Congenital factors can be divided into the following points:
(1) Genetic factors
Genetic factors are reflected in the individual's genetic quality, mainly including the biological characteristics of genetic gene transmission, such as body structure, shape, feeling and nervous system characteristics. Genetic factors are the necessary material premise of psychological development, and its influence on mental health has long been affirmed. The study of human behavioral genetics proves that human behavior, like the body, is developed under the interaction of heredity and environment. Many psychological behaviors of people are influenced by heredity, such as introversion or extroversion, behavioral withdrawal or attack, emotional anxiety or depression.
(2) Congenital quality
Congenital quality is congenital anatomical and physiological characteristics, including biological characteristics such as sensory motor organs, brain structure and function transmitted by genetic genes. Genetic factors are the biological premise and natural condition of psychological development. There are many factors that affect the normal development of the fetus:
1. During pregnancy, malnutrition in pregnant women will make the baby's birth weight lighter, and too little or too much certain nutrients will lead to congenital malformation. Low birth weight infants may have some defects, such as decreased brain cells, mental retardation and abnormal brain function. This has an irreversible adverse effect on the healthy development of psychology.
2. The influence of illness or careless medication. Pregnant women's illness and careless medication will bring harm to their children's mental health. It has been reported that maternal hypertension, nephritis, anemia, arthritis (taking salicylic acid once), low fever, threatened abortion, and frequent colds during pregnancy may all be related to ADHD. For another example, pregnant women infected with influenza virus can cause fetal malformation and central nervous system abnormalities, affecting normal psychological development after birth.
3. The influence of emotional state. Mental stimulation to pregnant women, especially sudden major stimulation, will cause excessive psychological tension, which will lead to abnormal fetal development and obstacles.
4. Environmental pollution, radiation, tobacco and alcohol during pregnancy will also damage the development of the fetus, thus affecting the psychological development of preschool children.
Acquired factors can be divided into the following points:
(1) family: the family is the basic unit of society, the earliest social environment for preschool children, the main place for preschool children's personality socialization, and it is very important for the healthy development of infants and young children. Family structure and function, parents' educational ability, their expectations for children, educational methods and parenting attitudes, parents' professional and socio-economic status, family material conditions and atmosphere, living habits and hobbies, etc. Are closely related to the mental health of preschool children, and ultimately affect their behavior and personality.
1. Family structure: mainly refers to the population structure of the family. A sound and complete family structure has a good effect on children's mental health development, while an imperfect family structure has a negative impact on children's psychology. In recent years, some studies on the relationship between parents' divorce and children's mental health have generally confirmed that parents' divorce leads to children's loneliness, inferiority, timidity and indifference, and even leads to psychological abnormalities and problem behaviors such as lying, hyperactivity, swearing and self-abuse. Children live in a broken family, without proper care and care, lacking a happy and harmonious family atmosphere, the language they contact is simple and poor, and their curiosity and exploration behavior are hindered. At the same time, the breakdown of the family makes children feel shocked and confused, and it is difficult to adapt to the "new" family, and they have no sense of security and happiness, making them lonely and unsociable, and it is difficult to form a sound personality. Therefore, a stable family structure is of great significance to the psychological healthy growth of preschool children.
2. Living conditions: Living conditions are not only a matter of housing type and size, but actually it involves many aspects of human life. Children living in crowded places have more aggressive behaviors and more opportunities for infection or pollution; High-rise residential residents have less outdoor activities, strong dependence, slow development of self-reliance, and even affect children's intellectual potential; Children who live in bungalows or quadrangles have early sports development, large amount of activities, longer outdoor activities time and scope than children with other housing conditions, strong communication skills, but many unsafe factors; Children living in villas often have a sense of superiority because of different economic conditions, parents' behavior or social status, but it may not affect their normal psychological development. Therefore, living conditions are an important factor affecting the psychological development of preschool children.
3. Family atmosphere: Family atmosphere is of great significance to the mental health of preschool children. A good family atmosphere can form children's healthy psychology such as liveliness, cheerfulness, generosity, research, honesty, modesty, sociability, knowledge and curiosity. On the contrary, bad family atmosphere (quarreling, tearing, indifference and disharmony) often causes great psychological pressure to children. Children are in unpleasant emotions, frightened and anxious, and have no sense of security, which will make them timid, selfish, jealous, lonely, lazy, willful and rude. In addition, children living in noisy families are prone to psychological diseases such as behavioral disorders, night terrors, nightmares and enuresis. Therefore, the quality of family atmosphere is also an important factor in the mental health development of preschool children.
4. Parents' cultural and psychological quality: Parents are the children's first teachers and the teachers who spend the longest time together. Parents' words and deeds have a subtle influence on children's character shaping, personality formation, intellectual development and value orientation. Especially parents' cultural quality and psychological quality have a subtle influence on children's psychological maturity and growth. As far as cultural quality is concerned, generally speaking, if parents have high cultural quality, they often have higher requirements and expectations for their children. They use their knowledge and strong curiosity to influence and educate their children, cultivate their tenacious enterprising spirit, and at the same time give them better guidance in their studies. On the contrary, parents with low cultural quality are not enterprising and often have low requirements for their children. They not only don't study by themselves, but also don't care about their children's study, and even only care about their own entertainment, which affects their study. Many research results show that parents' cultural quality has a high correlation with their children's mental health.
5. Husband-wife relationship: A harmonious family plays a very good role in the normal psychological development of women, which can bring children a sense of security and is conducive to the normal development of various psychological activities. Children in harmonious families are often docile, generous, fair, distinguish right from wrong and have a sense of justice. Discordant families often play a negative role in children's normal psychological development. Disputes, quarrels, complaints and fights between husband and wife can't bring children a sense of security. Beating and fighting between husband and wife often give children a role to emulate, and children who grow up in this environment are prone to lying, fighting and anti-social behavior. Insecurity in this kind of family affects the normal development of children's personality, and it is easy to appear unsociable, shrinking, timid, sensitive and other bad personality characteristics.
(2) Kindergarten: Kindergarten is the earliest collective education institution that children join. The environment of the park and all kinds of educational and teaching activities are carried out under purposeful, planned and organized arrangements, and it is a social collective with the relationship between teachers and children as the main axis. Its basic function is to promote children's social development through the two-way interaction between teachers and children. It should be said that kindergarten is the most ideal place to promote the healthy development of children's body and mind. However, in educational practice, quite a few kindergartens have outdated educational concepts and lack scientific educational attitudes and methods, which are the important reasons for the problems of children's mental health.
(3) Social environment: Preschool children, like other social groups, all live in complex social relations. Social living environment and various factors affect children's mental health to varying degrees. In modern society, people are often in a state of tension, and psychological conflicts, pressures and anxieties are increasing. The diversity of social values has had an immeasurable impact on young children, imperceptibly affecting their mental health. With the development of the times, advanced technologies such as computers and networks are getting closer to children's lives. Children's contact with various social media directly affects the formation of children's moral concepts and behaviors, and has an important impact on their physical and mental development.
In the process of preschool children's psychological development, congenital factors and acquired factors influence and restrict each other. They are intricately intertwined and have an impact on the mental health of preschool children. Therefore, when carrying out mental health education for preschool children, we must fully consider the role of various factors and take reasonable and effective measures to promote the mental health development of preschool children.