Confucianism initiated by Confucius was carried forward because of its great successors. It developed along two different development paths: one was based on "benevolence", which was inherited by Mencius in the middle of the Warring States period, advocating good nature and opening up "the study of inner saints"; The other, taking "courtesy" as the development path, was inherited by Xunzi at the end of the Warring States Period, advocating evil human nature and opening up "the study of foreign kings". Although times have changed, Confucian management thought still transcends time and space and crosses the heavy historical curtain, which gives us thinking and reference for today's management.
Personal qualities of managers ("five permanent members")
Personality is the sum of a person's personality, temperament, ability and other characteristics. Personality charm is an attraction in personality, temperament, ability and moral quality, which reflects a person's moral quality, thoughts and feelings, personality temperament and knowledge attitude. Confucianism regards benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith as the foundation of establishing people, which can be understood as improving the personal quality of managers in modern management.
1. The benevolent loves, loves.
① Caring for subordinates: humanized management. Filial piety: love the person you love and respect others. "Filial piety is also the foundation of benevolence!"
② Cultivate subordinates. Universal love: giving and helping others. "You can stand up if you want to stand up, and you can reach out to people if you want to reach out."
2. Righteousness words, that is, appropriate and reasonable.
Reasonable ones can be taken out and reasonable systems can be implemented. "The law of benevolence is to love others, not me; Righteousness is in the right person, not in the right person. " In dealing with people, we should emphasize "defeating the soldiers of others and lightly blaming others." When dealing with people, "be lenient with others and be strict with yourself."
3. Etiquette, hierarchy
① "Pay attention to ceremony": emphasize the management order of society and enterprises, coordinate various social relations, and achieve harmony and unity through the vision of * * *.
(2) Abide by the rules and regulations, and regulate the behavior with the system.
③ Respect ethics.
A wise man knows everything.
"Learn and know." Encourage enterprises to establish learning organizations, enhance innovation ability, gain core competitiveness through innovation, and lead the development of the industry.
(1) understand interpersonal relationships and learn to be a man;
2 know the rules and regulations;
(3) Understand scientific knowledge and improve skills;
4 know the reasoning, "just talk about it."
5. Faith means keeping promises.
"People can't stand without faith." In the competitive environment of modern enterprises, trust is the foundation of enterprise's foothold and development.
The theoretical basis of management science: similar in nature and far in learning.
1. Mencius' theory of good nature: "At the beginning of life, human nature is good." "Everyone can think that Shun Yu."
Policy: serve people with virtue-rule by man, "those who serve people with strength are unconvinced and do not look forward;" Those who are convinced by virtue are happy and sincere. "
Methods: ① meet the material needs of subordinates when conditions permit; ② Ideological education, changing ideas; 3 knowing people and being good at their duties; (4) Improve one's own quality, because "cultivate one's morality and cultivate one's nature, and level the world." And "for politics, good is not enough."
2. Xunzi's theory of evil nature: human nature is evil, and goodness is the result of education. Humanity: "Be full when you are hungry, warm when you are cold, and rest when you are tired."
Policy: combination of education and legal system-rule of law.
Methods: ① Ideological education, turning evil into good; (2) Prohibiting evil deeds with punishment-restricting malignancy; (3) The difference between the rule of man and the rule of law: "Being good is not enough for governance, and being good is not enough for self." "If the law is not appointed, the law will not work, and the changes will be endless; If you are a person without law, then everyone has their own intentions and there is no theory that is decided. "
3. Dong Zhongshu's theory of nature is not good: "There is rice in the valley without rice."
Viewpoint: There is evil in good and good in evil.
Methods: Education and rule by virtue-keeping good and eliminating evil. Emphasize the role of acquired change.
4. Han Yu's sexual theory.
Viewpoint: "There are three kinds of sex products: upper, middle and lower. People who have reached the top are just right; In the middle, you can guide up and down; The next one is good and evil. "
Methods: High-grade education, middle-grade persuasion and low-grade uniforms. "The brighter you are in school and sex, the less you are afraid of power and crime. Therefore, it can be taught from above and managed from below. "
The basic principle of management: value righteousness over profit.
1. Unity of justice and benefit.
Advantages: cutting grain with a knife is harvesting. Righteousness, countless weapons written as pointing at sheep, evenly distributed. The initial relationship between righteousness and benefit is production and distribution. "Courtesy is good for righteousness, righteousness is good for profit, and goodness is good for the people."
(2) If the distribution is reasonable, the subordinates will feel comfortable, and their enthusiasm and productivity will be improved.
(3) Righteousness is a means and benefit is an end.
2. Righteousness and benefit are opposites
(1) benevolence, people also. Greed for profit is injustice. "If you hold your virgin over the master's wall, you will get a wife; No hug, no wife. Will you hug it? "
② Value righteousness over profit. Sima Qian believes that "raping the rich is the worst."
3. Mutual benefit and justice
1 "granary knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace."
(2) "Benefit to support his body, righteousness to support his heart."
4. Mutual benefit and justice
1 "thirsty horses keep water, hungry dogs keep meat."
(2) "Pay attention to their wealth to prevent their greed and enable them to get enough services, instead of letting people compete for profits."
Principle and flexibility of management
1. Definition: "What you often learn will become strength." Hold the right to economic use, first establish the right. "You can learn * * *, but you can't adapt; Compatible with Tao, not with it; Can stand up, not by strength. "
2. Adhere to the "classic"
① Three cardinal principles: "The monarch is the minister's guide; Father is a child; Husband is a wife. " P5: "Benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith."
(2) Management principle: "No rules to follow." There are no exceptions.
Step 3 have "power"
"What is the power? The right is against the classics, and then there is goodness. " Therefore, the premise of adopting change is that better results can be produced through change, right?
Organization is more beneficial, otherwise it will lose the meaning of change.
(1) men and women shoushoushoubuqin, ceremony also; Sister-in-law drowned, and the person who saved her has the right. "
2 believe and drown ":Wei was born under the woman's bridge, rising water, keeping promises and drowning." "
(3) "There is no road around the warehouse. Marry a wife, a beautiful wife, and give it to your brother. This so-called loyal love is not feasible. "
4. Measure the power after the change.
See Qin Huiwang for a long time. "I haven't seen him in Qin for three years. If I don't know, I can learn from Chu. " In enterprise management, the principled provisions can also be fine-tuned according to the current situation, and the changes should be based on principles to achieve the same goal for the development of enterprises.
Personnel appointment
1. Nepotism
"Filial piety is fundamental, and pro-Shang En."
① Pro-thought: it is "rule by courtesy" that maintains clan relations.
② Limitations of development.
Appoint people according to their merits.
"Being close to the sages is a top priority, and respecting the sages is still a merit."
(1) The moral standards should meet the requirements of the times.
(2) choose and use the virtuous.
management strategy
Thousands of years ago in China, the unique view of Confucianism on organization held that the whole was greater than the sum of its parts. The fundamental difference between human beings and animals is that human beings can group-divide-righteousness, and group is to establish organizational structure and division of labor. The fundamental reason why human beings can establish organizational structure and implement division of labor and cooperation lies in the "righteousness" between people, and the maintenance of groups lies in "harmony".
1. Morality is the way to control reason.
① Make a complete regulation: "Killing without teaching is called abuse."
2 lead by example, teaching by example is more important than teaching by words: avoid "the leader is sick and the masses take medicine;" The superior made a mistake and the subordinate reviewed it. "
(3) Managers should strengthen moral education: "A gentleman learns to love others, while a villain learns to make things easier."
2. Be polite together, that is, use etiquette to control behavior.
(1) Formulate reasonable specifications. "The ceremony is broken and short. The gain is outweighed by the loss. They love literature and respect literature, and they also cultivate the beauty of righteousness. " "The husband is lost for three years, and the world is also lost."
(2) Restrain behaviors by norms: thoughts change behaviors, behaviors change habits, habits change personalities, and personalities change destiny. Rite is to control people's external behavior, while virtue is to control people's internal reason. "If you want from your heart, it won't have more moments."
3. Take harmony as fun, that is, coordinate emotions with music.
"Rites and people's hearts, music and people's voices, politics to do it, punishment to prevent it, ceremony and music to punish politics, four are not contradictory, then the king is ready."
Respect for human nature: "Musicians are born from voices and are based on people's hearts and feelings of things." "A Le Yi, its politics."
(2) Music and ceremony lead to the same goal. Music emphasizes consistency, "having fun with the people" and producing "pro"; Rites emphasize differences and produce "respect". "The musicians are the same, the subject is different, the same is a blind date, the differences are respectful, the musicians win the flow, and the ceremony wins."
The purpose of music is harmony, that is, to establish close relationship between superiors and subordinates. "It is so happy in the ancestral temple, and it is respectful from top to bottom; In the village of the patriarch, it would be great if all ages listened; In the boudoir, if the father and son listen together, they will kiss. "
(4) Entertainment principle: "Let's play together, be both civil and military." Virtue controls ideals, music coordinates emotions, and law regulates the outside. "Before the ceremony was banned and after the law was applied, it was easy for users to see what the law had done, but it was difficult to know what the ceremony had done."
The goal of management: the thought of great harmony
1. Mencius' "Benevolent Policy"
① Theoretical basis: "Human nature is good."
② Management Center: "People are precious." "The people are precious, the country is second, and the monarch is light." "You treat me as a brother, then I treat you as a center, you treat me as a dog and a horse, then I treat you as a Chinese, you treat me as dirt, and then I treat you as an enemy."
3 management principle: "win the hearts of the people." "Popular, popular, popular. Straighten your heart, get what you want, and get together with it.
If you are evil, don't give it back to me. "Therefore, we must ensure the basic interests, conduct etiquette education, respect the sages and enable them.
2. Xunzi's "Monarchism"
(1) Longlizhong method:
Longli, "The life of the country lies in the ceremony." "Li, debate, the foundation of a powerful country, Wei Xingzhi's way, a total of fame. The reason why the princes won the world was not because they surrendered their country. " Heavy law, "rule by law, courtesy and punishment, it is better for a gentleman to cultivate people." Be cautious and punish, and the country will rule the whole world. "Ceremony is the rule of law.
② Enriching the people:
"So, if you want to be safe, you can't be loyal and love the people." We should stand on the boss's side and strive for the interests of our employees. "Therefore, the benevolent people are on the top, then the agriculture exhausts the land, Jia Chacai, and all the workers use the machine skillfully. As for officials above the scholar-bureaucrat, they must know how to do official business with kindness, and the husband is the most qualified. At the same time, we should strive for the interests of the boss from the perspective of employees.
Respect the sages and use them. "The wise master has a stone and a jade, and the selfless one has a career." "Therefore, a gentleman loves his people and lives in peace, and a good man is proud. Neither of them will die."
3. Confucian Datong: Xiuqi Zhiping
The trip to the avenue is also for the public, choosing talents and talents, and honesty. An old friend is not only like a relative, but also an only child, which makes him feel secure, strong, useful, secure, sick, secure, divided between men and women. If the goods are abandoned on the ground, there is no need to hide them on yourself; You don't have to do it for yourself. Therefore, it is called "Datong" to seek closure but not prosperity, and thieves do not do it, so leaving the house is not sealed.
The road is hidden, the world is home, each family is close, each is a child, and the goods are for themselves. Adults think it's a gift, and the city ditch pond thinks it's solid. Etiquette and righteousness are regarded as discipline, honesty is regarded as monarch and minister, honesty is regarded as father and son, friendship is regarded as brother, harmony is regarded as husband and wife, wisdom and courage are both perfect, and merit is regarded as one's own, so the purpose is to make use of it, and the soldiers will start from this. Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu,, etc. are all among them. None of the six gentlemen is unwilling to be polite. Take its meaning and test its letter. There have been works, and there are benevolent policies in punishment, which shows that the people have often. If someone doesn't come from here, someone in power will go, and everyone thinks it will hurt. It means well-off.
Confucian management thought is profound and profound, which is an important part of Confucian culture and has a far-reaching impact on the historical development of China. Confucianism takes "governing the people" as the management object, "benevolence", "rule by virtue" and "courtesy for use" as the management method, and "managing the family, governing the country and leveling the world" as the management goal. Confucian emphasis on Taoism, morality, faithfulness and propriety is interlinked with modern management. It is a realistic problem that entrepreneurs have been thinking and practicing to pursue the perfection of enterprise management and improve their own management level.
No matter from the content characteristics of Confucian culture or the value orientation of Confucian culture, Confucianism is actually a management theory and method that enterprises can learn from. In a word, Confucian management thought is a management method with the ultimate goal of governing the country and leveling the world, the management premise of managers' self-cultivation, the internal and external control of people as the means and moral persuasion as the main implementation means.
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