Musical instrument name: oboe
Musical instrument tone: c key.
Application clef: treble clef, no shift notation.
Scope of application: small group b B- small group a.
Structure: whistle (double spring), pipe (including upper and lower joints and bell mouth) and keys.
Material: The pipe body is made of specially treated hardwood.
Musical instrument features: soft and beautiful timbre, flute sound, suitable for expressing pastoral scenery and melancholy and lyrical feelings.
Double reed instrument. Woodwind instruments widely used in modern orchestras and wind bands. Oboe is a high-pitched instrument in the oboe family (including bassoon, bassoon and bassoon in Britain), and it is also a representative instrument of this family.
The oboe body is conical, and the tube length is about 60 ~ 70 cm. Blowing nozzle is a pair of double springs made of a pair of reeds, which are installed at the upper end of the pipe. When the six-fingered holes are connected, the natural scale (such as flute) in D major is played, and the notation is the same as the real sound, so it is not used as a transposed instrument. The range is B ~ G3, which can be as high as c4, but it is difficult to blow out. The first 16 sound is the basic sound. Use the treble spectrum. The □ tone of oboe is often used as the standard tone for orchestra tuning. The sound of oboe is rich in pastoral flavor, and it has the characteristics of folk shepherd flute or reed flute. Strong sound penetration, easy to control fading and fading; The continuity of performance is better than other woodwind instruments, and it is often used as a solo melody part, especially to express continuous singing tones. When playing, it is difficult to play Shuang Tu because it contains reed leaves in the mouth, so it is not its strong point to repeat homophones quickly. But those with high skills can also use the "flower tongue" (vibrating tongue method) to play. Oboe has been shaped for about 300 years, and it became a fixed instrument in the band compilation at the end of 17. 1805, the clarinet used by L.van Beethoven in Federio had only two keys, 1820 had six keys, and 1839 increased to 10 keys. By the middle of19th century, referring to the arrangement of finger holes and the mechanical device of finger keys, Bohm flute was improved several times before it was more perfect.
The oboe used to be one of the most important instruments in military bands, which can be solo or ensemble. In the early days, both Maura and J. S. Bach attached great importance to it, but the development of real proficiency began with Handel's works. Handel wrote six concertos and 12 sonatas for this purpose. The funeral march in Beethoven's heroic symphony, the scherzo in the pastoral symphony, the second movement in Pyotr Il'yich Tchaikovsky's fourth symphony, and the Norwegian dance music by Grieg all have famous oboe fragments.
The OBOE is now called "oboe", which comes from the French compound "Ou Bo Boyce", meaning "Haute" and "Boyce". The word "oboe" is formed by emphasizing the pronunciation of the last vowel in the word. This instrument originated from the sound made by playing two leaves in history, which is a behavior that all original reed instruments may have experienced. Since ancient times, the double-reed instruments have developed, such as oros in ancient Greece, tibia in ancient Rome, Harry in ancient Egypt and Surna, which is commonly used by Asians. These whistling instruments are generally called Chalme, and they are also the ancestors of oboe.
The predecessor of oboe is also said to be: Shom or Brahms, Sharme.
Shawm is an important double-reed instrument, which appeared in/kloc-0 at the beginning of the 4th century. Shom is the predecessor of oboe. Some people call a tenor Shom-bombard the old oboe. There are two kinds of suona, one is the military music suona evolved from suona, and the other is the folk suona born out of bagpipes and melodies, such as lamela. Schom, a musical instrument, originated in India and is particularly popular in countries that believe in Islam and India, especially Islamic countries. It is used as an instrument of a military band together with instruments such as trumpet and trombone. Shom instruments introduced to China in history can only be played in the wild because of their rough sound and poor timbre.
/kloc-in the 6th century, in addition to Shoms of different sizes, some ensemble oboe instruments appeared in military music, such as Doucaine, Niclol, krum's oboe, Cotard's oboe and so on. Among them, Courtard is the predecessor of bassoon, born out of it.
/kloc-In the mid-7th century, the French improved a smaller Shom and named it Aubois oboe. At this point, the real oboe came out. By the beginning of18th century, oboe had become a popular instrument in European music centers.
This instrument uses a double reed whistle, that is, a whistle made of two reeds, which is contained between the lips when playing. By blowing, the double reeds vibrate to form an air column in the pipe, and the air column vibrates to make a sound. By opening and closing the sound hole and changing the length of the air column, different pitches can be obtained.
The century after 1690 is the development stage of two-key and three-key oboes. During that period, oboe, as the basic timbre instrument of woodwind band, became the first member of the developing double-reed mixed-sound band, and was soon listed as a solo part of the band because of its rich expressive force and singing skills.
19th century is the mechanized era of oboe. From 1800 to 1825, eight keys have been added to the musical instrument, which embodies the requirements of convenient fingering and improved pronunciation.
1825, sellner, a court musician in Vienna, invented the oboe with 13 key, which greatly promoted its development speed and made Vienna musical instruments have obvious advantages for a time. But in 1839, after Henri Brod reformed some machines according to the mechanical principle, all manufacturers adopted Brod's method to design the keys evenly and simply. Broder and his contemporaries admire most the French oboe made by Tribert. At that time, the oboe of the Tribert system could be divided into six styles. Loree worked as a foreman in a commercial office for many years after the death of 1878 Tex, and soon made an A6 musical instrument. The three fingers of the right hand (food, middle finger and ring finger) can freely control the BB-C key. Georges Siirila successfully used the A6 oboe at the Paris Conservatory of Music in 1882, and since then. The production of Tribert oboe greatly promoted the development of A.M.R. Barrett oboe, which still belongs to its system. From 1850 to now, Tribert and Barrett oboe have been the basic products produced by various manufacturers, but today some players use independent third overtone keys or semi-automatic overtone keys in addition to full-automatic overtone keys.
Modern oboe
There are fully automatic oboes and semi-automatic oboes in the world. No matter what kind of musical instrument, there are only three overtone keys: one is semi-automatic, controlled by the left index finger from a2 to c3; Third, it is fully automatic, and the octave can be converted by the left thumb; Third, there are two kinds of automatic and semi-automatic. Considering the development of playing skills, the third instrument is more practical.
Different styles of oboes in past dynasties
Historically, oboe has many styles:
(1) lyric oboe (oboe d'amore). The alto double reed instrument, whose range is between the oboe and the hunting oboe, is three degrees lower than the oboe in one key and belongs to the transposition instrument. It was used in Bach's time and was later eliminated. Its timbre is distinctive, and there are fragments and solo sentences in R. Strauss's Family Symphony and M. Ravel's Bolero.
② hunting oboe (oboe da caccia). The ancient alto double reed instrument, which was five degrees lower than the oboe in F key, was a transposed instrument, and was later replaced by the English pipe.
③ sarrusophone。 Although it is made of copper, it was composed by Salou, the captain of the French military band, in 1863. * * * There are six kinds, which are loud and belong to transposed instruments. Commonly used in military music, replaced by new bass bassoon.
④ Heickell tube. Composed by German musician Heickell in 1904. A bass oboe with a range between the English pipe and the bassoon, tuned to C, which is eight degrees lower than the oboe. The pipe diameter and reed are wide and the bass is strong, which is used by R Strauss in Salome.
The oboe body consists of three parts, about 20 air holes of different sizes, and the air holes are equipped with gold-plated or silver-plated keys to cover the air holes and adjust the pitch. The whole set of keys consists of a complex lever structure. When playing the keys, the lever combination will automatically open or close the required air holes according to the playing pitch.
Key system
The mode of oboe is constantly improving. At present, the key systems are:
Semi-automatic key system: it is difficult to control, so you need to press the second octave key of your left hand when playing A5~C6; The lever structure is simpler and the price is cheaper.
Automatic key system: simplifies the operation mode of semi-automatic key system; The lever structure is more precise and the price is higher.
Octave key
The new oboe has three octave keys, the first one is used to open pores, and the sound is the same as E5 to G#5; The second opens pores from A5 to C6; The third provides another set of high-pitched key fingering.
Tremolo key
Due to the lack of lever structure, it is difficult or even impossible for the old oboe to produce vibrato effect on individual pitches, such as C4-C#4, B3-C4 and so on. The new oboe has different vibrato keys, so almost all sounds can be vibrato.
Left-handed f key
In the old oboe, you must use the fingering of the cross F when playing D-F or F-D. The new oboe is attached with the left-hand F key, which greatly reduces the complexity of fingering.
Bifurcated resonance bond
The other is to simplify the keys used to play D-F or F-D fingering. The fork f fingering of the old oboe needs to match the Eb key of the right hand; The new oboe is equipped with a forked F*** key, so you don't need to press the Eb key when using the forked F fingering.
Reed (reed)
The quality of the oboe played by the reed (Rico-soft) depends not only on the quality of the instrument itself and the skill of the player, but also on the reed. Reed is usually made of reed stems, but also made of bamboo poles, bamboo chips and other materials. Reed must be soaked in clear water for several minutes before use. After softening, the reed can fully vibrate and give off a round timbre.
The thickness of the reed will also directly affect the sound quality when playing: the thin reed is easy to produce sound, suitable for beginners, but the sound quality is not round; Rough reeds can blow out loud and pleasant sounds, but it is difficult to control and requires a large air pressure to make sounds. A reed that is too long has a low sound, and a reed that is too short has a high sound. Because different music has different requirements for the sound quality of oboe, professional players usually make their own reeds to meet the needs; Beginners can also choose to buy ready-made reeds for practice.
The oboe's timbre is clear, fresh and loud, which always attracts people's attention in the band.
Therefore, in the works of Vivaldi, Mozart, Strauss, albinoni and Bei Lini, the oboe skills and beautiful range have been fully demonstrated. The oboe plays an important role in the symphony orchestra. Full of bold and wonderful timbre characteristics.
Oboe is a woodwind instrument with pastoral or pastoral flavor. Its sound quality is sweet and pure, its sound quality is distinctive, its sound quality is beautiful and nasal, it is expressive, impressive and enthusiastic. The purer the melody in the oboe itself, the more it likes to reject technical expression.
For example, the fascinating fragments in Beethoven's Ninth Symphony and Bach's Scherzo are all music full of rustic pastoral flavor, which is unforgettable for anyone who has heard it. In addition, the sincere, touching and expressive paragraphs in Egmont will also amaze the audience. There is also the most unforgettable melody of Tchaikovsky's oboe, and how sad and singing the solo fragments in Swan Lake are. Moreover, the fragments in the second movement of his fourth symphony are more beautiful and moving. Rimsky-Korsakov's Suet Leung and the Oboe's Groans of Pain are particularly expressive.
Oboe is one of the most important roles in modern orchestras. As the name implies, it is an instrument composed of two reeds, which blows out sound. Mainly rely on two reeds, control its vibration with lips, and blow out some "sad and emotional" timbre. Oboe is the first woodwind instrument to join the orchestra since the Baroque period (1late 7th century). The reason for this is that its pitch is certain. At first, it had only a few holes (2-6), and then it was gradually improved.
The Bem style, which has the greatest influence on the production of western woodwind instruments, improved the key system of the flute and applied it to the oboe. Therefore, all the oboes we see today are key-pressed, similar to the clarinet, but different in size, thinner and completely different in mouthpiece.
The oboe is divided into three parts. The upper section, the lower section and the bell joint are usually tuning instruments in a symphony orchestra. The chief is the first violin, and the orchestra must be tuned before playing or practicing. Traditionally, the standard note A is played by the first oboe. And then adjusted by other groups of instruments. There are many oboe music works. In addition to Mozart's concertos, concertos written by other composers (no matter what instruments) are bound to have oboe solo passages.
The important position of oboe in the band
The oboe is indispensable in the symphony orchestra, and most of the songs need two oboes. Oboe is also found in military bands and wind bands, usually one or two.
Oboe has a long history. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, it was made into several sections. Today's oboe evolved from Sean. It was not used in orchestras until18th century. In Beethoven's works, the oboe plays a more important role in the band. The oboe has a range of two and a half octaves, from bb to f3. The diatonic scale is d, but it is not a transposed instrument. The timbre of oboe is full of overtones, the bass is full of pronunciation, but the nasal sound is rough; The alto sound is sweet and expressive, which is suitable for strong playing and weak playing; The high-pitched area is clear and powerful, and the weak sound is difficult to pop up; The highest tone is harsh and the tone is tense and unnatural. Different from flute, oboe is not a musical instrument with gorgeous skills, but it belongs to a singing instrument with particularly strong expressive force. When playing oboe, because there is a whistle in your mouth, you usually only use the single-spit method, so playing staccato is not as good as flute. But today's oboe players also use Shuang Tu's playing method.
Oboe is not only an important instrument of orchestra, but also an ensemble and solo instrument. Many composers have created music for it, such as Mozart's quartet; Handel's concertos, trio and sonatas; Beethoven's trio and quintet; Concerto by Zimarosa, etc. Since the 1960s, the skills of woodwind instruments have been developed, and they can play chords. Bartolotzi's woodwind new sound and other works have expounded this technique, and some avant-garde composers have also adopted this technique in their works. Perhaps the most famous one at present is nicolo Castiglioni. The oboe player Heinz Holliger used this technique to create works with playing chords. It is difficult to predict whether this technology will be widely recognized.
Playing oboe requires physical cooperation in many aspects, including:
Finger: responsible for pressing keys.
Breathing: Like other wind music, playing oboe requires abdominal breathing, and the air pressure during playing is controlled by the abdomen; The abdomen is also an important control part of the vibrato effect. Playing oboe consumes less air than ordinary single reed instruments and brass instruments. Therefore, when playing the oboe, there is little lack of air. On the contrary, the player will feel depressed in the chest because he can't completely spit out the waste gas accumulated in his body. Therefore, when playing, the performer must take the way of "exhaling first, then inhaling" to breathe, and sometimes even need to strive for the opportunity to exhale. When playing, only a part of the air is exhaled and there is a chance to breathe again.
Lips: Before playing, the upper and lower lips must be wrapped with two rows of teeth, and the lips should be made into a small "O" shape with reeds. The muscles around the lips must be relaxed, but air leakage must be avoided when playing. When playing, the tone is adjusted by the pressure exerted by the muscles around the upper and lower lips: when the pressure is high, the sound will be high and harsh; If the pressure is too small, the sound will be rounder but lower, and it needs to be matched with enough air pressure to correct the pitch. The shape and control of lips is called "mouth shape".
Teeth: Because the reed is very fragile, in order to avoid damage, teeth should not have any contact with the reed and must be wrapped; Teeth can assist lips to generate the pressure needed to control reeds to adjust timbre.
Tongue and throat: cooperate with breathing and abdominal muscles, gently touch the reed through the tongue to control staccato; When playing faster works, you need the cooperation of your throat to control the airflow.
Theoretically, both men and women can learn to play the oboe as long as they are healthy. As the child's body needs to develop, it is suggested that it is more appropriate to start learning after the age of ten. Because there are great individual differences among the body parts participating in the performance, the coordination of each body part also varies from person to person. In order to completely control the oboe to play beautiful melody, learners must have persistent and repeated practice to exercise the coordination of the above parts; The control of some muscles (such as lips, tongue and throat) is even more unaccustomed, which makes the coordination of all parts more difficult to achieve and makes the oboe a difficult instrument to operate. Beginners must avoid bad habits caused by wrong practice. Therefore, those who are interested in learning oboe must find an experienced player to guide them, so as to cultivate correct playing skills and habits.
Correlation difference editing
As far as timbre is concerned, the timbre of oboe is warm and generous, with rich pastoral flavor; Clarinet bass is thick and soft, treble is round and bright, highest tone is sharp, timbre is mysterious and changeable, fast and flexible.
From the historical development, the history of clarinet is relatively shallow compared with oboe, and there is no such instrument in baroque music. Haydn used clarinet in his music after the age of 60, while Mozart used clarinet in only a few of his symphonies, but this instrument has spread rapidly throughout Europe since its appearance. Clarinet is a varied woodwind instrument with a wide range, and its clean and clear sound can be heard in orchestras, military bands, wind bands and jazz bands. Because of its variability, it can express all kinds of songs. Here is an article about clarinet:
If flute is a gentle woman, then clarinet is a generous big brother. Clarinet, alias clarinet and clarinet, is a very special member of the woodwind family. In the orchestra, he joined the woodwind band at the latest, and the maturity of musical instrument technology was only in the19th century. However, its unique and rich expressive force and wide range make it one of the most important instruments in the orchestra, and the recently emerging wind band pays more attention to the clarinet, and its position in the orchestra is almost the same as that of the violin.
What's the difference between clarinet and other woodwind instruments? First of all, its basic structure is different from other woodwind instruments. Generally, woodwind instruments use conical tubes, and only clarinet uses cylindrical tubes, which makes its overtone series very special. Secondly, the source of his voice is the single spring tied to the mouthpiece, which is also the origin of his clarinet name. There is also saxophone, but the pipe structure of saxophone is different from that of clarinet, so the particularity of clarinet can be known.
Clarinet appeared relatively late. Johann Christopher Denner of Nuremberg (1655- 1707) changed a folk musical instrument Chalumeau into a clarinet similar to today's, about 1690. In the music scores of early composers, clarinet is usually labeled as Chalumeau, and at the same time, because the sound quality of the high-pitched part is very similar to that of the trumpet (which is related to the playing habits at that time and different from the modern playing methods), the clarinet of the trumpet is compared with the clarinet, which is how the name of the modern clarinet comes from.
It was not until the second half of the 18th century that clarinet was gradually used in the compilation of classical orchestras, but it did not have a fixed number of seats in the orchestra like oboe. Mozart was the first composer to give full play to the beauty of clarinet music. From his works after his 1777 visit to Mannheim, it can be found that his clarinet skills are becoming more and more outstanding, and his clarinet concerto in his later years has reached an exquisite realm that is beyond the reach of future generations.