What are the main items of surgical physical examination?

General observation: it mainly includes the observation of development, nutrition, posture, face, expression and gait. For example, cancer patients may suffer from emaciation, anemia and poor mental state. Diseases of spine and limbs may be characterized by gait changes and lameness. Examination of skin, body surface and superficial lymph nodes: changes in skin color, elasticity, luster and scar. Whether the lymph nodes in submaxillary, neck, clavicle, armpit and groin are swollen. Cervical examination: Observe lymph nodes, thyroid gland, trachea and neck blood vessels. Chest and breast examination: check the chest, chest activities and cardiopulmonary conditions for abnormalities. Breast examination mainly observes breast development, symmetry, abnormality and palpation. Abdominal examination: Abdominal deformation, tenderness, hepatobiliary and splenic swelling, abdominal mass, abdominal hernia and inguinal hernia. Examination of spine and limbs: Observe the physiological curvature and movement of spine to see if there is deformity and scoliosis. The development and activity of limbs, observe whether there is deformity, edema and varicose veins. Anal examination: including anal appearance examination, anal finger examination, prostate and anoscope examination. External genital examination: Male physical examination includes appearance examination and palpation of penis, scrotum, testis and epididymis. Female medical examiners will have gynecological examinations.