However, at present, most schools mainly limit the cultivation of students' aesthetic taste and ability to art education, and many people regard aesthetic education as an accessory to the development of students' quality, often ignoring its independence and essential characteristics. Even mistakenly think that art education is aesthetic education, and aesthetic education is art education. Admittedly, art, music and other art disciplines have rich aesthetic factors, which is recognized. However, Chinese teaching contains rich natural beauty, social beauty, scientific beauty and artistic beauty, which is undeniable and can not be ignored.
The French artist Rodin once said: "For our eyes, it is not the lack of beauty, but the lack of discovery." Chinese teaching is beautiful, its beauty is the artistic embodiment of teaching materials and teachers' concentration, and it is the beauty of teachers' creative work. It can not only promote the healthy growth of students, but also cultivate students with beauty, promote their intellectual development, improve their observation, imagination, thinking and creativity, and cultivate noble personality. More importantly, aesthetic education in Chinese teaching activities has unique disciplinary advantages. Chinese teachers should fully discover the factors of beauty and guide students to appreciate beauty. In this way, it can not only enliven classroom teaching, stimulate students' interest in learning and improve teaching quality, but also play a very important role in cultivating students' sentiment and improving their spiritual realm.
So, how to cultivate students' aesthetic ability in middle school Chinese teaching? First of all, we must clarify several issues:
First, what is aesthetics? The Dictionary of Education explains: "Aesthetics is a positive value orientation activity or value realization activity, and its connotation is to understand the beauty of things or works of art ... neither perceptual nor rational. It is the special experience of human (subject) to the world (object), the communication between subject and object, and the conscious integration. " People's aesthetics is a kind of spiritual demand, and it is the expectation and pursuit of beautiful things and phenomena. From this perspective, aesthetics is a series of thinking activities such as observation, perception, connection, imagination, and even understanding and judgment of beautiful things and phenomena. If a person has no desire to pursue beauty, there is no need to feel beauty, appreciate beauty, understand beauty and evaluate beauty. Only those who love life and long for beauty can pursue and create beauty with full enthusiasm and strong interest. Therefore, a person's growth process can never be separated from the cultivation of aesthetic quality. In short, aesthetics is to feel, understand and evaluate the beauty of people, things and things. Beauty is primary and exists objectively. From the perspective of aesthetic object, it must be beautiful. People's aesthetic feeling is secondary and subjective. From the perspective of aesthetic subject, aesthetic content has refined and popular choices. Therefore, we should clarify the second question-
What is aesthetic taste? Aesthetic taste is people's direct and perceptual aesthetic evaluation and attitude towards various phenomena and things in nature and social life and the aesthetic value of works of art according to their own aesthetic views, which is mainly expressed through personal subjective hobbies, thus showing people's tendency of aesthetic choice. The difference of people's aesthetic taste is not only related to everyone's living conditions and social practice, but also related to their own aesthetic literacy, aesthetic views and aesthetic ideals. Cultivating good aesthetic taste is an important task of aesthetic education. Aesthetic taste is an independent judgment, which does not depend on concepts or logical reasoning. In traditional teaching, although we also pay attention to the cultivation of students' aesthetic taste, due to the limitations of students' life experience, cultural accomplishment and teachers' teaching methods, we have no intuitive impression on students and cannot feel the beauty of things. Aesthetics is constantly changing and developing, and it is a complex advanced spiritual activity of human beings. The change of aesthetic level is directly related to people's cultural accomplishment. Different people and groups have different degrees of differences in aesthetic taste and aesthetic consciousness. Therefore, it is necessary for Chinese teaching to guide students to know and agree that all human beings have healthy aesthetic taste in the collective subconscious.
Third, what is the connotation of cultivating students' aesthetic ability? In short, cultivating students' aesthetic ability is to cultivate students' quality and ability to feel, appreciate, evaluate and create beauty in people, things, things and literary works. Aesthetic ability refers to the ability of people to discover, feel, judge, evaluate and appreciate beauty in aesthetic activities. Cultivating students' aesthetic ability can cultivate their emotions, purify their hearts, help them form a perfect personality and promote their all-round and healthy development. China people's aesthetics has its own aesthetics and life aesthetics. The aesthetics of Chinese itself means that Chinese learners can discover and appreciate the beauty of Chinese characters from the aspects of glyphs, phonology, rhetoric and literature. Chinese Curriculum Standards holds that literature education is an important way to cultivate Chinese aesthetic taste. It is necessary to guide students to immerse themselves in their works, gain emotional experience, absorb the essence of literary works, understand the connotation of works, improve their humanistic quality and enrich their humanistic connotation.
After understanding the above problems, in view of the present situation of students' Chinese learning, the author thinks that we can cultivate students' aesthetic ability from the following four aspects.
First, make good use of teaching materials and explore the aesthetic characteristics contained in the teaching materials
There are many colorful artistic images, fascinating profound artistic conception, concise and vivid beautiful words and expressions, and strong touching lyrical colors in middle school Chinese textbooks. As a Chinese teacher, in teaching, we should not only let students feel and experience these aesthetic contents and forms according to the contents of the teaching materials, but also follow the law of students' aesthetics, from superficial to deep, from surface to inside, from experience to judgment, tap the aesthetic characteristics contained in the teaching materials and cultivate students' aesthetic ability. Only in this way can beauty be better infiltrated in reading teaching, thus improving students' aesthetic consciousness and ability.
(A), appreciate the beauty of language in the scrutiny
In middle school Chinese teaching, poetry is concise and vivid, prose sentences are beautiful and diverse, and narrative dialogue is full of personality. In teaching, teachers should guide students to carefully scrutinize and appreciate, which can not only improve students' sense of language, but also enable students to be influenced by beauty.
1. Deliberately vivid words. Generally speaking, poets and writers attach great importance to the vivid use of words, and its subtlety lies in its image and rich content. In the text Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, the author describes the beauty of moonlight, such as "diarrhea", "floating", "washing", "cage" and different verbs. Guide students to understand and ponder these words, and it is easy to appreciate the beauty expressed in the article.
2. Appreciate beautiful sentences. Prose occupies a considerable proportion in middle school Chinese textbooks, and every essay is a good material to cultivate students' aesthetic ability. Vivid language always depends on beautiful sentence patterns to express it. Some sentences are symmetrical and pay attention to neatness and beauty, while others are uneven and pay attention to the beauty of paragraphs. For example, The Drunken Pavilion contains more than 400 words. The author creatively uses 2 1 word of "Ye" to construct the whole article, and the neat and changeable 2 1 word of "Ye" makes the article echo back and forth, forming a chanting artistic conception with a sense of rhythm, which fully shows the charm of language art. Guide students to read repeatedly and analyze the structural relationship between clauses, so that students can fully recall their beautiful charm in appreciation and get the edification of beauty.
3. Dialogue between thinking and personality. Dialogue description is a description method to describe characters by describing their dialogues. Language is the expression of a character's ideological quality, personality characteristics and psychological activities. A successful dialogue description must conform to the identity, occupation, social status, experience and upbringing, living habits and mental state of the characters, so that readers can listen to their words, observe their actions and know their hearts. The article Lotus Lake has made outstanding achievements in dialogue description. He is good at describing the rich inner world of characters with concise pen and ink and simple life language. In reading, guide students to ponder and study carefully, and you will certainly find many things worth pondering. So as to realize the aesthetic feeling of character characteristics and even ideological quality. Therefore, in Chinese teaching, it plays a very important role in cultivating students' aesthetic consciousness and the ability to think about language with individuality.
(B) expanding the artistic conception of beauty in imagination
Artistic conception beauty is the highest realm of artistic beauty. China's traditional aesthetics holds that "meaning" is the essence of artistic beauty. The teaching of artistic conception beauty can make students deeply understand the works, generate associations, enrich their imagination, have a strong desire to create, and get the best teaching effect.
In teaching, teachers should not only encourage students to develop bold and reasonable imagination, but also teach students how to master imagination, constantly appreciate the beautiful artistic conception expressed in the article in imagination, fully tap the characteristics of the textbook itself, let students develop imagination by virtue of familiar related scenes, let students make inferential imagination according to the development of things, and let students make reasonable imagination in connection with real life, thus cultivating students' aesthetic consciousness and ability.
The word "artistic conception" seems to belong to poetry in many people's minds, but it is not, "meaning" and emotional thinking; Environment, image also. Prose is not only a free and diverse style that pays attention to the real world, but also has its own pursuit of specific artistic conception; In ancient times, there was a saying that "poetry is a family" and "there are paintings in the text", which also revealed the beauty of artistic conception, not only poetry but also prose; Moreover, modern people's definition of "prose is beautiful" also recognizes that prose is homogeneous and has both form and spirit. At the same time, it also recognizes a feature of prose in essence, that is, it uses unique and beautiful language to create a specific situation to pin its philosophical feelings.
Therefore, in Chinese teaching, teachers should not only pay attention to the artistic conception teaching of poetry, but also pay attention to the artistic conception teaching of prose. Only by fully cultivating students' imagination can students' aesthetic ability be continuously improved.
Second, entertaining, nourishing the soul and cultivating students' healthy aesthetic taste.
The new curriculum standard requires Chinese courses to pay attention to improving students' moral cultivation and aesthetic taste, so that students can gradually form a good personality and a sound personality, and promote the harmonious development of morality, intelligence, physique and beauty. Therefore, the important dimension of "emotional attitude and values" in curriculum objectives is strengthened. In other words, cultivating students' noble moral sentiment and healthy aesthetic taste, and forming correct values and positive attitude towards life are important contents of Chinese curriculum, not external additional tasks. Of course, the ideological education in Chinese teaching should conform to the characteristics of Chinese education, pay attention to edification and infection, and infiltrate the requirements of "emotional attitude and values" into the teaching process.
(1) Experience emotional beauty in reading.
Emotional experience is a psychological factor that can not be ignored in reading teaching, and it is an important way to educate students in aesthetic education, and reading text is one of the effective ways to experience emotion. We guide students to read the text repeatedly, that is, to enable students to better acquire the ability to learn Chinese in the training of Chinese characters, and to cultivate students' thoughts and feelings organically.
Then, how to read the text, so that students can appreciate the emotional beauty of the text? The first is model reading. The teacher's demonstration reading function should not be underestimated. It can arouse students' emotions and make students → teachers → authors have emotional voices. At the same time, through reading model essays, students will imitate some reading skills of teachers and improve their reading level. The second is self-reading. After listening to Fan's reading aloud, students imitate self-reading to try to figure out the author's mood, which is further influenced by the mood in the text. The third is the introduction, which can directly express the true and beautiful feelings of the author and readers for some special sentences and paragraphs that explain the problem and have layers. The fourth is to discuss reading. Read aloud through the comments, and let the students feel the emotion of the article by themselves.
For example, the beauty of affection behind, the beauty of life in The Last Leaf, the beauty of integrity in Introduction to the South, and the beauty of seeking knowledge in the twilight of the wilderness … all these emotional beauty need to be understood through reading aloud.
(B) Clever use of lead to feel the pleasure of beauty.
People say: a good beginning is half the battle. Therefore, the beginning of a class is very important. Experienced teachers attach great importance to the design of lead. They are good at grasping students' interests and "throwing stones at the waves", which can often arouse students' enthusiasm and infatuation in an instant. Exquisite introduction can adjust students' psychology, stimulate students' strong interest and guide students into colorful Chinese classes.
Lead is mainly designed according to different contents and styles. It can be humorous and vivid language, beautiful and pleasant pictures, light and lively music, philosophical questions or a small activity. The introduction skillfully sets up suspense, which paves the way for students to further experience the beauty of characters in textbooks, and it strongly attracts students to actively participate in aesthetic teaching activities.
Psychological research shows that happy emotions have obvious advantages in learning, which can stimulate and maintain interest in learning and bring a clear state to the brain. Therefore, proper guidance can not only eliminate students' fatigue, concentrate students' energy and stimulate students' interest, but also give students a harmonious and happy psychological experience and feel the beauty of happiness.
Third, expand reading and improve students' positive aesthetic ability.
As the saying goes, you can only see far if you stand high. The level of people's understanding of things is related to the depth of knowledge and life experience. High cultural accomplishment and rich life experience are one of the basic conditions for an aesthetician to evaluate an aesthetic object. Extensive extracurricular reading can help students improve their knowledge, broaden their horizons and enrich their life experiences.
(A) to stimulate the accumulation of interest in reading, improve aesthetic taste
Interest is a great motivation to stimulate and promote students' extracurricular reading. Russian educator ushinski pointed out: "Without any interest, forced learning will stifle students' willingness to master knowledge. "Only when students are interested can they have a positive demand for extracurricular reading from the bottom of their hearts. Therefore, teachers should stimulate students' interest in extracurricular reading and improve aesthetic taste in reading accumulation. In the teaching process, in order to better arouse students' reading expectations, teachers should recommend classic works to students and briefly introduce the main characters and plots in the book. Under the guidance of teachers and the encouragement of celebrity stories, the intrinsic learning initiative is activated, and they are full of expectation and yearning for reading, and can't wait to find the pleasure of reading from words.
Suhomlinski once said: "There is a deep-rooted need to be a discoverer, researcher and explorer in people's hearts, and this need is particularly strong in children's spiritual world." Therefore, in reading teaching, we often stimulate students' desire to explore reading materials by cleverly setting suspense. Sometimes show the title or topic of the article and guide students to ask questions according to the topic; Sometimes, after the wonderful fragments in the book are finished, they come to an abrupt end, so that students can take the initiative to read with full doubts. In short, teachers try their best to make students feel that there are endless treasures hidden in the book, stimulate students' desire to read, and thus improve their aesthetic interest in reading accumulation.
(2) Teaching methods to improve students' reading aesthetic ability.
Students' extracurricular reading is manifested in the purpose and significance of reading. There are several situations: first, interesting reading is mainly caused by reading materials-the story is wonderful and meaningful; Second, recreational reading, mainly adjustment-casual reading; Third, accumulate reading, understand and master knowledge-broaden the knowledge background; Fourth, appreciative reading-improving aesthetic and evaluation ability. All the above forms of reading are necessary in people's lives, but to improve students' aesthetic ability, we must focus on guiding "appreciative reading".
1, grasp the appearance, manner, language, movements and psychological activities of the characters, and experience reading. Speak your mind and express your thoughts. A person's words and deeds reflect his heart and show his mental outlook. The author writes about people, and shows the immortal world of characters through the description of his thoughts, actions, appearance and facial expressions. Therefore, when reading, we should pay attention to the expression, language, movements, psychological activities and appearance description of the characters, so as to feel the mental outlook, beauty of the characters and beauty of the works.
2, grasp the concept, layout contact reading. Students' compositions are often straightforward, and teachers always lament that students are talking, writing articles with unclear levels or poor article planning ability. In fact, students lack knowledge and exercise. When reading after class, let students see how the front and back are written, how the beginning and the end are written, how to read the idea and layout of this article, and how to use the layout of the article in their usual way. Comparatively speaking, we know that an article should be a carefully carved work of art, which should not only have beautiful words, vivid images, far-reaching artistic conception and unique arguments, but also have ingenious layout and unique opinions, so as to feel the structural beauty of reading materials and improve aesthetic ability.
(3) read good books and establish a correct aesthetic view in excellent works.
Curie said: "A book is a society. A good book is a good society. It can cultivate people's feelings and temperament and make people noble. " Good books educate people with healthy thoughts, inspire people with touching stories, edify people with noble sentiments, attract people with tense, thrilling and tortuous plots, and enrich people with scientific knowledge. Only by educating students to read good books can students be infected and cultivated by the beauty of labor, characters, society and nature from good books, and then they can understand the truth, goodness and beauty and establish a correct aesthetic view.
Reading a good book means growing up with the mind in reading. Reading good books and books that are beneficial to our growth should be our first choice. Reading a good book will pay off your efforts. The best books give you the most feedback. Of course, there are two kinds of such feedback: first, when you successfully finish reading a good book that is difficult to read, your reading ability will definitely improve. Secondly, more importantly in the long run, a good book can let you know about the world and yourself. You not only know how to read, but also know how to live. You become smarter, not just more knowledgeable-just like a book that only provides information. Good books are our inner vitality. If we have no inner vitality, our intelligence, morality and mind will stop growing and we will die.
Fourth, the combination of reading and writing internalizes the creative ability of the subject.
The subject of teaching is the students. Only through students' study can the humanistic consciousness and aesthetic factors in the works achieve the aesthetic effect of mutual infiltration and integration of subject and object. In teaching, teachers should pay attention to students' internal needs, design teaching activities according to students' psychological characteristics and personality differences, stimulate students' subjective consciousness, make students consciously become masters of aesthetic activities, and thus gain the subjective ability to create beauty. Chinese teaching should transform knowledge into language ability of listening, speaking, reading and writing through training links such as reading, thinking, discussing, practicing and evaluating.
(A) Reading thinking internalizes students' ability to create beauty
Reading, namely reading books and newspapers, is the absorption of information. Let the students read, understand and read out their feelings, so that the beautiful words, beautiful artistic conception and character spirit, careful ideas and opinions of the works can be accumulated in the students' hearts. Think, read and think. We should not only think about what beauty is in the article, but also think about how to express beauty in the article, how to actively express beauty and how to create beauty. Therefore, consolidating and digesting the contents of reading materials is not only conducive to internalizing the natural beauty, social beauty and character beauty in reading materials into students' words and thoughts, but also conducive to cultivating students' ability to create beauty.
(B) to improve students' ability to create beauty in writing appreciation.
1, writing is the output of information, and it is the expression of information absorption into internal ability. Teachers should put forward different requirements according to students' different academic conditions. Let students express the beauty they feel in reading with words and pictures, which is a process of creating beauty and a qualitative leap in extracurricular reading.
2. By commenting, evaluating and appreciating, it is one of the important ways to guide students to evaluate the central idea, character spirit and expression of reading materials and judge whether it is right or wrong. In order to facilitate the organization, teachers can let the whole class read a book together, put forward requirements before reading, organize comments and evaluations after reading, and gradually cultivate and improve students' ability to evaluate and appreciate beauty.
Teachers should have a clear understanding, improve students' aesthetic taste and cultivate students' ability to create beauty.
Chinese is a course with strong humanistic color. Excellent works are full of rich flavor of the times, deep emotional color, rich ideological connotation, extensive knowledge of literature and history and profound philosophy of life. However, whether students can deeply understand the humanistic beauty contained in these works depends on the unique guidance of teachers in Chinese teaching, fully excavating the ideological connotation in the works and playing a role in the teaching process; Or comment to guide aesthetics; Or emotions, stimulate emotions; Or nudge to inspire the theme. In Chinese teaching, let students be infected by emotion and passion, pluck the strings of "emotion" in students' hearts, and promote students' understanding, internalization and even emotional transfer of works. Under the influence of humanistic feelings, aesthetic consciousness can germinate and aesthetic ability can be improved. In this era of vigorously promoting the integration of aesthetic education into the whole process of school education, it is very meaningful to carry out aesthetic education in extracurricular reading guidance. It will have a good influence on students' physical and mental health, promote the development of the whole education, and is of great significance to the progress of the whole country and society.