1. arterial examination
(1) large pulse and small pulse
When the myocardial contractility is strengthened, the output blood volume increases, and vice versa. A large pulse means a healthy heart. If the pulse is slow, it is more common in the early stage of fever and when the heart increases. Small pulse is more common in heart failure. If you can't feel the pulse, the condition will be more serious.
(2) Soft pulse and hard pulse
When touching the pulse with your hand, if you press it gently with your finger, the pulse disappears, which is a soft pulse, otherwise it is a hard pulse. Soft pulse is seen in slow blood flow, heart failure and blood loss. Pulse is hard to see in fever, or acute nephritis, painful reaction, etc.
(3) excess pulse and deficiency pulse
The whole blood volume is the real pulse, and vice versa. Solid pulse can be seen in fever and hyperthyroidism. Pulse deficiency leads to dehydration and blood loss.
2. Superficial vein examination
(1) Look at the venous congestion. Cattle mainly look at jugular vein. If the venous return is blocked, it will lead to jugular vein dilatation, cord-like and pericarditis.
(2) puncture the vein. If the blood is thick and black, it is a symptom of exhaustion and dehydration. If the blood is thin and pale, it is anemia and hemolysis.