Experts say that the incubation period of this disease is about 14 ~ 15 days.
1. Why is chickenpox more common in children?
Zhao Lianhao: Chickenpox is an infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster virus. It happens in winter and spring. Because children's immune system is not yet mature, it often causes epidemic in kindergartens or primary schools. It is highly contagious and can be spread by contact or droplets. The incidence of susceptible children can reach more than 95%.
2. What are the manifestations of chickenpox?
Zhao Lianhao: The incubation period of this disease is about 14 ~ 15 days. The onset is acute, mild and moderate fever with rash, which first occurs in the compressed parts of scalp and trunk and shows centripetal distribution. During the eruption period of 1 ~ 6 days, rashes appeared in batches. Skin lesions show the evolution process from macula, papule, herpes and scab, leaving no scars.
3. Will chickenpox appear in adults?
Zhao Lianhao: The disease is transmitted through direct contact with patients or through respiratory tract, and it is also related to the immunity of the body. Children are easily infected with chickenpox because of their low cellular and humoral immune function. However, the cellular immunity and humoral immunity of adults are stronger than those of children, so adults are generally not easy to get chicken pox. However, in recent years, the number of patients with chickenpox in adults has increased, the course of disease and prodromal period are longer, and the symptoms of systemic symptoms, skin lesions and itching are more serious than those in children, which may be related to factors such as mental stress, fatigue, irregular life and decreased resistance.
Experts say that if a pregnant woman develops chickenpox before labor, the fetus will also be infected.
4. What are the complications of chickenpox?
Zhao Lianhao: ① Viral pneumonia: On the 2nd-3rd day after the outbreak of chickenpox, some children with weak constitution or immunocompromised people often have viral pneumonia. The symptoms are similar to bacterial pneumonia, which can cause cough, chest pain, high fever, dyspnea and even hemoptysis, and even lead to death in severe cases. The main feature of this kind of pneumonia is that with the disappearance of chicken pox rash, the pulmonary symptoms gradually improve. The secondary pneumonia caused by bacteria appears in the late stage of chicken pox scabbing.
② Viral encephalitis: Viral encephalitis is caused by direct invasion of varicella-zoster virus into brain tissue, which often occurs at the peak of eruption. The main symptoms are headache, fever, vomiting, aphasia and coma. Although only a few children have encephalitis after chickenpox, the mortality rate is very high, so we should be especially vigilant.
③ Hemorrhagic varicella: After varicella-zoster virus invades the blood system, it will cause changes in blood composition and function, leading to decreased coagulation function. The most obvious thing is that chickenpox has turned into blood pox, which was originally water-drop herpes and turned into pomegranate seed herpes. In addition to varicella bleeding, nasal cavity and digestive tract bleeding can also be seen, and some people have hematuria, which can lead to death in severe cases.
④ Septicemia: After skin herpes is damaged, bacteria directly invade the sore surface, causing suppurative inflammation, which can lead to lymphadenitis and cellulitis. Bacteria entering the blood can lead to sepsis. Suppurative herpes can leave pockmarks similar to smallpox scars after healing.
⑤ Harm to the fetus: After pregnant women are infected with varicella-zoster virus, the virus can enter the fetus through the placenta, causing harm to the fetus. If a pregnant woman develops chickenpox before labor, the fetus will also be infected.
5. How to treat chickenpox?
Zhao Lianhao: (1) Western medicine treatment: mainly patient isolation, symptomatic treatment, antiviral treatment and prevention of secondary infection. Internal medicine ① Acyclovir tablets are taken orally and started to be used within 24 hours after onset, which has a significant effect on inhibiting the formation of skin lesions and reducing the appearance of new skin lesions. Children and teenagers should take drugs according to the instructions. ② Interferon can be injected intramuscularly in severe patients. (3) Febrile drugs can be given for high fever, and antihistamines can be given for those with obvious itching. Topical medicine can be calamine lotion, acyclovir ointment, interferon ointment and antibiotic ointment, which can be used for patients with secondary rash. (2) TCM treatment: The general principle of TCM treatment of this disease is: clearing heat, promoting diuresis and detoxifying. In the early and middle stage, expelling wind and clearing heat, promoting diuresis and detoxifying are the main methods, and in the later stage, attention should be paid to nourishing yin and strengthening spleen and eliminating dampness.
6. How to treat chickenpox in pregnant women?
Zhao Lianhao: ① If you are infected with chickenpox within 3 months of pregnancy, you can consider abortion.
② If you are infected with chickenpox in 3 ~ 5 months of pregnancy, it is suggested that pregnant mothers take samples of fetal umbilical cord blood at 6 months of pregnancy to check whether there are chickenpox antibodies in fetal blood for further evaluation. At present, domestic medicine cannot provide a scientific method for whether the fetus is infected with varicella virus. Only three-dimensional B-ultrasound can confirm whether it is abnormal, but this is only one of the manifestations of the influence of varicella on the fetus.
(3) If chickenpox occurs after more than 5 months of pregnancy, you can continue to be pregnant because of the extremely low risk, but you still need to check the fetal development abnormality regularly.
If you are infected with chickenpox near the expected date of delivery, you should try to avoid giving birth within 4 days. If you have labor pains, you should have an abortion. Generally speaking, newborns give birth five days after the eruption, and there will be no serious systemic infection.
⑤ If the parturient has chickenpox within 2 days after delivery, the newborn with infection symptoms can be given immunoglobulin.
⑥ When infected with chickenpox before and after delivery, the mother should be isolated from the newborn and stop breastfeeding. In principle, pregnant women should try not to be treated after suffering from chickenpox, but it is still very important for pregnant women if the reaction is great. When treating mild chickenpox, use drugs that are harmless to the fetus, mainly to supplement energy and strengthen nursing. Patients with moderate and severe varicella still recommend antiviral treatment, but after treatment, it is necessary to check whether the fetus is affected.
Experts say: it is not appropriate to take children to public places during the chicken pox epidemic season in winter and spring.
7. How to care for chickenpox?
Zhao Lianhao: ① Because chickenpox is highly contagious, it is necessary to avoid infecting others after being infected with chickenpox, so the patient should be isolated first. Avoid contact between sick children and healthy children as much as possible, and isolate them at home until they all scab.
(2) Let patients pay attention to rest and keep the indoor air fresh and the temperature and humidity appropriate. Drink plenty of boiled water, keep your mouth clean, make sure to replenish enough water, and eat some nutritious and digestible light food.
③ Keep skin clean and strengthen skin care. Wear soft clothes and hats to avoid skin abrasion, and guide and manage sick children not to scratch acne rash with their hands to avoid scratching and causing infection.
(4) Sick children's bedding should be dried frequently and changed frequently to prevent skin itching caused by wearing tight clothes and covering thick quilts, and scratching herpes.
⑤ Children with chickenpox may have pneumonia and encephalitis. If you find that the sick child has persistent high fever, aggravated cough and asthma, or symptoms such as headache, vomiting, restlessness or drowsiness, you should seek medical advice promptly.
8.？ Can you ask experts to give personal constructive opinions on chickenpox according to their own experience in diagnosis and treatment?
Zhao Lianhao: Don't take your children to public places during the chicken pox epidemic season in winter and spring. Chickenpox patients found in kindergartens and schools should be treated in isolation. Keep skin and clothes clean during treatment, and avoid eating spicy and fried food. The treatment of chickenpox should be timely to prevent secondary bacterial infection. Generally speaking, the older the onset, the more serious the symptoms. Although chickenpox is self-limited, timely and reasonable treatment and nursing can obviously relieve symptoms, shorten the course of treatment and reduce secondary infections and scars. Traditional Chinese medicine is effective in treating chickenpox and can be used as the first choice for chickenpox treatment. Generally, clearing away heat, promoting diuresis and detoxicating are the main drugs in the early stage, and commonly used drugs are Radix Isatidis, Radix Arnebiae, Fructus Forsythiae, Herba Houttuyniae, Rhizoma Smilacis Glabrae, Herba Artemisiae Scopariae and so on. In the later stage, we should pay attention to strengthening the spleen and eliminating dampness, and add yam, coix seed, atractylodes macrocephala, poria cocos and so on. If the blister is complicated with bacterial infection, western medicine antibiotics can be added. Dietotherapy can also be used during chickenpox, which can shorten the course of treatment and promote the healing of blisters. For example, carrots, horseshoes, sugar cane and barley can all be cooked as tea. It is advisable to give a digestible and nutritious liquid and semi-liquid diet. It is advisable to drink mung bean soup, honeysuckle dew, wheat soup, porridge, noodles, dragon beard egg noodles and so on. Eat more fresh fruits and vegetables to supplement the vitamins in the body. Drink more boiled water.
Chickenpox, like other fevers, is not suitable for spicy food. Spicy products can help fire produce phlegm and make fever more serious. This kind of food is like pepper, spicy oil, mustard, curry, garlic, leek, fennel, cinnamon and pepper. Greasy things, children with chickenpox often have poor appetite and digestive function because of fever, so it is not advisable to eat greasy things, such as fried sesame balls, moderate fruit, fried pork chops, fried steak, fried chicken, etc. These things are difficult to digest and will increase the burden on the gastrointestinal tract. Hot food and chickenpox should be treated mainly by clearing away heat and toxic materials, so the food is hot and can't be taken. This kind of food includes dog meat, mutton, venison, sparrow meat, broad bean, garlic sprout, leek, longan, litchi, jujube and millet.
9. What else should I pay attention to?
Zhao Lianhao: Everyone noticed that varicella is caused by varicella-zoster virus, among which herpes zoster virus belongs to the same type. Herpes zoster, also known as "waist-wrapped fire pills" and "snake-string sores", is related to this virus. After varicella-zoster virus invades *, it is often "bullying the old and loving the young". Nowadays, when many old people take their grandchildren to kindergarten, chickenpox breaks out in kindergarten. The possibility of herpes zoster in the elderly is very high, which is related to the decline of immunity in middle-aged and elderly people. It is easy to be invaded by varicella-zoster virus, which is caused by amazing similarity, so the elderly should also pay attention to the prevention of varicella virus.
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