What does cognitive impairment mean?

Question 1: What causes cognitive impairment? So far, there have been some research results or understandings about the causes of children's learning difficulties. 1. Physiological factors: 1. Children suffer from mild brain injury or mild brain dysfunction due to some diseases during the fetal period and after birth. 2. Genetic factors. Some learning skills disorders are hereditary, such as children's fathers, grandfathers or other relatives can see similar situations. 3. Physical and mental development lags behind the development level of children of the same age. Baby teeth grow slowly, walk late and talk short. Sensory organ dysfunction or poor motor coordination. 4. Physical illness. If the child is sick and often absent from class, it will make his lessons continuous and discontinuous, and the content of learning is not related, which will naturally lead to learning difficulties; Some children make small moves in class, or their attention is defective and they can't concentrate, which will also lead to learning difficulties. Second, environmental factors: 1, the family environment is not good. Due to the long-term work of parents or the tension of family members, children have not been fully caressed by adults since childhood, especially the lack of maternal love. 2. Children have not received a good education since childhood, and they have not provided rich environment and education during the critical period of their early growth and development. 3. Inappropriate learning content and educational methods make children feel tired of learning. Some parents are eager for their children to succeed. They encourage others by pulling out seedlings, and do not educate their children according to their physical and mental characteristics, which often violates the laws of education in content, methods and methods. For example, preschool children's primary school, primary school children's junior high school and so on. 3. Nutrition and metabolism: Recent studies have confirmed that children's learning difficulties are related to nutrition metabolism. Some trace elements are insufficient or the diet is unreasonable, and the unbalanced nutrition will affect the intellectual development. In the past, it was thought that insufficient iodine intake affected children's intelligence, and lithium affected children's personality characteristics, which in turn affected their learning. Studies have shown that the contents of zinc and copper in hair of children with learning difficulties are significantly lower than those of normal children, and iron is also an important factor affecting academic performance. Fourth, psychological factors: children's learning difficulties are closely related to psychological factors. It has been recognized in the past, and a large number of recent studies have further confirmed that children with learning difficulties have common psychological problems. It is generally observed that children with learning difficulties have low learning motivation, insufficient learning motivation, poor interest in learning, easy mood swings, will disorder, cognitive disorder and low level of self-awareness. 5. Cerebellar retardation: In recent years, scientific research shows that learning difficulties are caused by cerebellar retardation. If the cerebellum function cannot be effectively exerted, it will lead to various learning difficulties.

Question 2: What is the meaning barrier of cognition? Meaning obstacle is a concept in educational psychology. It refers to the psychological obstacles that young students show due to some psychological and social reasons in the process of receiving education, mainly including moral cognitive obstacles and emotional obstacles. The psychological barriers of adolescent students will hinder their understanding, acceptance and compliance with moral norms, and seriously hinder their education and healthy growth.

Question 3: What are the main manifestations of cognitive impairment? 1. The common clinical manifestation (1) is dissociative forgetfulness, which means that you can't recall your important things suddenly. It is characterized by the loss of recent memory, which can be partial and selective, and generally revolves around traumatic events. This forgetfulness is not caused by organic reasons, nor can it be explained by general forgetfulness or fatigue. (2) Dissociative roaming refers to patients who suddenly leave home or workplace when they are awake, often leaving an unbearable environment for unplanned and aimless roaming. At this time, the patient's consciousness becomes narrower, but he can carry out daily basic life and simple social interaction. Some patients forget their past experiences and appear in new identities. Roaming can last for tens of minutes to several days, and some can last longer. The attack suddenly stopped, and the patient could not fully recall the experience of the disease after waking up. (3) The behavior of patients with dissociative stupor meets the standard of stupor, and no evidence of physical disease is found. Usually, after a life event, the patient keeps a fixed posture for a long time, and has little or no response to the outside world, and there is no speech or spontaneous and purposeful action at all. However, the patient's muscle tension and respiratory movement exist, and sometimes there will be coordinated movement of eyes opening and eyeballs. (4) Lack and possession obstacles. This disease is characterized by temporary loss of personal identity and complete awareness of the surrounding environment. The patient's scope of consciousness is obviously narrowed, and his attention and consciousness are limited or concentrated in one or two aspects of close contact with the environment, and he only responds to individuals in the environment. There are often a series of actions, postures and pronunciations that are limited and repetitive. If the identity of the patient is changed to a ghost, a god or a dead person, it is called dissociative attachment disorder. After the attack, the patient will forget the whole or part of the process. (5) Dissociative dyskinesia is characterized by total or partial loss of motor ability of one or several limbs. The common forms are limb paralysis, limb tremor or myoclonia, inability to stand or walk, aphonia and so on. Paralysis can be partial, that is, the movement is weakened or slow; It can also be complete. * * * Dysfunction can be of various forms and degrees, especially in the legs, leading to strange posture or inability to stand without help. One or more limbs or the whole body may also have exaggerated tremor. (6) Dissociative convulsion Dissociative convulsion (pseudoepileptic seizure) is a state similar to epileptic seizure, but it has no clinical features of epilepsy and EEG physiological changes. Tongue biting, severe falls, urinary incontinence and other manifestations are rare in dissociative convulsions, and unconsciousness is lost, but they are replaced by stupor or trance. (7) Dissociative sensory disturbance can be manifested as numbness, loss, allergy or abnormality of body sensation, or other special sensory disturbance. The boundary of skin numbness area shows that it is closer to the patient's concept of body function than neuroanatomy. Sensory loss can be accompanied by complaints of sensory abnormality. Visual impairment is mostly manifested as loss of visual acuity and blurred whole field of vision, or "tubular field of vision". Often sudden, but also suddenly return to normal after treatment. Although the patient complained of poor eyesight, surprisingly, he maintained his complete mobility and performance. Hearing impairment is mostly manifested as sudden hearing loss, and related hearing function tests are normal. "Hysterical ball" is a subjectively unclear thing or mass, which causes discomfort such as fullness, compression or obstruction at the cricoid cartilage level of the pharyngeal floor. In Chinese medicine, it is called plum spirit. The related medical examination can't find the organic abnormality consistent with the symptoms. (8) Other separation and conversion disorders ① Ganser syndrome is a special type of separation and conversion disorder, which is more common in prisoners. It is characterized by understanding questions, but often gives "approximate answers", often accompanied by several other symptoms of separation, and its background suggests psychological reasons. ② Multiple personality disorder, also known as dissociative identity disorder, shows that the same individual has two or more completely different personalities, but at a certain moment, only one of them is obvious. Every personality is complete, has its own memory, behavior and preferences, and can be completely opposed to a single pre-illness personality. The more common form is dual personality, usually one of which is dominant, but neither personality has entered the memory of the other and is almost unaware of the existence of the other. The transition from one personality to another is usually sudden at first and closely related to traumatic events; After that, the transition will only happen when you encounter huge or stressful events, or when you receive relaxation, hypnosis or venting treatment. (9) mixed separation and transformation obstacles >>

Question 4: Clinical manifestations of cognitive impairment 1. Perceptual disorders, such as hypersensitivity, insensitivity, internal discomfort, sensory degradation, sensory deprivation, pathological illusion, hallucination and sensory comprehensive disorder; 2. Memory disorders, such as excessive memory, memory defects and memory errors; 3. Thinking obstacles, such as abstract generalization process obstacles, association process obstacles, thinking logic obstacles, delusions, etc. There are many reasons for the above cognitive impairment, except for organic diseases, most of which are caused by mental diseases. Such as neurasthenia, hysteria, hypochondria, climacteric syndrome, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, senile dementia, schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, paranoid psychosis, mania, bipolar disorder, etc.

Question 5: What kind of cognitive impairment does delusion belong to? It refers to the process that the human brain receives external information, processes it and transforms it into internal psychological activities, so as to acquire or apply knowledge. It includes memory, language, visual space, execution, calculation, understanding and judgment. Cognitive impairment refers to the impairment of one or more of the above cognitive functions. Dementia can be diagnosed when two or more of the above cognitive domains are involved and affect the daily or social ability of individuals.

It mainly includes (1) sensory disorders, such as allergy, insensitivity, sensory degradation, sensory deprivation, pathological illusion, hallucination, sensory comprehensive disorder, etc. (2) Memory disorders, such as excessive memory, memory defects and memory errors; (3) Thinking obstacles, such as abstract generalization process obstacles, association process obstacles, thinking logic obstacles, delusions, etc. There are many reasons for the above cognitive impairment, except for organic diseases, most of which are caused by mental diseases. Such as neurasthenia, hysteria, hypochondria, climacteric syndrome, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, senile dementia, schizophrenia, reactive psychosis, paranoid psychosis, mania, bipolar disorder, etc.

Question 6: The difference between cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment. Cognitive impairment refers to the impairment of cognitive functions such as perception, memory and thinking caused by pathological changes or damage of local brain tissue. Generally, it is often used to describe the symptoms of the transitional state between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Mild cognitive impairment is mild, not to the severity of dementia, and the symptoms are fluctuating. The main clinical manifestation is mild decline of cognitive function. The following are some major clinical manifestations.

1 Memory disorder: it is difficult to remember in the near future and normal in the long term, mainly manifested as memory disorder of recalled words or objects.

2 attention disorder: manifested as a decline in the ability to concentrate on something.

3 Inference and abstract thinking ability decline: the ability to understand and respond to new things decline.

4. Decline in language use ability: It shows that there are obstacles in language understanding and expression, and sometimes patients can't choose appropriate words to express their intentions.

5 visual space dysfunction: for example, the patient's ability to draw geometric figures or build blocks is reduced.

Mild cognitive impairment can be measured and evaluated by quantitative cognitive assessment task scale. Commonly used scales include neuropsychological test scale and concise mental state examination scale.

Question 7: What is the problem of poor comprehension? Is it cognitive impairment? It is true that life is always difficult and full of challenges, but if you treat challenges as pressure every time, it is naturally stressful and difficult to add. In fact, many times, as long as we face it from different angles, we will have different results, because the health problem brought by stress lies in "reaction" rather than stress itself. In this case, changing negative thoughts from life is the most important step to improve the ability to resist stress. 1. Learn to take the initiative to control because once people feel out of control, the rational analysis center of the brain will stop, and they will only react emotionally and fall into a "self-defeating" way of thinking. Since negative thoughts are almost automatic, we need to remind ourselves from time to time, that is, we should always be aware of our thoughts and make corrections. ● Many times, stress is related to psychological isolation and helplessness. This feeling is often the result of long-term "learning helplessness" and also belongs to some people's "personality traits." To get rid of this trait, we must actively learn optimism. For example, treat a bad situation as the worst, treat it as temporary and accidental, talk to yourself and tell yourself that you can overcome it. Some people will feel very painful in the face of any pressure. This is because of their long-term self-limitation, which makes their thinking stay in the past experience and think that they lack the ability to control stress, but in fact they may just have never tried. This also belongs to a kind of "learning helplessness" behavior. So remember, don't think the worst, come to a conclusion first. ● There is also a situation that "the incident is too superficial", and all negative conclusions are based on limited personal information. For example, if you encounter one or two obstacles in your work, you will think you are incompetent and lack self-confidence. In fact, in another way, try to do only what you can, know what you can do, step by step, and the pressure will naturally decrease. Remember: "If you don't do anything wrong, you will be safe." ● There is also a kind of "self-defeating" thinking, that is, giving up all your thoughts, suppressing your demands, and agreeing with others in everything, you can get along well with others without pressure. But this "obedient" mentality of swaying willows in the wind may eventually become the ending of "I am the victim". Therefore, expressing ideas and needs in time can reduce unnecessary pressure, that is, active control. Finally, of course, we can't change "active control" into "total control". We should realize that we don't need everything under our control in life. If everything is predictable, it is neither possible nor practical. We should appreciate and appreciate what we can control. After all, everything is under control. What are the challenges in life? Just remember that "nothing in return, peace of mind" is enough! Although many things in life are unpredictable and uncontrollable, we can learn to control our reactions to them. "Shuang" in popular words in recent years is actually a way to control stress response. "Taishan collapsed in front" can still keep the same face, although it is a bit exaggerated, but it is a portrayal of strong pressure resistance. In fact, mastering the skill of "control" is to enhance the ability to resist pressure, but it must be remembered that "it is to control your own life, not other people's lives." "Learning can be bent, but it cannot be broken. We should pursue Excellence rather than perfection. We shouldn't be slaves expected by others. We can set high goals, but they should be realistic. After all, "happiness" is everyone's right to exist, but the biggest obstacle to happiness is the inability to "release pressure"! 2. Find support: find yourself and reposition yourself. Recognizing the problems you are facing and seeking support from appropriate channels is another way to improve your ability to withstand pressure. Whether it is family, friends, classmates, psychological counseling, community organizations or religious groups, trying to find trustworthy people is an important way to relieve emotional stress. Building such spiritual resources to support your life is necessary to live in a "morbid age". 3. Appropriate release, willing to let go, can let go of the pressure, which is equivalent to finding the power of "regeneration". When you can't transform stress, the best way is of course to let go. The so-called "relief", when you feel overwhelmed by work or life and exhausted physically and mentally, timely "pause" is the best way. As the saying goes, "rest is to go further" means to store kinetic energy again, but most people often know that it is easier said than done. The key is whether you can think about the meaning of life and make appropriate choices. However, even if you can't stop, there are still three ways to relieve stress: ● Physical exertion: Exercise or labor, as long as it's not overworked, are all "hit" or "run" reactions in line with stress response (see Chapter 8), so you can relieve stress. ● Oral way ... >>