Indoor cultivation of mushrooms requires certain facilities, such as houses and bedsteads. In the process of planting, the transportation of culture materials and soil particles greatly increases the planting cost and a lot of labor for mushroom farmers. Moreover, because mushrooms are planted every year, the density of indoor miscellaneous bacteria and pests increases, and a slight neglect of disinfection and pest control will lead to a decline in the yield and quality of mushrooms. In recent years, the state has strengthened land management, and it will be more difficult to develop edible fungi on a large scale and build standardized mushroom houses. Therefore, developing mushroom cultivation from indoor to outdoor has become the direction of large-scale mushroom cultivation in the future. Mushroom farmers in the mushroom production base in Shapingba District of Chongqing, under the technical guidance of experts, successfully planted in idle winter rice fields, with a yield of 7-9 kilograms per square meter, simple facilities, low cost, few pests and diseases, and reduced labor intensity and labor consumption. After planting mushrooms, mushroom residues were treated in situ and became organic farmyard manure in rice fields, which created a good ecological agriculture model and achieved social and economic benefits.
Cultivation measures are as follows:
1. Choose a place to grow mushrooms in the paddy field in the greenhouse, that is, use the idle paddy field in winter after rice harvest to grow mushrooms. When sowing rice seeds, drain the paddy field water, and start soil preparation and cultivation as follows: 2 furrows and 3 compartments, middle compartment 1.5m, side compartment 1m, width of compartment 0.3m, depth of compartment 0.3m, length10 ~15m; 3. Ditch hatchback type, hatchback width 1.5m, trench width 0.3m ... When making a box, dig out the field in the ditch and base it on the edge of the box to form a ridge to block the culture material. Compartment ditches are also used as walkways and drains for operators. A herringbone shed was built on the car surface, and the middle of the herringbone shed was supported by bamboo or wooden sticks to form the central column of the shed, which was 2.4 meters high. The pillars are connected with large bamboo poles to form the top beam. Cover the top beam with plastic film and straighten both sides into a natural triangle. Then put the thin rice and wheat straw in a heavy-duty fan and put it on the top beam to keep out the light. You can also use black plastic film to stretch to both sides after passing through the top beam to form a herringbone triangular shed without a fan to shade the sun. The two ends of the herringbone shed are covered with grass curtains. The drainage ditch around the shed should be well done.
2. The formula of fermentation medium is the same as that of indoor mushroom cultivation. Primary fermentation and secondary fermentation can be used. The outdoor secondary fermentation method uses the natural high temperature in early autumn to achieve the effect of secondary fermentation without fuel heating, which reduces the production cost. The method is to use bricks and stones as a cushion pier, which is about 20 cm high. Put a wooden stick on the hot pier, and put bamboo pieces on the wooden stick, especially like a bedstead, to make a base with a width of 1.5 meters and an indefinite length. Adjust the pre-fermented material pile to 5-6 drops of water by hand, and then adjust the pH value to 7.8-8 with lime powder. Then pile the culture on the base, and preset the wooden stick or bamboo to form pores. Stack the material to a height of 0.8~ 1 m, and make the exhaust hole into a T-shape. When the materials are stacked, the sticks or bamboos are pulled out, which naturally becomes a cavity as a channel for air exchange inside the materials. Spray 0.5% dichlorvos or dicofol on the surface of the pile to kill insects. Then build a simple frame around the pile with bamboo, about 20 cm away from the pile, to prevent the plastic film from directly sticking to the culture material and affecting the fermentation. Finally, cover with film. Make full use of the sunlight during the day and the fermentation heat accumulated in the reactor, so that the temperature in the reactor can quickly rise to above 62℃. After the high temperature is over, the temperature shall be reduced by 1~2℃ every day and ventilated for 3~4 times for 30 minutes each time. The temperature is controlled at about 50℃, the fermentation is completed in 6~7 days, and finally the temperature is reduced to below 45℃, so that the materials can be moved into the herringbone shed.
3. Sowing: Two days before the materials enter the shed, all the cultivation beds are sprayed with 0.5% dichlorvos to kill insects, and the cultivation materials are ready to enter the shed. When the culture material is spread on the bed surface in the shed, the water content of the material should be controlled at 63%~65%, and it is appropriate to knead it by hand 1 drop water. The pH value of the material is 7~7.5, and it has no ammonia smell. The paving thickness is 13~ 17 cm, and the paving is evenly mixed. After the material is laid, a thermometer should be used to measure the temperature of the material. If the material temperature is lower than 28℃, you should sow carefully. Sow more seeds in shifts, and each bottle can sow 0.7~0.8 square meters. Before sowing, operators use 0. 1% potassium permanganate to disinfect hands, tools and strain bottles. When sowing, spread 2/3 strains on the surface of the culture material, then turn it over by hand, then spread the remaining 1/3 strains on the surface of the material, and gently compact it with a clean board.
4. Management of spawning and fruiting Within 3 days after sowing, the herringbone shed should be closed, and the two ends of the shed should be covered tightly with straw curtains to keep warm and moist, so as to promote the germination and feeding of strains. After 3 days, the two ends of the shed can be properly opened for ventilation at night. After 15 days, the mycelium in the material is basically full and can be covered with soil. Cover with wet soil mixed with chaff. Cover coarse soil and fine soil evenly on the surface of the material several times. When hyphae grow on soil cracks, spray heavy water once to promote the rapid growth of mushrooms. During the whole growth period of mushrooms, water is managed by light spraying and frequent spraying to keep the humidity of the covered soil. After beginning of spring, the temperature rose. Pay attention to increasing the amount of water spray and strive to produce more spring mushrooms. In April, after the mushroom planting in the whole rice field is finished, the herringbone shed can be dismantled and mushroom residue can be scattered in the rice field, and the mushroom residue of 667 square meters can be scattered for 2700~3300 square meters. Mushroom residue is a good organic fertilizer, which can increase rice yield and reduce the application amount of chemical fertilizer. Planting mushrooms in rice fields is a good way to develop rice field resources and guide farmers to get rich.
Mushroom planting technology
I. Overview
Lentinus edodes is one of the specialties of China and has been exported for many years. 1999 China's mushroom production has reached more than 654.38 million tons, ranking first in the world.
Number one in the world. Lentinus edodes is also a mushroom eaten all over the world. Most mushrooms in China are sold in the form of dried products, and some fresh products have been exported in recent years.
2. Cultivation methods, techniques and varieties
1. Cultivation methods and techniques
There are three basic ways of mushroom cultivation, artificial cultivation and ground cultivation. With the continuous progress of alternative cultivation techniques,
With the enhancement of people's awareness of forest protection, there has been little wood cultivation in recent years, and mushrooms in China mainly come from alternative cultivation.
The basic process is as follows: batching, bagging, sterilization, inoculation and fruiting.
2. Cultivation Committee Festival