1, the standard for judging redundant prepuce
1, the foreskin mouth covers the glans or most of the glans.
2. It is most common when the foreskin covers the glans, but the glans is exposed during erection. Because the normal glans mucosa is hidden under the foreskin, it is less stimulated, which makes the nerve feeling of glans mucosa too sensitive.
3. If the foreskin mouth is too tight, the foreskin can be turned to the coronary sulcus by force, but it cannot recover naturally and needs external force to recover.
Although the foreskin can turn over the glans, the foreskin mouth is very small and difficult to turn up.
5, the glans penis can not be exposed when erection, and the glans penis can only be exposed after pulling the foreskin by hand.
6, regular foreskin inflammation.
7. When urinating, the foreskin bulges like a ball, making it difficult to urinate. After urination, the last few drops of urine are not easy to be exhausted.
2, the harm of foreskin is too long
Excessive prepuce is the most common male genital malformation disease. Excessive prepuce can lead to premature ejaculation and induce reproductive infection.
Excessive prepuce has a wide impact on male reproductive health, but it is absolutely safe to perform prepuce surgery with "micro prepuce plastic surgery".
The specific hazards of long foreskin include:
1, reducing male sexual function: the influence of long foreskin on sexual function has two manifestations: one is to wrap the glans penis, making the epidermal nerve of the glans penis more sensitive; Second, it can further increase the friction on the glans in sexual life, making it easier for the glans to reach the ejaculation threshold.
2. Diseases causing genitourinary tract infection: The foreskin is too long, which is easy to cause a large number of bacteria in the glans penis, coronary sulcus and other parts, thus causing genitourinary tract infection diseases such as balanitis, dermatitis and urethritis;
3, affecting the development of teenagers' penis: too long foreskin will hinder the development of teenagers' penis and affect the length and thickness of the penis after adulthood.
At present, about 25% of men in the world have undergone circumcision, and most of them are concentrated in the United States, Canada, Middle Eastern countries and Asian Muslims, as well as most parts of Africa. However, the procedure of operation and its advantages and disadvantages to health are still controversial.
So what problems may be caused by not doing ring cutting?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection
1994 someone wrote a summary about the relationship between circumcision and the risk of HIV infection through epidemiological investigation. At that time, there were 30 relevant survey results, of which 26 were cross-regional, and 18 of 6 countries showed that they had a clear statistical relationship, 4 of 4 countries showed this trend, and 4 of 2 countries showed no relationship. Since then, the author has approved 1 1 cross-regional surveys and 5 prospective surveys. In this 1 1 cross-regional survey, 8 surveys show that there is an obvious statistical relationship between the existence of foreskin and HIV infection. 1 thinks that there is this trend, and 1 thinks that there is no correlation between the two. As far as we know, only the recent 1 survey holds this view, that is, after excluding other potential uncertain factors, circumcision will increase the possibility of HIV infection.
Different sexual experiences or hygiene habits blur the relationship between circumcision and HIV infection. For example, those who perform circumcision may have different sexual behaviors from those who do not. Therefore, the difference in the risk of HIV infection may be due to the difference in sexual behavior, rather than whether circumcision is performed. A study in Uganda shows that although there is no difference in sanitary habits between circumcised and uncircumcised men, it is difficult for both men and women to keep their genitals clean. How to explain the relationship between reproductive health and HIV infection and other reproductive infections needs further study.
In most epidemiological observations, circumcision can reduce the probability of HIV infection by 2-3 times, but it may actually drop even more.
sexually transmitted disease
The relationship between foreskin and other sexually transmitted diseases other than HIV infection is complex, which varies from individual sexually transmitted diseases. At least 1 1 survey fully shows that the lack of circumcision is related to ulcerative sexually transmitted diseases (especially chancre and syphilis). So far, no statistically significant 1 survey has been found, indicating that circumcision increases the risk of sexually transmitted diseases or there is no correlation between them. For genital herpes, two surveys show that the lack of circumcision has a significant statistical relationship, and four surveys show no relationship. For gonorrhea, 5 items are related and 2 items are irrelevant. For chlamydia, nongonococcal urethritis or other kinds of urethritis, 2 items were correlated and 3 items were negatively correlated. For genital warts, 1 item is correlated, irrelevant and negatively correlated. In addition, some surveys believe that uncircumcision will lead to the existence of anaerobic bacteria, G(-) bacilli, streptococci and mycoplasma, which may be transmitted to women and lead to bacterial female genital disease syndrome. Although these findings are not completely consistent, the relationship between lack of circumcision and chancre, syphilis, genital herpes and gonorrhea is certain, but the relationship between nongonococcal urethritis and genital warts and circumcision is still inconclusive.
penile cancer
In the summary of the circumcision expert group of the American Academy of Pediatrics from 65438 to 0989, five surveys of penile cancer from North America confirmed that all men with penile cancer were not circumcised in the neonatal period (circumcision after neonatal period may not have obvious effect on preventing circumcision). There are similar reports in Africa. Men who are not circumcised may be more sensitive to penile cancer caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Recently, a survey in North America 1 found that penile cancer is obviously related to the uncircumcised newborn. A cross-regional survey of 1 in France found that tumor cell proliferation (PIN) of penis epithelium is a precursor of penile cancer in some men, and it is also related to not having circumcision. Although the debate has risen to the point that improving sanitary conditions will reduce the risk of penile cancer, there is no scientific evidence. In the United States, it is estimated that about 750~ 1000 people suffer from penile cancer every year, almost all of which occur in men who are not circumcised after birth, and the mortality rate can be as high as 25%. Neonatal circumcision can reduce the incidence of penile cancer by at least 10 times, but it is still controversial that neonatal circumcision cannot be the only effective measure to prevent penile cancer because most cases occur in men over 50 years old and the incidence of this disease is very low (about 2100000 males in North America).
urinary tract infection
65438-0993 Some people analyzed the investigation reported in the literature about male infants who were not circumcised and the risk of urinary tract infection. Nine surveys have been confirmed, of which six are retrospective and three are prospective. All these surveys show that uncircumcised babies are more prone to urinary tract infections than circumcised babies. There are similar reports about older children and adults, which may be related to bacterial adhesion of foreskin.
cervical cancer
Cervical cancer is almost a sexually transmitted disease, which is caused by human papillomavirus. There is a lot of evidence in ecology that if the sexual partner is an uncircumcised man, it is easy to get cervical cancer, and if it is a circumcised man, the incidence rate is relatively low. In addition, 1 from India reported that among women who have only one sexual partner in their life, the occurrence of cervical cancer is obviously related to the husband's uncircumcision within one year after marriage (risk coefficient RR: 4. 1). Although cervical cancer and penile cancer are almost caused by the same pathogen, penile cancer has a clear relationship with the existence of foreskin, but whether male sexual partners can prevent cervical cancer remains to be proved.