Viral hepatitis is a common infectious disease caused by a variety of hepatitis viruses, which has the characteristics of strong infectivity, complex transmission route, wide epidemic area and high incidence rate. Viral hepatitis is divided into six types: A, B, C, D, E and G.
1, hepatitis a
HAV is mainly infected by contaminated hands, water, food and tableware. Generally, daily contact is the main mode of transmission, and most of them are recessive infections. The prevention of hepatitis A focuses on the management of water and feces, diet and personal hygiene. For epidemic season and high-risk population, hepatitis A vaccine can be inoculated for specific prevention. The main sources of infection of hepatitis A are acute patients and subacute clinical infection. Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is mainly excreted from the intestine and imported through daily contact. The incubation period of hepatitis A is 2-6 weeks, with an average of one month.
2. Hepatitis B
The transmission of HBV virus is very complicated, and it can be transmitted through blood, semen, menstruation and vaginal secretions. There are three main ways of transmission: perinatal mother-to-child transmission, blood transfusion and iatrogenic transmission, sexual transmission and close contact transmission. For the prevention of hepatitis B, comprehensive preventive measures based on hepatitis B vaccine are taken at present, and the effect is remarkable. For HBsAg positive pregnant women, their newborns and accidental infections, hepatitis B immunoglobulin can be given for vaccination.
The sources of infection of hepatitis B are acute and chronic hepatitis B patients and virus carriers. From the end of incubation period to 66- 144 days after onset, acute patients are contagious in their blood. Because the infection period is short, it is not as important as chronic hepatitis patients and virus carriers. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is transmitted through blood transfusion, plasma, blood products or blood sources contaminated by virus, such as injection needles, acupuncture needles, blood collection instruments, hemodialysis machines, etc., and can also be transmitted through mother-to-child transmission and sexual contact. The incubation period of hepatitis B is 6 weeks to 6 months.
3. Hepatitis C
HCV is mainly transmitted through blood and blood products, followed by injecting drug users and unclean injection. The frequency of sexual transmission, perinatal transmission and iatrogenic transmission is low. The main preventive measures are to strengthen the management of blood donors and blood products, reduce the use of blood transfusion and blood products, and prevent injecting drug addiction and iatrogenic transmission. Hepatitis C vaccine is under development. The source of infection of hepatitis C is chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis C virus (HCV) or asymptomatic carriers with positive anti-HCE. Hepatitis C is mainly caused by blood transfusion. At present, it is common for drug addicts to use syringes. The incubation period of hepatitis C (after blood transfusion) is 30-83 days, with an average of 52. 1 day.
4. Hepatitis D
The main routes of transmission are blood transfusion and application of blood products, daily contact is also possible, and perinatal transmission is rare. HDV is a defective virus, which needs the help of hepatotropic DNA virus (such as HBV) to be contagious, so people who have never been infected with hepatitis B will not be infected with HDV alone. The key point of prevention is to prevent HBV infection, and hepatitis B vaccine is the main measure, followed by preventing HBsAg positive people from being infected with HDV again: try to reduce blood transfusion and use less blood products. Hepatitis D vaccine has not been successfully developed.
The infection sources of hepatitis D are mainly acute and chronic hepatitis D patients, hepatitis D (HDV) and HBV carriers, and experimental animal models such as chimpanzees and woodchucks can also be used as infection sources. The route of transmission of hepatitis D is similar to that of hepatitis B, mainly blood transfusion and blood products, and it may be infected by daily contact. Acute hepatitis D is caused by the simultaneous infection of HDV and HBV, and the incubation period is 6- 12 weeks.
5. Hepatitis E
Mainly seen in the development, the vast majority of epidemics are water-borne epidemics, mostly occurring after the rainy season and the flood season. Daily contact transmission is the second largest risk factor after water transmission. This disease has a high mortality rate among the elderly and pregnant women. Prevention is basically the same as hepatitis A, focusing on the management of water and feces, food hygiene and personal hygiene. At present, hepatitis E vaccine has not been used in clinic. The source of infection of hepatitis E is hepatitis E patients and latent infection, and hepatitis E virus is infected by mouth. The incubation period is generally 15-75 days, with an average of about 6 weeks.
6. Hepatitis G
Hepatitis G is caused by hepatitis G (HGV) and GBV-C virus, which are different strains of the same virus. The main sources of infection of hepatitis G are HGV/GBV-C infected persons and virus carriers, and the route of transmission is similar to HBV and HCV. HBV and HCV are often infected, mainly through blood and intestinal routes, but also through sexual contact and mother-to-child transmission.
How to prevent hepatitis in daily life?
1, know which drugs are easy to cause liver damage, avoid using drugs with known hepatotoxicity as far as possible, and pay attention to the detection of liver function when necessary. For new drugs that have just been listed, it is necessary to clearly observe the adverse reactions, especially liver damage.
2. When multiple drugs are used at the same time, the more they interact in the metabolic process in vivo, the more opportunities there are for the formation of new hepatotoxic substances, and the repeated use of similar drugs should be avoided as far as possible.
3, pregnant women, the elderly and children use chemicals, should weigh the pros and cons, pay attention to all kinds of adverse reactions.
4, pay attention to the primary disease may induce drug-induced liver damage, patients with liver and renal insufficiency should pay attention to reduce the use.
5. Pay attention to the inducement to aggravate the hepatotoxicity of drugs, such as taking drugs on an empty stomach or hunger, taking drugs when patients are chronically malnourished, taking drugs after drinking or alcoholism, and taking them with phenobarbital or hibernating drugs.
6. Pay attention to your healthy diet and your healthy habits, prevent diseases from entering your mouth, wash your hands before and after meals, and don't eat cold food. Go ...
7. Swimming in the bathing beach with up-to-standard sanitary conditions, eating in a clean and hygienic restaurant, and trying to avoid being infected with hepatitis.
9. Excessive protein produces too much ammonia in the body, and the liver can't convert it into non-toxic substances, which will lead to hepatic coma. If the patient has been suffering from hepatic coma or has symptoms of hepatic coma, the intake of protein should be strictly limited, and the weight per kilogram should not exceed 0.5g per day.
10, don't eat too much sugar, because eating a lot of sugar for a long time will obviously reduce the function of the liver to synthesize glycogen from monosaccharides and convert some monosaccharides into fat, which will lead to diabetes complicated with hepatic diabetes.
1 1, don't eat spicy food, because spicy food will promote gastric mucosal congestion and peristalsis, thus inducing upper gastrointestinal bleeding, causing anal burning pain and increasing stool frequency. Food that is too salty and hard is not suitable for eating.
12, reasonable diet, low fat, low sugar, high nutrition and high vitamin diet, pay attention to the reasonable collocation of three meals a day, combine hard and soft, and light diet.
13. Excessive psychological burden and emotional disorder will affect the liver. Please face the reality optimistically and face the disease with a normal heart.