscle tone, improve the activity of muscle fiber synthase, so that the muscle fiber thickening, contraction force is strengthened. For joints, it can increase synovial fluid secretion, improve cartilage nutrition, stretch contracture and adhesion tissues, so as to maintain the normal relationship between form and function.
(4) Development of compensation: for irrecoverable loss of function such as amputation, certain nerve paralysis, etc., the development of compensation can be maximized through medical sports.
Medical sports methods are:
Medical sports
Medical gymnastics because of the role of the site can be chosen at will, the amount of exercise is easy to grasp, and a variety of methods are conducive to improve the mood, because of these is the main therapeutic method of medical sports. According to the different effects of exercise on the human body can be divided into passive exercise, power exercise, active exercise and resistance exercise. According to the different methods of exercise, it can be divided into unarmed gymnastics and gymnastics with equipment (such as gymnastics sticks, hammers, etc.). According to the different purposes of exercise can be divided into focusing on the development of respiratory function of respiratory gymnastics: stretching contracture muscle groups, prevention and control of low back pain stretching gymnastics and hanging methods; relaxation training to relax spasmodic muscle nine; accelerate nerve paralysis to restore function of the ontogeny of the promotion of the method and the water movement; accelerate the mastery of the use of crutches walking exercises; to restore the ability to speak the language training, and so on.
National forms of exercise such as taijiquan, Yi Jin Jing, eight brocade, five bird play, a variety of health care work. Because of our unique national form, popular with the masses.
Aerobic training method and a variety of fitness training activities focus on improving cardiorespiratory function. There are medical line sincere, jogging, walking and running alternately, bicycling, mountaineering, swimming, boating, traveling and some ball games.
Instrumental therapy is a method of therapy in which activities are performed on specialized equipment. There are various types of pendulum devices, stationary bicycles, transfer wheels, progressive resistance devices and isokinetic exercisers.
Occupational therapy is often used to treat illnesses through light physical labor such as gardening, knitting, and simple processing operations.
Qigong and bio-retrieval are exercise methods that utilize induction and self-regulation of respiratory and vegetative nerve activities, and have unique therapeutic effects on the treatment of some diseases. Combined with medical gymnastics, they often have a mutually reinforcing effect.
Massage, traction are passive treatment
Massage through the hands or instruments in the mouth only body surface to implement a variety of techniques (or vibration) to prevent and treat some diseases. China's massage has a unique approach based on the theory of the motherland medicine and treatment law, more widely used. Massage is often combined with other medical sports methods.
Traction application of special traction belt and device, a part of the human body for traction. Commonly used in the treatment of some spinal disc lesions and limb joint dysfunction. Medical gymnastics before and after traction can improve the therapeutic effect.
Natural factors exercise, that is, the three baths exercise The use of sunlight (solarium), air (air bath), water (water bath) to exercise the body, improve the body's resistance and adaptability to the climate. Generally combined with other medical sports methods.
The indications for medical sports are broad and growing, see Medical Sports for Various Diseases.
Contraindications to medical sports are as follows: ① serious condition, in a state of shock or delirium, generalized failure or significant malaise. ② acute stage of the disease, or disease progression deterioration; obvious inflammation has not been controlled. ③ Chronic disease activity, the disease has worsened, such as the body temperature is rising, the blood sedimentation is accelerating, bleeding continues to exist and increasing, or the symptoms are becoming more serious. ④ Serious mental illness or highly uncooperative people. ⑤ Those with excessive trauma that has not been treated, fractures or dislocations that have not been properly treated, or sharp foreign bodies near major nerve trunks or major blood vessels. ⑥ malignant tumors have not been properly treated or have been widely metastasized with severe pain.
With the development of modern medicine, medical sports are constantly adding new contents, forms and tasks: medical sports in clinical medicine, as a measure of comprehensive treatment, increasingly emphasized. For example, in orthopedics, functional exercise is listed as one of the four basic elements of treatment; in some cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders in the prevention and treatment of diseases, affirmed the importance of quantitative activities; in geriatrics, medical sports on the prevention and treatment of a variety of degenerative diseases has an important role, and the recovery of various diseases have to go through the rehabilitation stage, medical sports is an important part of rehabilitation medicine. In short, medical sports can not only promote the clinical cure of many diseases, but also accelerate the recovery of various functions. In the treatment object, in addition to patients, in recent years, more attention to the middle-aged and elderly people's medical sports, in order to prevent and treat the lack of exercise and the diseases caused by the lack of movement, also known as the "lack of movement disease" or "civilization disease", including vascular disease, metabolic disease and degenerative diseases. At present, many countries have put forward "exercise prescription" to solve the problem of reasonable exercise for the middle-aged and the elderly as well as certain patients with chronic diseases. In addition, medical sports are also related to the health care of the general public, such as the application of workplace exercises or other simple physical therapy to prevent and control certain occupational diseases, reflecting the combination of prevention and treatment. Treatment methods and diseases are constantly being supplemented and developed. In recent years, aerobic training method, biological teaching method, isokinetic exercises and so on are getting more and more attention and application. Especially in our country, the motherland medicine and inheritance and continue to explore, all kinds of guiding techniques, including the five bird play, etc., more applied to clinical treatment. At present, in addition to continuing the popularization and improvement of clinical work, it is equally important to further apply various advanced scientific research means and carry out in-depth research on the theoretical mechanism to clarify its therapeutic effect. In the treatment of diseases, although post-surgical body therapy for tumors has been proposed for many years, its clinical application is still limited to breast cancer eradication, enterostomy, laryngectomy, amputation, and post-brain tumor resection, and its role and value are yet to be further observed and studied.
In conclusion, medical sports and other disciplines, as in the theoretical basis, operational techniques and clinical applications, there are problems to be solved, some aspects of the blank (such as the application of electronic computers in medical sports, etc.), in addition to further strengthening the links with other disciplines. These are to be continued efforts to make medical sports in the protection of people's health to play a greater role.