First, how can we give birth to a healthy baby?
First of all, premarital and prenatal counseling should be conducted. Husband and wife have a hereditary family history, and their parents have serious heart, liver and kidney diseases. Before getting married and having children, they should consult relevant experts to avoid congenital diseases.
Second, we should strengthen health care during pregnancy. Pregnant women should ensure adequate and balanced nutrition and eat more high-protein and low-fat foods such as milk, lean meat and eggs. Eat more foods rich in vitamins, such as carrots, green leafy vegetables and fruits. Appropriately supplement foods rich in calcium, iron, zinc, iodine and trace elements, such as eggs, beans, grains, kelp and so on.
Third, we should have regular prenatal check-ups. Prenatal B-ultrasound can judge the placenta position, gestational age and multiple births, and can also accurately measure the amniotic fluid volume, which is helpful to decide whether to have a natural delivery or cesarean section and avoid the harm of abnormal delivery to the fetus. B-ultrasound examination of normal pregnancy can be done 1.2 times. Don't do B-ultrasound frequently if it is not necessary.
Fourth, we should avoid the adverse reactions of drugs. Many drugs can enter the fetus through the placenta and have adverse effects on the fetus. Therefore, you must not take the initiative to take medicine after pregnancy. When you are sick, you should consult your doctor whether to take medicine or switch to non-drug treatment. Women with certain diseases, such as hyperthyroidism, must also adjust the types and doses of drugs under the guidance of doctors after pregnancy.
Fifth, we should pay attention to keeping healthy and not getting sick or getting sick less. If the mother suffers from rubella, it may lead to congenital heart disease, cleft lip and palate or other deformities in the newborn.
Second, children's regular physical examination
Children's regular physical examination is to arrange the interval of physical examination reasonably according to the characteristics of children's growth and development, carry out physical measurement and health examination regularly, find out the deviation and abnormality of children's growth and development in time, correct and refer them, understand the problems existing in parents' nursing and feeding, guide parents to raise children scientifically and promote their healthy growth.
In the first year of life, children's physical growth and development is the fastest, and they are prone to growth deviation or nutritional deficiency, which is the key period for screening various congenital abnormalities and developmental diseases. Therefore, in the first year of life, children have to undergo four physical examinations, which are 2-3 months, 5-6 months, 8-9 months,1-12. 1 and children over 2 years old should receive physical examination twice a year, half a year and the whole year respectively; Children over 3 years old should receive at least/kloc-0 comprehensive physical examination every year, usually in March and August of each year.
The contents of regular physical examination include physical measurement and evaluation, health examination, disease screening, feeding and disease prevention guidance. Children over 6 months should be tested for hemoglobin 1 time every year.
Third, early intervention of high-risk infants.
1. What is a high-risk child?
High-risk infants refer to infants who have adverse effects on the physical and mental development (especially brain development) of the fetus or newborn during the fetal period, delivery period or neonatal period.
2. Which children are at high risk?
* The mother suffers from pregnancy-induced hypertension, diabetes and other diseases during pregnancy;
* Abnormal fetal heart rate before delivery;
* Asphyxia at birth, dystocia, forceps, aspirator delivery, breech delivery, cesarean section, etc. ;
* Premature delivery, overdue delivery, twins and full-term babies;
* Low birth weight, macrosomia, intrauterine growth retardation, etc. ;
* Children hospitalized in neonatal wards who need special care during the neonatal period;
* Newborns with diseases such as hyperbilirubinemia.
3. What are the potential dangers of high-risk babies?
The potential danger of high-risk infants is brain injury, which can cause cerebral palsy, mental retardation, epilepsy, abnormal behavior and visual and hearing damage. Once infant brain injury occurs, the earlier the treatment, the better the curative effect. Once you miss the critical period of treatment, it is likely to delay your child's life.
4. How do parents find the abnormal development of their baby in time?
* Do not pay attention to face and inflexible eye movements when feeding;
* Hands and feet often bend or straighten hard;
* Extremely tense or slack limbs;
* The head leans backward, and the head is still unstable after 3 months;
* 3 months can't look up;
* 4 months clenched fist, thumb in the palm of your hand;
* 5 months forearm can't support;
* 7 months can't send ba, horse sound;
* can't sit alone for 8 months;
*/kloc-cannot be independent in 0/2 months;
* Poor visual and auditory responses.
5. What are the contents of early intervention for high-risk infants?
* Nutrition guidance: cultivate good eating habits and assess the nutritional status in time;
:: Development guidance: timely assessment of development status;
* Audio-visual training: watching and tracking red balls, talking with babies, listening to music, etc.
* sports training:
Passive sports: massage, baby exercises;
Active exercise: prone head, turn over, crawl, stand and walk, etc.
* In addition, it also includes the training of life ability, the training of social adaptability, the cultivation of quality and personality, and the education of parents.
Disability screening for children aged 4.0-6.
From October to August in Beijing, children aged 0-6 were screened for vision, hearing, limbs, intelligence and autism, and problem children were found early and referral services were provided.
(1) Vision screening. Through eye appearance examination, light reaction, early warning signals of children's developmental problems and vision examination, children with abnormal vision can be found and referral channels can be provided for treatment.
(2) Hearing screening. Hearing screening is the most effective measure for early detection of children with hearing impairment. Children's hearing examination mainly includes ear appearance examination, auditory behavior observation and portable auditory evaluator. Hearing screening can find out the possible hearing loss of children, help deaf children to intervene as soon as possible, return to the world of sound, and live and study like normal children.
(3) limb screening. Through the physical examination of children's limbs and the screening of developmental dislocation of hip joint, we can know whether there are abnormal signs such as spinal protrusion, varus, limb deformity or developmental dislocation of hip joint.
High-risk factors of developmental dislocation of hip joint: female, breech position, family history of developmental dislocation of hip joint, adduction of torticollis and metatarsal bone, postpartum swaddling, snapping of hip joint, persistent dermatoglyphic asymmetry, oligohydramnios during pregnancy, etc.
Signs of developmental dislocation of hip joint: asymmetrical skin texture of thigh, groin and/or hip joint, widened hip joint on one side, unequal length of both lower limbs, decreased activity of one lower limb or continuous flexion, abnormal standing posture, abnormal gait and positive one-leg standing test.
(4) intelligence screening. Children's intelligence is screened by "DDST" or "early warning signal of children's development problems". Those who are positive for screening need referral.
(5) Screening for autism. The early warning signals of children's developmental problems and the developmental screening method (DDST) for children aged 0-6 years were used for the initial screening of autism. Children who are screened positive, or whose language function and social skills have deteriorated at any age, are referred to the district maternal and child health care institutions.
Children with autism should be diagnosed as soon as possible and given long-term systematic intervention in the period with the strongest developmental plasticity (generally before the age of 6). According to the specific situation of children, comprehensive intervention measures such as educational intervention, behavior correction and drug treatment are adopted.
Growth is a sensitive index reflecting children's health status, nutrition and genetic background. Deviation of height and height growth rate from the normal range may indicate potential congenital or acquired diseases.
Growth is controlled by four factors: heredity, nutrition, neuroendocrine and environment. In addition to considering these four factors, we should also pay attention to the characteristics of sustainability and imbalance of growth.
Nutrition control is given priority to within 2 years old, and the smaller the child, the worse it is, and the annual growth rate is less than 7cm. After 2 years old, the growth hormone axis is mainly regulated, and the annual growth rate is less than 4cm.
What is growth retardation?
Growth retardation (short stature) refers to a person whose height (length) is less than the median of the normal reference value of children of the same race, age and sex minus two standard deviations or below the third percentile of the normal growth curve in similar environment.
(2) The main reason of growth retardation
Human growth and development, lifelong height, genetic factors, intrauterine development, birth weight and height, nutrition and endocrine hormones are combined, and the growth rate of individuals develops along a certain percentile curve, and finally reaches different adult heights after puberty.
The main reasons for children's short stature are hereditary or familial short stature, physical growth retardation, malnutrition, chronic systemic diseases, intrauterine growth retardation, endocrine diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, skeletal dysplasia, mental factors, idiopathic short stature and so on.
1. Physical growth and developmental retardation. It is more common in boys. After 1-2 years old, the growth is slow and the bone age is delayed. Generally, they have a family history of developmental retardation and normal endocrine function. After puberty, their lifelong height and sexual maturity reach normal levels.
2. Chronic systemic diseases. Some chronic diseases, such as chronic liver disease, chronic kidney disease, congenital heart disease and chronic infection, can cause dwarfism.
3. intrauterine growth retardation and small for gestational age infants (SGA). It is mostly related to maternal pregnancy, such as low weight of mother, malnutrition caused by severe vomiting during pregnancy, pregnancy-induced hypertension and its complications, serious infection, drug abuse by mother, smoking and so on.
4. Abnormal secretion of endocrine hormones. Growth hormone deficiency, hypothyroidism, glucocorticoid excess, etc.
5. Chromosome abnormality. Short stature is more common in Turner and Prader-Willi syndrome.
6. Skeletal dysplasia. Congenital achondroplasia is the most common, mainly manifested as asymmetric limb length, short limbs and relatively long trunk, enlarged head, saddle-shaped nose and protruding buttocks.
7. Idiopathic short stature. Idiopathic short stature refers to short children whose etiology cannot be determined after all kinds of common related diseases are excluded. Parents and doctors should find and identify children with growth retardation at an early stage, give correct diagnosis and treatment, and carry out whole-course and long-term management to promote the growth and development of short children and ensure their healthy growth.