The rapid growth and vigorous metabolism of babies are important periods for the healthy development of body and mind in life. The nutritional status of infants not only affects their recent physical growth, intellectual development and disease resistance, but also is closely related to adult productivity and the occurrence of chronic diseases, which is the cornerstone of their health and success in life.
It is found that malnutrition in children mostly occurs within 2 years old and is closely related to pregnancy.
The early nutritional status of children determines the metabolic mechanism of children throughout their lives. When the nutrition is poor in the early stage, the body will establish a metabolic mechanism in a poor state to adapt to the environment and cope with growth. When such children grow up, too rich dietary nutrition will lead to the maladjustment of metabolic mechanism formed during malnutrition, and the body will be overloaded until it is out of balance. Such children have a higher risk of metabolic, immune and cardiovascular diseases in adulthood than children with adequate nutrition in the early stage.
We all know that computers can be upgraded and expanded when their memory is insufficient, but what about children with early malnutrition? Who can regenerate life?
Characteristics of growth, development and physiological digestion of infants
Infants and young children are the fastest growing period in human life. The average birth weight and length of normal full-term infants are about 3.3Kg and 50cm respectively.
After the baby is born, the physical development is in a high-speed growth stage; By 6 months, the average weight and length of the baby increased to about 7Kg and 63cm respectively; They are; By 1 year, the average weight and length of the baby increased to about 9Kg and 75cm respectively.
The weight of the brain is about 400g at birth, and it will increase to 800g at 1 year, and the number and volume of brain cells will increase. The head circumference increased from 34 cm at birth to 46 cm; 65 years old, 438+0. Nerve cells are prominent and the number of branches is increasing.
However, at this time, the baby's digestive system is far from mature. The salivary glands of newborns are not fully differentiated, and the salivary glands gradually develop and mature in 3~4 months after birth. The stomach volume is small, about 3~5ml at birth, and about 300ml at 1 year. The baby's stomach is horizontal, the sphincter of cardia is underdeveloped, but the pyloric muscle is developed. After feeding, shake slightly or swallow more air, which is easy to overflow milk.
The immature digestive system in infancy, the content of various digestive enzymes (salivary amylase, pepsin, pancreatic lipase, etc.). ) are low, so the digestive ability is weak, which affects the food choice of infants under 6 months. On the one hand, rapid growth and development requires sufficient energy and nutrition supply, on the other hand, immature digestive function affects the digestion and absorption of food by infants. Therefore, scientific and reasonable feeding can ensure that infants get adequate nutrition.
Nutritional requirements of infants
1. vitality
The dietary energy requirement of infants aged 0~6 months is 90 kcal; Body weight per kilogram per day;
The dietary energy requirement of infants aged 6~ 12 months is 80kcal per kg body weight per day;
1~2-year-old infants' dietary energy requirements are: 900 kcal and 800 kcal per day for boys; Girls every day;
The dietary energy requirements of children aged 2-3 are: boy11000kcal, girl1000 kcal.
2. protein
The suitable intake of protein for infants aged 0~6 months is 9g/d;
The average protein requirement of infants aged 6~ 12 months is 15g/d, and the recommended intake is 20g/d;
1~3 years old, the average protein requirement is 20g/d, and the recommended intake is 25g/d. ..
3. carbohydrates
The suitable carbohydrate intake for infants aged 0~6 months is 60g/d;
The suitable carbohydrate intake for infants aged 6~ 12 months is 85g/d;
1The average carbohydrate requirement of infants aged 0 ~ 3 years is1.20 g/d.
4. calcium and vitamin d
The suitable intake of calcium for infants aged 0~6 months is 200 mg/d;
The calcium intake of infants aged 6~ 12 months is 250 mg/d;
1~3 years old infants' average calcium requirement is 500mg/d, and the recommended intake is 600 mg/d.
The suitable intake of vitamin D for infants aged 0~ 12 months is10ug/d;
1~3-year-old infants' average vitamin D requirement is 8ug/d, and the recommended intake is10ug/d. ..
5. iron and vitamin c
The suitable intake of iron for infants aged 0~6 months is 0.3 mg/d;
The average iron requirement of infants aged 6~ 12 months is 7 mg/d;
1~3 years old infants' average iron requirement is 6mg/d, and the recommended iron requirement is 9 mg/d.
The suitable intake of vitamin c for infants aged 0~ 12 months is 40 mg/d;
The average requirement of 1~3-year-old infants is 35mg/d, and the recommended intake is 40 mg/d.
6. Iodine
The suitable intake of iodine for infants aged 0~6 months is 85ug/d;
The suitable intake for infants aged 6~ 12 months is115ug/d;
1~3 years old, the average iodine requirement is 65ug/d, and the recommended iodine requirement is 90ug/d. ..
7. Zinc
The suitable intake of zinc for infants aged 0~6 months is 2.0 mg/d;
The average zinc requirement of infants aged 6~ 12 months is 2.8mg/d, and the recommended intake is 3.5 mg/d;
1~3-year-old infants' average zinc requirement is 3.2 mg/day.
8. vitamin a
The suitable intake of vitamin a for infants aged 0~6 months is 300ug retinol equivalent/d;
The suitable intake of vitamin a for infants aged 6~ 12 months is 350ug retinol equivalent/d;
1the average vitamin a requirement of infants aged 0 ~ 3 years is 220ug retinol equivalent/d.