The harm of environmental pollution to human health will not only harm the earth, but also harm our health. Due to the intensification of industrialization, environmental and ecological damage is becoming more and more serious. Let's share the harm of environmental pollution to human health.
Harm of environmental pollution to human health 1 1. Harm of environmental pollution to health
Air pollution directly or indirectly affects human health, causing uncomfortable reactions of sensory and physiological functions, subclinical and pathological changes, clinical signs or potential genetic effects, acute and chronic poisoning or death.
The impact of air pollution on health depends on the type, nature, concentration and duration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, and also depends on the sensitivity of human body. For example, the harmful effect of floating dust on human body depends on the particle size, hardness, solubility and chemical composition of floating dust, as well as various harmful gases and microorganisms adsorbed on the surface of dust particles. Different chemical properties, toxicity and water solubility of harmful gases will also cause different degrees of harm.
The concentration of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere is generally low, which mainly produces chronic toxic effects on human body. Inhalation of harmful chemicals that directly stimulate the respiratory tract will cause bronchial reflex contraction, spasm, cough, sneezing and increased airway resistance.
Under the chronic action of poisons, the resistance of respiratory tract will gradually weaken, thus inducing chronic respiratory diseases, and even serious pulmonary edema and pulmonary heart disease may occur. Epidemiological survey data show that urban air pollution is the direct cause or inducement of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. In areas with serious air pollution, the total mortality and incidence of respiratory diseases are higher than those in areas with light pollution. The symptoms of chronic bronchitis get worse with the aggravation of air pollution.
Second, the health hazards of water pollution
The increasingly serious water pollution poses a great threat to the survival and safety of human beings and becomes the main obstacle to the sustainable development of human health, economy and society. According to the investigation of international authoritative organizations, 8% of all kinds of diseases in developing countries are spread by drinking unsanitary water, which causes at least 20 million deaths worldwide every year. Therefore, water pollution is called "the world's number one killer".
Water pollution affects industrial production, increases equipment corrosion, affects product quality, and even makes production impossible. Water pollution affects people's lives, destroys ecology, directly harms people's health and causes great damage.
(1) After water pollution harms human health, pollutants enter the human body through drinking water or food chain, causing acute or chronic poisoning. Arsenic, chromium, ammonium, pyrene, etc. It can also induce cancer. Water polluted by parasites, viruses or other pathogenic bacteria will cause many infectious diseases and parasitic diseases. Water polluted by heavy metals is harmful to human health. Water and food polluted by cadmium will cause kidney and bone diseases after people eat it. Ingestion of 20 mg of cadmium sulfate will lead to death.
Lead poisoning can lead to anemia and insanity. Hexavalent chromium is very toxic, which can cause skin ulcers and cause cancer. Drinking arsenic-containing water can cause acute or chronic poisoning. Arsenic inhibits or deactivates many enzymes, leading to metabolic disorders, skin keratinization and skin cancer. Organophosphorus pesticides can cause neurotoxicity, while organochlorine pesticides can accumulate in fat, which is harmful to endocrine, immune and reproductive functions of human beings and animals.
Most polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are carcinogenic. Cyanide is also a highly toxic substance. After entering the blood, it combines with the pigment oxidase of cells, which interrupts breathing and causes respiratory failure, suffocation and death. We know that 80% of the diseases in the world are related to water. Typhoid fever, cholera, gastroenteritis, dysentery and infectious liver disease are the five major diseases of human beings, all of which are caused by unclean water.
(2) Water pollution is harmful to industrial and agricultural production, and industrial water must be treated with more expenses, resulting in a waste of resources and energy. The food industry has stricter requirements for water. If the water quality is unqualified, it will stop production. This is also a factor of low efficiency and poor quality of industrial enterprises. The use of sewage in agriculture will reduce crop yield and quality, even harm people and animals, pollute large areas of farmland and reduce soil quality. The consequences of marine pollution are also very serious, such as oil pollution, which causes the death of seabirds and marine life.
(3) Harm of water eutrophication Under normal circumstances, oxygen has certain solubility in water. Dissolved oxygen is not only the survival condition of aquatic organisms, but also participates in various redox reactions in water, promoting the transformation and degradation of pollutants, which is an important reason why natural water bodies have self-purification ability.
The discharge of domestic sewage containing a large amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leads to the degradation of a large number of organic substances and the release of nutrients in the water, which promotes the excessive growth of algae and plants in the water, makes the water body poorly ventilated, reduces dissolved oxygen and even appears anaerobic layer. A large number of aquatic plants die, the water surface turns black, and the water stinks to form a "dead lake", "dead river" and "dead sea", which in turn becomes a swamp. This phenomenon is called water eutrophication. Eutrophicated water has an unpleasant smell, dark color and many bacteria. This kind of water is of poor quality and can't be used directly, which prevents the fish from dying.
Third, the health hazards of noise pollution.
Noise is harmful to people in many ways;
1, hearing loss. Working in strong noise for a long time will reduce hearing and even cause noise deafness.
2, interfere with sleep. When people's sleep is disturbed by noise, they can't eliminate fatigue and recover their physical strength.
3, induce a variety of diseases. Noise can make people nervous, lead to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure, and even induce gastrointestinal ulcers, endocrine system dysfunction and other diseases.
4. Affect mental health. Noise can make people fidget, unable to concentrate on study and work, and easily lead to work-related injuries and traffic accidents.
Fourthly, the harm of solid waste pollution to health.
Solid waste is generally called garbage, which is the waste after human metabolism and consumption of consumer goods. At present, the domestic garbage of urban residents, garbage generated in the maintenance and management of wheeled garbage bins and municipal management, and solid waste discharged from industrial production are increasing rapidly, and their components are becoming increasingly complex.
The average growth rate of garbage in countries around the world is 2-3 times that of their economies. If the garbage is not removed in time, it will inevitably pollute the air and cause serious pollution to the soil and water. It leads to the breeding of mosquitoes and flies, the proliferation of bacteria, the rapid spread of diseases and the harm to human health.
Harm of environmental pollution to human health. What harm does environmental pollution do to human health?
The most direct and easily felt consequence of environmental pollution is to reduce the quality of human environment and affect the quality of human life, physical health and production activities. For example, urban air pollution causes air pollution, and the incidence of people increases.
Water pollution worsens the quality of water environment, and the quality of drinking water sources generally declines, threatening people's health and causing premature birth or malformation of the fetus. Serious pollution incidents not only bring health problems, but also cause social problems. With the intensification of pollution and the improvement of people's awareness of environmental protection, disputes and conflicts between people caused by pollution have increased year by year.
Due to people's insufficient expectation of the negative impact of high industrial development and unfavorable prevention, three global crises have resulted: resource shortage, environmental pollution and ecological destruction. People are constantly discharging pollutants into the environment. However, due to the diffusion, dilution, redox and biodegradation of atmosphere, water and soil, etc.
The concentration and toxicity of pollutants will naturally decrease, which is called environmental self-purification. If the discharged substances exceed the self-purification capacity of the environment, the environmental quality will change adversely, endangering human health and survival, and environmental pollution will occur.
At present, there are different degrees of environmental pollution problems all over the world, such as air pollution, marine pollution and urban environmental problems. With the globalization of economy and trade, environmental pollution is increasingly showing an international trend, and the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes in recent years is an outstanding performance in this regard.
Second, the constitutive elements of the crime of environmental pollution
(A) the objective elements of the crime of environmental pollution
The object of this crime is the national management system for preventing and controlling environmental pollution.
The object of this crime is hazardous waste. Specifically, it includes radioactive wastes, wastes containing infectious disease pathogens, toxic substances or other hazardous wastes.
The so-called hazardous waste refers to the waste with hazardous characteristics listed in the national hazardous waste list or identified according to the national hazardous waste identification standards and methods.
Radioactive waste refers to solid, liquid and gas waste with radionuclides exceeding the limit set by the state; Waste containing infectious disease pathogens refers to waste such as sewage and feces containing infectious disease germs; Toxic substances refer to solid, mud and liquid wastes that are toxic to human body and may cause serious harm to human health and the environment; Other hazardous wastes refer to wastes with hazardous characteristics that are not listed in the above-mentioned list, listed in the national list of hazardous wastes or identified according to the national standards and methods for identifying hazardous wastes.
(B) the objective elements of the crime of environmental pollution
This crime is objectively manifested as an act of discharging, dumping or disposing radioactive wastes, wastes containing infectious disease pathogens, toxic substances or other hazardous wastes into land, water bodies and atmosphere in violation of state regulations, resulting in environmental pollution and serious consequences of public and private property losses or personal injury.
(three) the main elements of the crime of environmental pollution
The subject of this crime is the general subject, that is, anyone who has reached the age of criminal responsibility and has the ability of criminal responsibility can constitute this crime. The unit can be the subject of this crime.
(D) the subjective elements of the crime of environmental pollution
This crime is subjectively manifested as negligence. This kind of negligence refers to the actor's psychological attitude towards the serious consequences of environmental pollution, heavy losses of public and private property or personal injury. The actor should have foreseen the accident and its serious consequences, but he didn't because of negligence. Or even if you foresee it, you can avoid credulity. As for the discharge, dumping and disposal of hazardous waste by the perpetrator in violation of state regulations, it is sometimes intentional, but this does not affect the negligent nature of this crime.
3. What are the civil liabilities for environmental pollution?
There are three forms: first, those who infringe upon others' property rights and personal rights due to environmental pollution shall bear legal responsibility; Second, the civil liability for infringing others' property rights due to ecological damage; The third is the "civil liability" that other acts that infringe on the environmental rights and interests of others should bear. China's relevant legislation mainly stipulates the first form of civil liability for environmental tort, that is, civil liability for environmental pollution tort.
Article 1229 of the Civil Code: Tort liability for damage caused by environmental pollution or ecological damage. If pollution or ecological damage causes damage to others, the infringer shall bear tort liability.
Article 4 1 of the Environmental Protection Law stipulates that those who cause environmental pollution hazards have the responsibility to eliminate the hazards and compensate the units or individuals who directly suffer losses.
Article 85 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution stipulates that the party damaged by water pollution has the right to ask the polluter to eliminate the harm and compensate for the losses. If water pollution damage is caused by force majeure, the polluter shall not be liable for compensation; Except as otherwise provided by law. The water pollution damage is intentionally caused by the victim, and the polluter is not liable for compensation. Water pollution damage is caused by the victim's gross negligence, which can reduce the polluter's responsibility. Water pollution damage is caused by a third party, and the polluter has the right to recover from the third party after assuming the liability for compensation.
Article 87 of the law stipulates that in the lawsuit of water pollution damage compensation, the polluter shall bear the burden of proof for the exemption provided by law and the fact that there is no causal relationship between his behavior and the damage result.
Article 62 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution stipulates that units that cause air pollution hazards have the responsibility to eliminate the hazards and compensate the units or individuals that directly suffer losses.
Article 7 1 of the Law on the Prevention and Control of Environmental Pollution by Solid Wastes stipulates that units and individuals that have been damaged by solid waste pollution have the right to claim compensation for losses according to law.
Article 90 of the Marine Environmental Protection Law stipulates that if pollution damage to the marine environment is caused, the harm shall be eliminated and the losses shall be compensated; If the pollution damage to the marine environment is entirely caused by the intention or negligence of a third party, the third party shall eliminate the harm and bear the liability for compensation.
Harm of environmental pollution to human health 3 (1) Acute harm: The concentration of pollutants is very high in a short time, or several pollutants can cause acute harm to human body.
(2) Chronic harm: Chronic harm mainly refers to the harm to human body caused by the continuous action of small doses of pollutants. For example, the impact of air pollution on the incidence of chronic respiratory inflammation.
(3) Long-term harm: The harm of environmental pollution to human body is generally manifested after a long incubation period, such as the carcinogenic effect of environmental factors.
With the increasingly serious environmental pollution, many people breathe polluted air, drink polluted water and eat agricultural products grown from polluted soil all day, and the noise echoes in their ears ... Environmental pollution seriously threatens human health.
Air pollution and human health.
1, air pollution mainly refers to the chemical pollution of the atmosphere. There are many kinds of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere, and dozens of them are seriously harmful to human body. The air pollution in China belongs to coal-burning pollution, and the main pollutants are soot and sulfur dioxide, as well as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide.
These pollutants mainly enter the human body through the respiratory tract, and are directly transported from the blood to the whole body without detoxification of the liver. Therefore, the chemical pollution of the atmosphere is very harmful to human health. This kind of harm can be divided into three types: chronic poisoning, acute poisoning and carcinogenesis.
2. The concentration of chemical pollutants in the atmosphere of chronic poisoning is generally low, which mainly produces chronic toxic effects on human body. Scientific research shows that chemical pollution in urban air is an important cause of chronic bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma. Acute Poisoning When the factory emits a lot of harmful gases and there is no wind and fog, the chemical pollutants in the atmosphere are not easy to disperse, which will cause acute poisoning.
For example, in 196 1 year, three petrochemical enterprises in Niigata, Japan continuously discharged a large number of chemical pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, and windless weather caused asthma among local residents. Later, the local air pollution was controlled and the incidence of asthma decreased.
3. Carcinogenesis Among the chemical pollutants in the atmosphere, there are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lead-containing compounds, among which 3,4-benzopyrene has the strongest effect on lung cancer. The smoke produced by burning coal, cars and cigarettes contains a lot of 3,4-benzopyrene. Chemical pollutants in the atmosphere can also fall into water, soil and crops, and be absorbed and enriched by crops, thus endangering human health.
Air pollution also includes biological pollution and radioactive pollution. Biological pollutants in the atmosphere mainly include pathogenic bacteria, mold spores and pollen. Pathogens can make people suffer from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, and mold spores and pollen can cause allergic reactions in some people. Radioactive pollutants in the atmosphere mainly come from radioactive wastes from the atomic energy industry and medical X-ray sources, which are easy to cause skin cancer and leukemia.