The Kingdom of Herlincourt in this area was one of the most advanced kingdoms at that time (its oldest settlement, the archaeological site of Giogabonot, can be traced back to 7200 BC). Later, some areas were conquered by Sumerians, then by Assyrians, and then by Medes. After the Middle Empire (678-550 BC), it was one of the largest political and social entities in the ancient world, the Persian Achemenid Empire (550-330 BC), which was conquered by Alexander the Great and later by Seleuc Empire (3 12-63 BC), Parthia Empire (247 BC-224 AD) and Before the Muslim Arabs conquered in the 7th century, Sassanian Empire was the last Persian government to control the region.
Early history
Archaeological discoveries, such as the seasonal settlements and tools of Neanderthals, trace the human development in this area from Paleolithic to Neolithic and Bronze Age. Susa (now Shushan) in this city will become a part of Elam in the future, and then Persia will be built in 4395 BC, making it the oldest in the world. Although Susa is often equated with Hulin, they are different regimes; Susa was established even before the primitive Elam period (3200-2700 BC), although it was contemporary with Elam culture.
Aryan tribes are thought to have migrated to this area sometime before 3000 BC, and this country was later called Ariane and Iranian-Aryan land. Aryan' should be understood according to the meaning of the ancient Iranian Avesta language, which means "noble", "civilized" or "free", and refers to a kind of people who have nothing to do with race-or have nothing to do with Caucasians in any case-but refers to the Indian Iranians applying this word to themselves in religious works called Avesta. The word "Aryan" was interpreted as referring to white people, and it was not put forward until the 9th century/Kloc-0. Scholar Kaveh Farrokh quoted archaeologist JP Mallory as saying:
As a racial name, the word [Aryan] is most appropriately confined to Indo-Iranians, and most appropriately the latter, which is still named after Iran. (Shadow, 17)
These Aryan tribes are made up of different people. They are called Arans, Bactrians, Medes, Parthians and Persians. They brought polytheism closely related to the Vedic thought of Aryans in India (people who will settle in northern India), which is characterized by dualism and reverence for fire as the embodiment of divinity. This early Iranian religion regards Ahura Mazda as the highest god. Other gods include Mitra (the sun god), Chival Hertha (the sun god) and Anna Hita (the goddess of fertility, health, water and wisdom), which constitute the rest of the Pantheon.
Persians mainly settled in the Iranian plateau, which was founded in 1000 BC.
Sometime between 1500 BC and 1000 BC, Zoroaster (also known as Zarathustra), a far-sighted Persian, got divine inspiration from Ahura Mazda and realized that the purpose of human life was to choose Angra Mainyu, the god of discord and dispute, in the eternal struggle between the supreme god of justice and order and his opponents. Humans are defined by the side they choose to act on. Zoroastrianism, the religious basis formed by Zoroastrianism's teachings, will be adopted by the Persian Empire in the future and their culture will be informed.
Persians mainly settled in the Iranian plateau, which was founded in 1000 BC. The Medes United under the leadership of a leader named Dayukku (called Deioces by Greeks, 727-675 BC) and established their country in EkPlatthana. Cyaxares, the grandson of Dayukku (reigned from 625 to 585 BC), extended the middle ground to today's Azerbaijan. In the late 8th century BC, the Persians, under the leadership of their king Achaemenes, took Anshan as their capital and consolidated their control over the central and western regions of the Bahtijari Mountains.
As mentioned earlier, Elam people had settled in this area at that time, and they were probably aborigines. Under the rule of their king Tipis (son of Achaemenes, reigned from 675 to 640 BC), Persians settled in the territory called Persia (also known as Pasa, a modern farce) east of Elam, which will make the tribe famous for their names. Later, they extended their control over the area to the territory of Elamites, married Elamites and absorbed this culture. Sometime before 640 BC, Tippes divided his kingdom into his son Cyrus I (625-600 BC) and Nice, arana. Ju Lushi ruled the north from Ansan Mountain, and Arinani ruled the south. Under the rule of Cambyses I (580-559 BC), the two kingdoms were unified under the rule of Anshan.
The Medes are the dominant force in this region, and the Kingdom of Persia is a small vassal state. This situation will be reversed after the Assyrian Empire perished in 6 12 BC. The Medes and Babylonians led other alliances against the weakening Assyrian state, which accelerated their movement. At first, they controlled the Medes until they were overthrown by the Persian Cambyses, my son and grandson Astor Yagues (585-550 BC), and Cyrus II (also known as cyrus the great, 550-530 BC), who founded the Achaemenid Empire.
Achaemenid empire
Cyrus II overthrew astyages of the media. In 550 BC, he began a systematic movement to bring other principalities under his control. He conquered the rich kingdom of Lydia in 546 BC, Elam in 540 BC and Babylon in 539 BC. At the end of his reign, Cyrus II established an empire, extending from what is now Syria to Turkey and then to the Indian border. This is the Achaemenid Empire, named after Achaemenes, the ancestor of Cyrus II.
Cyrus II is unique among the ancient conquerors because of his humanitarian vision and policies and encouraging technological innovation. Most of the land he conquered lacked enough water supply, so he asked his engineers to restore an ancient method of digging underground aquifers, called karez, which is an inclined passage, digging vertical shafts underground and extending to the passage. Will make water rise to the ground. Although Cyrus II often invented the karez system, it was earlier proved by Assyria of Sargon II in describing his inscription (River 722-705 BC) Urato Movement. Sargon II pointed out that the karez used around the western Iranian city of Urhu created fertile land far from any river. Cyrus II seems to have developed Karez on a larger scale, but it was an early Persian invention, just like yakhchal-the great dome cooler, the first refrigerator to make and keep ice-and he encouraged its use.
Cyrus II's humanitarian efforts are widely known through Ju Lushi column, which is his policy record and his vision statement, that is, everyone under his rule should live freely according to their own wishes, as long as they live in peace with others. After he conquered Babylon, he allowed the Jews taken from their hometown by King Nebuchadnezzar (605-562 BC) among the so-called Babylonian prisoners to return to Judah, and even provided them with funds to rebuild the temple. Lydians continue to worship their goddess Sibelli, and other races also worship their own gods. All Cyrus II asked was that the citizens of his empire live in peace with each other, serve in his army and pay taxes.
In order to maintain a stable environment, he established a hierarchical government. He is at the highest level, surrounded by advisers, who pass on his decrees to ministers and then to provincial governors. These governors only have the power to deal with bureaucratic administrative affairs, while military commanders in the same area are responsible for supervising military/police affairs. Cyrus II assigned the responsibilities of the government to each governor, which reduced the chances of any official accumulating enough money and power to launch a coup.
Cyrus II's decree-and any other news-spread along the road network connecting major cities. The most famous is the Royal Road from Susa to Saldis (later built by Darius I). The messenger will leave a city in two days and find a watchtower and a rest stop, where he will get food, drinks, a bed and provide a new horse for the next city. The Persian postal system was regarded by Herodotus as a miracle of his time and later became a model of similar systems.
Ju Lushi established a new city as its capital, Pasagade, but moved between three other cities, which were also administrative centers: Babylon, Ekplatana and Susa. The Royal Avenue connects these cities with other cities, so that the king can keep abreast of state affairs. Ju Lushi likes gardening, and built an exquisite garden named pairi-daeza by using Karez system (bringing the word and concept of heaven into English). It is said that he spent as much time as possible in his garden every day while managing and expanding his empire.
Ju Lushi died in 530 BC, probably in battle, and his son Cambyses Ⅱ (reigned 530-522 BC) succeeded him. He extended Persian rule to Egypt. Scholars continue to argue about the identity of his successor, because his successor may be his brother badia, or a middle usurper named Gomata who controlled the empire in 522 BC. It is said that Cambyses Ⅱ assassinated his brother and Gomata in the Egyptian election in Cambyses Ⅱ to impersonate badia. Anyway, this brother's distant cousin assassinated the ruler in 522 BC and seized the throne of Darius I (that is, Darius the Great). , river. 522-486 BC). Darius the Great will further expand his empire and start some of his most famous construction projects, such as the great city of Persepolis, which has become one of the capitals of the empire.
Darius launched an invasion of Greece, but was stopped in the marathon in 490 BC.
Although Darius I continued Cyrus II's tolerant policy and humanitarian legislation, turmoil broke out during his reign. This is not uncommon, because it is the standard for the provinces to rebel after the dead monarch returned to Sargon the Great, Akkadian kingdom in Mesopotamia (2334-2279 BC). The Ionian Greek colony in Asia Minor is one of them. Because their efforts were supported by Athens, Darius launched an invasion of Greece and stopped in the marathon in 490 BC.
After Darius I's death, his son Xerxes I (reigned from 486 to 465 BC) succeeded to the throne. It is said that he formed the largest army in history after his failed invasion of Greece in 480 BC. After that, Xerxes I was busy with construction projects-especially the expansion of Persepolis-and his successor did the same thing. The Achaemenid Empire remained stable under the rule of later rulers until it was conquered by Alexander the Great during the reign of Darius Iii (336-330 BC). Darius Iii was assassinated by his confidante and bodyguard, Bessus, who claimed to be Arta Xue Xisi V (reigned in 330-329 BC), but was executed by Alexander, who claimed to be the heir of Darius, and was often called the last monarch of Achaemenid Empire.
In Seleucus and Parthian empires,
After Alexander died in 323 BC, his empire was divided up by his generals. One of them, Seleucus I Nicato (reigned 305-28 BC1), occupied Central Asia and Mesopotamia, expanded its territory, established Seleucus Empire, and Hellenized the region. Seleucus I retained the model of Persian government and religious tolerance, but the Greeks held the highest administrative positions. Although Greeks and Persians intermarried, Seleuc Empire preferred Greeks, and Greek became the court language. Seleucus I began his rule, suppressed the rebellion in some areas and conquered others, but he always maintained the effective Persian government policy in the past.
Although his immediate successors followed the same practice, regional uprisings, some regions, such as Parthia and Bactria, seceded. In 247 BC, Arthas I of Parthia (reigned in 247-2 17 BC) established an independent kingdom and later became the Parthian Empire. Antioch III (great, reigned in 223- 187 BC), an ancient Seleucean country, will briefly recapture Parthia in 3 BC. In 209 BC, Parthia rose and then got rid of Seleucus' rule.
Antioch III, the last effective king of Seleuc, conquered and expanded the Seleuc empire again, but was defeated by Rome in the battle of magnesium oxide in 190 BC, and the treaty of Apamia (BC 188) caused great losses, and the size of the empire was less than half that of the previous one. Shortly thereafter, King Flatt of Parthia (reigned 176- 17 1 BC) seized the defeat of Seleucu and extended the control of Parthia to the former Seleucu region. His successor Mitterrand I (in the reign of171-kloc-0/32 BC) will consolidate these areas and further expand the Parthian empire.
With the shrinking of Seleucid Empire, Parthia continued to grow. Antioch Ocuss IV Epiphanes Epiphanes (reigned in 175- 164 BC), king of Seleucus, was fully committed to his own interests, and his successor will continue this pattern. After being defeated by the Roman general Pompeii the Great (BC 106-48), the Seleucians finally became a small buffer kingdom in Syria, and by that time (BC 63), the Parthian Empire further expanded its empire in Mithradas II (BC 124-88).
Parthians reduced the threat of rebellion in the provinces by reducing the size of the governor (now called the Grand Duchy) and allowing the kings of the conquered areas to retain their status and all their rights and privileges. These vassals paid tribute to the empire, enriched Parthia's treasury, and maintained peace only because it was in their own best interests. The resulting stability made Parthian art and architecture-a seamless combination of Persian and Greek cultures-prosper, and the prosperous trade further enriched the empire.
Parthian army was the most effective fighting force of that era, mainly because of its cavalry and the perfect technology called Parthian shooting. This technology is characterized by archers on horseback pretending to retreat, and they will turn around and fight back against the advancing enemy. This tactic of the Parthian War was completely unexpected, and it was very effective even after the hostile forces realized it. Orodes II (reigned in 57-37 BC) easily defeated crassus, the three giants of Rome, and killed him in 53 BC, and then defeated marc anthony in 36 BC, which caused two heavy losses to his troops and morale.
Sassanian empire
Nevertheless, as an empire established by Augustus (reigned in 27 BC-A.D. 14), the strength of Rome was rising, and by A.D. 165, the Parthian Empire had been severely weakened by the Battle of Rome. The last king of Parthia, Altaba Nuss IV (2 13-224), was overthrown by his vassal Ardashir I (224-240). Ardashir I is a descendant of Darius Iii and a member of the Persian royal family. Ardashir I's main concern is to build a stable kingdom based on Zoroastrian precepts and protect it from the Roman war and influence. To this end, he asked his son Shapur I (reigned in 240-270) to be a regent in 240. After Ardashir I died a year later, Shapur I became the king of kings and launched a series of military actions to expand his territory and protect his borders.
Shapur I was a devout Zoroastrian, but insisted on the religious tolerance policy consistent with the practice of Achaemenid Empire.
Shapur I, like his father, was a devout Zoroaster, but he followed the practice of Achaemenid Empire and adhered to the policy of religious tolerance. Jews, Christians and members of other religious beliefs are free to practice their beliefs, build churches and participate in the government. Manichaeism founder and religious visionary Mani (L. 2 16-274 CE) is a guest of Shapur I court.
As a competent manager, Shapur I effectively managed his new empire from the capital of Nemesis (the predecessor of Rest Empire) and entrusted many construction projects. He initiated the architectural innovation of the dome entrance and spire, and at the same time reused Karez (neglected by Parthians) and Yakhar, as well as the wind tower (also known as the wind tower) originally invented by Egypt for ventilation and cooling buildings. He may have commissioned the impressive Tucker casla Arch, which still stands at Taixi Peak, although some scholars believe that it was built by the later monarch Coslaw.
His Zoroastrian vision regards him and Sasha as the forces of light, serving the great god Ahumazda and confronting the forces of darkness and chaos represented by Rome. Shapur I's campaign against Rome was almost universally successful, and even captured the Roman emperor Valerian (AD 253-260) and used him as a private servant and footstool. He regarded himself as the king of martial arts and realized this vision. He made full use of Rome's weakness in the crisis of the third century (AD 235-284) to expand his empire.
Shapur I laid the foundation for Sassanian Empire, and his successors will also take it as the foundation, the greatest of which is Koslau I (also known as Justice Anushirwan, 53 1-579). Coslaw I reformed the tax law to make it fairer, and divided the empire into four parts-each part was defended by his own generals, so as to quickly respond to external or internal threats, closely protect his own borders, and enhance the importance of education. Gundy Shahpour College, founded by Koslau I, was the leading university and medical center at that time, and its faculty came from Indian, China, Greek and other places.
Coslaw I continued to pursue the policy of religious tolerance and tolerated the ancient Persians' antipathy to slavery. The prisoner's war was taken into slavery by the Roman Empire; Those who were taken away by Sassanian Empire became paid servants. No matter what social class, it is illegal to beat or hurt servants in any way, so under the rule of Sassanian Empire, the life of "slaves" is far better than that of slaves anywhere else.
Sassanian Empire is regarded as the pinnacle of ancient Persian rule and culture.
Sassanian Empire is regarded as the pinnacle of ancient Persian rule and culture, because it was built on the best aspects of Achaemenid Empire and improved. Sassanian Empire, like most other empires, declined due to the weakness of rulers, the corruption of clergy and the plague from 627 to 628. When it was conquered by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century, it was still difficult for it to go all out. Even so, Persian technological, architectural and religious innovations will still affect the culture and religion of the conquerors. The high civilization of ancient Persia continues to this day, and there is a direct and uninterrupted connection with its past through Iranian culture.
Although modern Iran is equivalent to the center of ancient Persia, the Islamic Republic of Iran is a multicultural entity. To say that a person is Iranian means to state his nationality, while to say that a person is Persian means to define his race; These are not the same thing. Even so, Iran's multicultural heritage comes directly from the paradigm of the Great Persian Empire in the past, where many different races lived under the banner of Persia. This past is reflected in the diversity and hospitality of Iranian society today. Jesus Christ.