Hebei Education Press Grade One Volume Two Biology Review Outline Unit 2: Our Body and Healthy Life.

The seventh grade biology syllabus (mid-term exam), Volume 2, Chapter 1, Reasonable Diet and Balanced Nutrition —— The properties of several substances (color change reaction) 1 starch turns blue when it meets iodine. The protein solution reacts with sodium hydroxide with a mass fraction of 10% and copper sulfate with a mass fraction of 3 to turn purple. Vitamin C can make purple potassium permanganate solution or indophenol reagent fade. Second, the nutritional composition and function of functional polysaccharides: starch is the main disaccharide: maltose energy substance in human body, and it is also an important component of structural monosaccharide: glucose cell formation. Twenty amino acids constitute the basic egg formation of cells. This substance, the essential amino acid of human life white matter 8: the material basis of various activities 12 non-essential amino acids: seed fat, plant fat and energy fat stored in animals are VA, VB 1, VC, which maintain normal human life. The vital activity of VD is the main water component of cells. Without important components such as calcium, iron, phosphorus and iodine, two thirds of it constitutes the weight of human body. Participate in the metabolic activities of human organic salt 1, the food source and deficiency of vitamins. Food-borne deficiency refers to animal liver, milk, Hu night blindness, VA-resistant radish, yellow corn neurasthenia, beriberi VB 1 lean meat, rice bran, wheat bran disease, fresh vegetables and fruits, capillary fragile VC such as orange, jujube, pepper, hawthorn, subcutaneous blood and gums, scurvy animal liver, milk, chicken rickets, children: eggs, shrimp skin. 4. Heat price: 1 gram of energy released by oxidative decomposition of nutrients in the body. The hot price of protein and sugar is 17. 15 Kj. The calorie price of fat is 38.9 1 Kj. Digestion and absorption of food, digestion and absorption of physical and chemical digestive glands, digestive enzymes, tooth starch salivary glands without suction, chewing tongue-wheat-saliva-stirring malt sugar with harvesting ability-starch swallowing without digestion and absorption ability, protein gastric glands-water, gastric peristalsis-gastric juice-organic salt, Alcohol polypeptide pepsin 1 lake is the main intestinal gland-powder-organ that digests and absorbs small intestinal juice and peristalsis glucose -2 egg (which can digest white matter of pancreatic juice-and absorb various amino acids (various nutrients and three lipases)) fat-liver-glyceride bile (excluding fatty acid digestive enzymes) water, organic salt without great digestion ability, Viagra/kloc-0. The storage time of mixed food in the stomach is 3-5 hours, which is also the basis of three meals a day. The small intestine is the main digestive organ because it contains intestinal juice, pancreatic juice and bile. The small intestine is the main absorption organ because there are annular folds and finger-shaped villi on the small intestine, which increases the absorption area. The villus wall, capillary wall and lymphatic wall of small intestine are all composed of only one layer of epithelial cells, which is beneficial to the infiltration of substances. Application of nutrients: Most glucose decomposes to release energy. Amino acid synthetic protein; Glycerol and fatty acids synthesize fat. Chapter ii protecting the heart and ensuring the normal value of blood contraction. Dysfunctional cell writing (L) Anemia: male: 4- red 5.5x 1 0/2, low oxygen supply of red blood cells or female: 3.5 hemoglobin-5.0x10/2, white blood cells 4- leukocytes with low defense content10x65438. 00 x 100 blood is the "source of life" 1, red blood cells: round cakes with concave sides, the largest number; 2, white blood cells: the least number, the largest, nucleated and deformable; 3. Platelets are the smallest and exist in piles. 4. Hemoglobin: (Hb) Male:120-160g per liter Female:10-150g per liter Features: It is easy to combine with oxygen where there is more oxygen, and it is easy to combine with oxygen where there is less oxygen. 5. Plasma is the carrier of material transportation. 6, chemotherapy patients, a large number of white blood cells die, the resistance is reduced. Second, the identification of blood type and blood transfusion A B AB blood type O red blood cell A B AB autoagglutinin serum anticoagulant anti-A agglutinin ABAB anti-B 1, blood transfusion principle: transfusion of homologous blood; In principle, type O blood can be transfused to patients with other three blood types; Type AB blood can accept the other three blood types in principle; 2. Blood volume accounts for about 7-8% of body weight, and life-threatening if blood loss exceeds 30% at one time. If the blood loss is less than 10%, it will not affect health. 3. Blood donation of 200-300ml will not affect the function of healthy blood vessels. The artery is thick and fast, and blood is transported from the heart to the whole body. Veins are thin and slow, bringing blood from the whole body back to the place where the capillary of the heart exchanges polar substances. The blood vessels are thin and slow 1. To observe the blood flow in the caudal fin of small fish, we should choose small fish with light caudal fin color; In order to prevent the small fish from choking, wrap the small fish with wet gauze or absorbent cotton. 2. Only red blood cells can pass through the capillary in a single line. 3, capillary bleeding, self-hemostasis, venous bleeding, to press the vein at the distal end of the wound; When the artery bleeds, the bleeding is fast and the amount of bleeding is large, so the artery should be pressed near the wound; There is a venous valve in the vein to prevent blood from flowing back. Atrioventricular vein capillary 1, left atrium-pulmonary vein left ventricle-aortic right atrium-superior and inferior vena cava right ventricle-pulmonary artery atrium is connected with vein, and ventricle is connected with artery, so it cannot return. 2. There are atrioventricular valves between atria to make blood flow from atria to ventricles, and there are arterial valves between ventricles and arteries to make blood flow from ventricles to arteries. 4. Every heartbeat, both atria contract at the same time. The ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the atrial wall and the left ventricular wall is the thickest. 5. Blood drawing, blood transfusion and infusion are all veins, and the veins on the arm are static veins. 6, heart rate: refers to the number of times the heart beats per minute. The adult's heart rate is about 75 beats/min, the normal range of heart rate is 60- 100 beats/min, bradycardia below 60 and tachycardia above 100. "Look, smell, ask and touch" means "pulse-cutting", location: flexor artery 7. Water is injected into the heart from the vein and flows out from the ipsilateral artery. Water cannot be injected into the heart through the artery. 8. Systemic circulation: left ventricle-aorta-arteries at all levels-systemic capillaries-veins at all levels-superior and inferior vena cava-right atrium 9. Pulmonary circulation: right ventricle-pulmonary artery-pulmonary capillary. The relationship between plasma, interstitial fluid and lymph: plasma interstitial fluid lymph 1 1, the lymphatic circulation is unidirectional, starting from the blind end of capillary lymphatic vessels and ending at subclavian vein 12, and the significance of lymphatic circulation is to regulate the balance between plasma and interstitial fluid; Restore the function of protein and fat; Lymphatic organs have important immune function and defense function to human body. Respiratory system 1, respiratory system includes respiratory tract and lung. Respiratory tract includes nose, eyes, throat, trachea and bronchus; The function is to ensure smooth, warm (capillary), moist (mucus) and clean air (nasal hair, tracheal cilia). 2. Lung is the main organ of respiratory system, which is suitable for gas exchange. The alveolar wall is extremely thin and consists of only one layer of epithelial cells. The number of alveoli is particularly large; The outer surface of alveoli is surrounded by capillaries and elastic fibers, and the walls of capillaries and alveoli are closely attached. 3, lung ventilation: the process of gas exchange between the lungs and the outside world. Pulmonary ventilation is achieved through respiratory movement, which is caused by the contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles, including expiratory movement and inspiratory movement. 4. The respiratory movement frequency is 16- 18 times per minute. 5. When measuring vital capacity, take three maximum values. 6. Breathing is the process of gas exchange between human body and the outside world. Including lung ventilation, gas exchange in alveoli, gas transport in blood, gas exchange in tissues, gas exchange in alveoli and gas exchange in tissues are all realized by diffusion. 8. The essence of intracellular respiration is to oxidize and decompose nutrients and release energy. 9. Gas poisoning is carbon monoxide poisoning. The binding capacity of hemoglobin with carbon monoxide is 200 times stronger than that with oxygen, and the separation speed is very slow. Blowing into the clear lime at 10, the lime water becomes turbid quickly, indicating that the gas exhaled by human body contains more carbon dioxide. Excretion 1, composition of urinary system: kidney (urine production), ureter (transportation), bladder (storage), urethra (urine excretion), basic unit of kidney structure and function: nephron is composed of glomerulus, renal capsule and renal tubule, and glomerulus is a blood vessel, with one end being an input arteriole and the other end being an output arteriole, all of which are arterial blood. 4. Macromolecular blood cells and protein cannot be filtered by glomerulus; Renal tubules reabsorb all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts. The formation of urine is 68 pages. 7. The formation of urine is continuous, and the excretion of urine is intermittent. The seventh grade biology book (final review outline) chapter 4 1. Structure and function of eyes 1. The wall of the eyeball is sclera, choroid and retina from outside to inside. 2. The sclera and choroid are opaque, forming a natural black box. The retina is equivalent to film. 3. Pupils can shrink and expand with the intensity of light, which is equivalent to the aperture of a camera. 4. The curvature of the lens is regulated by the ciliary muscle, which is equivalent to a biconvex lens. 5, the cornea is equivalent to the lens of a camera, colorless and transparent, and light can easily pass through. 6. For people with different skin colors, the color of eyes is determined by the color of iris. 7. When the conjunctiva is infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, trachoma will be formed. There are abundant photoreceptor cells in the retina, which are stimulated by light to form nerve impulses, which spread along the optic nerve to the visual center of the cerebral cortex to form vision. Corrected the cause of imaging diseases. The anterior and posterior shins of the eyeball are too long near the concave surface of the optic network, the lens curvature of the anterior lens of the ocular membrane is too large, the anterior and posterior shins of the eyeball are too far and too short, and the lens curvature of the posterior lens of the ocular membrane is too small. When the goalkeeper saw someone shooting, the curvature of the lens changed from small to large. When the bird flies away, the curvature of the lens changes from large to small. Second, the structure and function of the ear 1 Ears are divided into external ear, middle ear and inner ear. The external ear includes auricle (collecting sound waves) and external auditory canal (conducting sound waves); The middle ear includes tympanic membrane (generating vibration), ossicles (amplifying vibration), tympanic cavity (middle ear cavity) and eustachian tube (connecting pharynx and tympanic cavity to adjust the air pressure balance inside and outside the tympanic cavity); The inner ear includes vestibule (feeling the stimulation of variable speed when the head moves in a straight line) and semicircular canal (feeling the stimulation of head rotation and variable speed movement). 3. Nervous system 1 central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord constitute the peripheral nervous system: the basic unit of the mechanism and function of the cranial nerve (12 pair) and the spinal nerve (3 1 pair) 2 is the neuron, which receives external information from cell bodies (constituting the nerve center) and processes (dendrites), and 3 long dendrites and axons are covered with myelin sheath. Connective tissue membrane is the basic way of nerve regulation-reflex (the reflex is completed by reflex arc, including the scraping reflex experiment of receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve and five spinal frogs, which shows that the spinal cord has reflex function. Gray matter of spinal cord: located in the center, butterfly-shaped, with many nerve centers (reflex) and white matter: located in the periphery, with nerve fibers (conduction). 7 Conditioned reflex belongs to higher nervous activity, which is formed on the basis of unconditioned reflex. When it is formed, the central nervous system is the temporary filming layer of conditioned cerebral cortex. Unconditional congenital low-level gods are permanently reflected through the central 8 brain, including the brain (composed of left and right hemispheres, with gray matter on the surface, called the cerebral cortex, with many grooves and raised gyrus), the cerebellum (located at the back and lower part of the brain, with the function of accurately coordinating movements and maintaining body balance) and the brain stem (located below the brain and in front of the cerebellum, with centers for regulating basic human life or movement, such as cardiovascular movement center and respiratory center). The names and functions of five important nerve centers in the brain: the body movement center: managing the movement of the contralateral skeletal muscle of the body; Somatosensory center: can accept the sensation of the skin and muscles on the opposite side of the body; Language center: the unique center of human beings, which dominates speaking, writing, reading and understanding others; Visual center: forming visual auditory pathway: examples of forming auditory 10 conditioned reflex: once bitten, twice shy; The old horse knows the way; Looking at plums to quench thirst; Draw cakes to satisfy hunger, parrots learn to talk. Chapter V Normal Development, Healthy Growth, Guidance and Secretion, such as tube substances-hormone-removed islets, gonads and the interior-it enters the blood of adrenal gland, thymus gland and secretory gland, and pituitary gland, thyroid sweat gland, lacrimal gland and various digestive glands (such as endocrine gland, intestinal gland and gastric gland in vitro) are excreted. 1 Hormone: A highly effective substance secreted by endocrine glands and scattered endocrine cells, which is harmful to human body. The blood content is very small, less than 0. 1 mg per 100 ml. Nail armor promotes the metabolism, growth and development of juvenile glands, improves the hormones of juvenile delinquency and the excitability of nervous system, and regulates the growth of human body after years of hyperthyroidism and dementia. However, juvenile giants develop due to years of illness, juvenile dwarfs grow due to years of excitement, and juvenile dwarfs grow due to years of acromegaly. That's all.