Source of the manuscript: Wei Minghua
"All of the athletic ability, the shorter and longer things, the ancient and modern more known as 'theater'." This is the opinion of Mr. Qian Zhongshu. Therefore, "cockfighting" can also be called "chicken theater". The first book of the tube cone editorial "page 195," said: "the historical record" 'play chasing, cockfighting, dog walking, as a color to reserve, will compete to win', the chicken 'fight' and people thought 'play'. ' ear." This is the meaning of this.
Cockfighting theater, the source is very long. Zuo Zhuan - Zhaogong 25 years" cloud: "Ji, the MP's chicken fight, Ji's between their chickens, the MP's for the gold distance." It was in 517 BC. Ji Ping Zi and MP Zhao Bo were nobles of the state of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and they armed their chickens to the teeth in the cockfighting, both with "meshed chickens" and "golden distances". The warring states policy - qi policy" cloud: "linzi is very rich and real, its people do not blow yu drums, hit the building playing the qin, cockfighting dog, six bo step bow." This is the king of Qi Xuan to the vertical and horizontal Su Qin show off the prosperity of Qi words. Although Qi people may not all cockfighting, but at least Qi has cockfighting theater. Speaking of cockfighting, and "Confucius heard Shao" also has some relations. Today, Linzi Shaoyuan village has a small-scale light gray antique building, the door in the middle of the north wall, inlaid with a stone monument, inscribed in clerical script, said "Confucius Wen Shao," Department of the Qing Dynasty Xuantong three years (1991) was set up. Monument left and right embedded in two stone carvings, slightly smaller than the monument. The left side of a "dance music" - on the carving of two people sitting on the ground, a person holding the pipe blowing horizontally, the other person is sitting down to look at, it seems that all the mind and soul into a wonderful artistic realm, when Confucius in the enjoyment of music; under the carving of the two beautiful women, long-sleeved band, dancing. The right side of the stone carving for the "shao music and son in qi wen shao" introduction. According to "Linzi County Records" records: Shao Yuan original name of the Zao Yuan village, because the village people digging to get an ancient monument, the book "Confucius heard the Shao place", and then in the nearby underground stone rock several, so easy to the name of the village. Because of the old stone monument for a long time, the handwriting has been worn out. Fathers and mothers afraid of the disappearance of monuments, events without biography, in the Xuantong years Heli Zhuang and re-established the existing "hole in the smell of Shao place" monument. Confucius came to Qi wenshao recorded in the "Historical Records - Confucius Family". In 517 B.C., when Confucius was thirty-five years old, Ji Pingzi, the upper minister of the state of Lu, had an argument with Zhaobo over a cockfight, which offended Duke Zhaodong of Lu, who led a division to attack Ji Pingzi. Ji Ping Zi then asked the Yu Clan and the Shusun Clan, the other two major clans in the state of Lu, to attack the Duke of Lu with the three clans***. As a result, Duke Zhaodong of Lu was defeated and fled to Qi, where he was placed in Qianhou. As a result of the civil strife in the state of Lu, Confucius defected to the state of Qi and became a vassal of Gao Zhaozi's family, trying to meet Duke Jing of Qi through Gao Zhaozi's connections. During this period, Confucius "spoke music with the master of Qi, heard the sound of shao music, learned it, and did not know the taste of meat for three months", and praised the shao music: "It is as beautiful as it can be, and it is as good as it can be!" Shao music is more than four thousand years ago Shun music, the Spring and Autumn period can still play the country has been very few, and now the content of shao music has long been lost, but Confucius heard the shao still exists. Without the cockfighting, there would have been no "Kong Zi Wen Shao" ceremony.
In "Zhuangzi - Dasheng", recorded a chicken tamer Ji Jizi for King Xuan tamed the story of cockfighting:
Ji Jizi for the king to raise cockfighting. Ten days and asked: "Chicken already?" Said: "not yet, the party false pride and bullying." Ten days and asked, said: "not yet, Judah should be to the King." Ten days to ask, said: "not yet, is still blind and full of gas." Ten days and asked, said: "a few more, although the chicken has a song, has not changed, look like a woodchuck carry on, its virtue is complete. The different chickens do not dare to respond to the person, anti-go away."
Ji Jiu Zi believes that the competition must be completely removed from the chicken false pride and intention, see the shadow of other chickens should be blind, for the enemy does not look at and overbearing, looks like a wooden chicken as quiet and indifferent, so that is considered the perfect virtue. Only a chicken that is not aggressive will be able to win anything. This is not only a rich practical experience in taming cockfighting, but also contains a profound philosophy.
Ji Jizi was the tamer of cockfighting for King Xuan of Zhou, which showed that King Xuan of Zhou was a king who loved cockfighting. King Xuan of Zhou was named Ji Jing, the son of King Li, who was made the crown prince during his reign. When his countrymen rioted, he fled into the residence of Duke Zhao to hide. When the people found him, they surrounded the residence and demanded Duke Cao to hand him over. Duke Cao tried his best to persuade the people to spare the prince, but the people refused and searched the house. Duke Cao rushed into the inner room, ordered his own son to change clothes with the Prince, and pushed out his son to the people in pain. The people of the country did not recognize the truth, and immediately beat the false prince to death and left. Thus, Ji Jing hid himself by posing as the son of Duke Zao. After King Li fell ill and died, Duke Zhou and Duke Zao used superstition to calm the people's anger and helped Ji Jing to succeed the throne. Ji Jing, having experienced difficulties, took his father's death as a warning, and in the early days of his succession, he was prudent and diligent in managing the state affairs. In politics, he did not act arbitrarily, but consulted with his ministers. His words were recorded on a bronze vessel cast at that time, "Mao Gong Ding", which said that all the decrees issued by him had to be signed by Mao Gong in order to be valid. He also reorganized the bureaucratic system, ordering officials at all levels not to be greedy for money, drunken and oppressive to the people. Economically, he abolished the patent policy under King Li and relaxed the control of mountains, forests, rivers and swamps. Upon his assumption of power, he announced the abolition of the slave system of land registration and allowed the distribution of public land to slaves for cultivation in return for payment in kind. Militarily, he revitalized the army and ordered his ministers to command the troops to conquer the enemies around him in order to remove the military threat of constant internal aggression by the surrounding minorities since the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty and to divert attention from the domestic scene. He also followed the example of King Wu of Zhou and King Cheng of Zhou in dividing the feudal lords to defend the royal family. He sealed his younger brother You in Zheng, which was later known as the state of Zheng, and his uncle Shen Bo in Xie, known as the Marquis of Shen. These measures temporarily eased the internal and external conflicts, and the rule of the Zhou Dynasty showed a momentary consolidation of the phenomenon, which is known as the "King Xuan's Middle Rise" by historians. In fact, underneath the superficial appearance of the revival, various social conflicts in the Zhou royal family were still developing. Some of the vassals refused to defend the royal family, and some of them even rebelled. While Ji Jing put all the troops in the country to resist, the king's division was afraid of the enemy's face and cowered. In the end, he had to use the power of some vassals to win. In the later years of Ji Jing's reign, he lost many foreign wars. In 789 B.C., the king's division attacked Jiang Rong and fought in Qianmu (south of present-day Jiexiu County, Shanxi Province), losing all his divisions, and Ji Jing was almost captured. In his later years, Ji Jing gradually became stubborn and did not accept loyal advice. In order to show his power, he forced Lu to abolish the eldest and set up the youngest. When the people of Lu refused to obey him, he raised an army to crush them, thus plunging the state of Lu into chaos for several generations and destroying the patriarchal system of the Zhou Dynasty, which was passed on to the first-born son, thus arousing bad blood among the vassals of the same family name, who were even more dissatisfied with Ji Jing. He also became arbitrary and irrational among the rulers and officials. Once, Du Bo, the eldest vassal, offended Ji Jing over a trivial matter, and Ji Jing ordered him to be killed. Later, a story spread that when Ji Jing was hunting, he suddenly saw Du Bo dressed in red, wearing a red crown, holding a red bow and mounting a red arrow, and shot Ji Jing to death. This is naturally not believable. It is estimated that Ji Jing might have died of a stroke, or died of melancholy due to the loss of the conquest. But no matter what, King Xuan of Zhou was still an important figure in the history of cockfighting. The "philosophy of cockfighting" that Ji Jing talked about to King Xuan of Zhou was probably an allusion to the political and military struggles of the time.
Cockfighting was regarded as an important form of leisure in the Han Dynasty. Han book - food and goods," said the Han dynasty, "the rich children of the world or fighting chickens, dogs and horses, cruising and hunting love play," visible cockfighting in the Han dynasty is a common game. Now from the archaeological excavations of the Han dynasty stone carvings, portrait bricks, can see a variety of cockfighting map, can be said to be a true reflection of social life at that time. The custom of cockfighting in Han Dynasty can also be seen by the following materials. Ge Hong "Xijing Miscellany" Volume II, Liu Bang's father love cockfighting, Liu Bang to make his father happy, specially in Chang'an according to the hometown of the original reconstruction of Xinfeng, and those who are old friends of the cockfighting are also moved to Chang'an:
The emperor migrated to Chang'an, living in the Palace, the pathos of the unhappy. Gaozu stole because of the left and right to ask the reason, to the life of the good, are slaughtering and selling young people, dealing in wine and cakes, cockfighting and cuju, and thus for the joy of this, this is not this, and therefore to not happy. Gaozu is a new abundance, move all the former real, the emperor is pleased.
Additionally, the Xijing Miscellany, Volume IV and contained: "Cheng Di, the cross-toe Yue Jun dedicate long-sounding chicken,...... long distance good fight." It should be the Han Dynasty Emperor has the good of cockfighting, only to have the exotic people to contribute to the good fight of the chicken.
North and South Dynasties, despite the turbulent situation, cockfighting did not stop. In the poem "Cockfighting" by Xiao Gang of the Liang Dynasty, cockfighting was regarded as the best program for spring excursions: "The joy is endless, and the eastern suburbs can be visited in spring." Chu Jie's poem "Cockfighting on the Eastern Suburb Road" of the Chen Dynasty described the cockfighting scene as follows: "The brocade hairs invade the distance and scatter, and the mustard feathers are mixed with dust!" Wang Bao's poem "Watching Cockfighting" in the later Zhou Dynasty excitedly described the intense scene of cockfighting: "Mincing and mincing began to walk horizontally, and they wanted to fall on each other's throats. Jealousy of their rivals rises up in golden awns, guessing at the flock of mustard powder. They enter the arena and challenge each other, and retreat as if they were pursuing soldiers. Who knows that under the valley of Hakodate, people are leaving the city alone."
The Tang Dynasty is the cockfighting style is particularly prevalent in the era. Its important reason, is the Tang Xuanzong Li Longji love this play. Tang Zheng Dizi "Ming Huang Miscellany," said the next volume, when Emperor Xuanzong feast, "the prefectures and counties, the workshop of the large Chen mountain car dry boat, looking for the building to go rope, pills, swords, angle to play horse cockfighting." Cockfighters were often favored, as mentioned in the same volume, "The son of Frank Wang, Jun, was the junior secretary of the Weiweiwei, and served the emperor with cockfighting in and out of the city." On this aspect of the situation, the Tang Chen Hongzu in the "Dongcheng old father's biography" in the most vivid and detailed:
Xuanzong in the feudal lodgings, music folk Ching Ming Festival cockfighting theater. And the throne, the chicken workshop in the two palaces, the Chang'an rooster golden hair iron distance, high crowns and tails of thousands, raised in the chicken workshop. Selected six army children 500 people, so that the taming of teaching feeding. On the good, the people especially, the kings of the family, the relatives, the noble Lord family, the marquis family dumped money bankruptcy market chicken, to pay the value of the chicken. Men and women in the city, to get the chicken as a matter of fact, the poor get fake chicken.
Jia Chang in the East Side of the old man's biography, in his youth is because of good at taming the cockfighting, Xuanzong's favor, the value of the sudden increase, people call the "God Chicken Boy". The people sang: "The birth of a child does not need to know the words, cockfighting and horseback riding is better than reading. Jia's child is thirteen years old, wealth and honor is not as good as the generation. He could make the golden distance between victory and defeat, and his white embroidered shirt came with the soft carriage. My father died a thousand miles away from Chang'an, and the driver of the funeral carriage held the road." Although the biography of the old father in Dongcheng is a legendary novel, it reflects the social reality of the Kaiyuan and Tianbao years. Du Fu's poem "Cockfighting" reads: "The cockfighting was first given to the brocade, and the dancing horse was on the bed. Under the curtain, the palace people come out, and in front of the building, the imperial willow grows long." Li Bai's poem "Ancient Winds" reads, "When I meet a cockfighter on the road, his crown is so brilliant. Nose in the rainbow, pedestrians are terrified." All of these reflect the Tang Dynasty rulers' indulgence in cockfighting.
Besides Emperor Xuanzong, Emperor Wenzong and Emperor Xizong also loved cockfighting. Zhao Lin "because of the language" volume 1 records: "Wenzong ...... appreciate watching the cockfighting, you people said sigh: 'great good chicken! On said: 'chicken is good, will give you.'" Sun Guangxian "Northern Dreams Zoan" Volume 1 records: "Emperor Xi Zong good cu leather ball, cockfighting for fun." Tang Emperor Li Ang, first known as Li Han, was the second son of Tang Emperor Mu Zong, and was renamed Li Ang after he was made emperor by eunuchs. During his reign, he was frugal and frugal, and was diligent in political affairs, and was expected to become a famous ruler. However, he was subjected to eunuchs, cronies, and the Winnowing Winnowing Basket, and died in despair. In 873 A.D., Emperor Tang Yi Zong died of illness. The eunuchs Liu Xing Shen and Han Wen Yao made the youngest son of Emperor Tang Yi Zong, Li Ingenious, Emperor Xi Zong of the Tang Dynasty, the first Emperor of the Tang Dynasty. Tang Xi Zong was only twelve years old when he assumed the throne, and his political affairs were handled by eunuchs and court officials, so the conflicts and struggles between the North and South Departments naturally became more intense. When Tang Xi Zong was the King of Pu, he was the best with the eunuch Tian Lingzi, a eunuch from Pony Square. After Tang Xi Zong became the throne, he promoted Tian Lingzi to be the lieutenant of the Divine Strategies Army. Tian Lingz bully bully, hold the power, and Tang Xi Zong specializing in games, the political affairs to Tian Lingz, but also called him "a father". Wenzong, Xizong two emperors love cockfighting, obviously in politics are not great.
Because the influence of cockfighting in the Tang Dynasty was so great, people even used it as a metaphor for those who were vicious. Wang Renyu "Kaiyuan Tianbao remains" Volume II "Suo cockfighting" article said: "Li Linfu for the nature of the vicious, not the hearts of the people, every thing, more than not agree with the group, and the face of the harmony. The people of China said that Lin Fu's spirit of hostility, often like 'Suo Douji'."
The wind of cockfighting in the Song Dynasty was no less than that of its predecessors, but it was gradually popularized from the princes and nobles to the people. Mei Yaochen's poem "Watching Cockfighting at Evening Mooring" reads, "Boatmen holding chickens come and stand on the high bank." It means that boatmen in general are fond of cockfighting. Meng Yuanlao "Tokyo Dreaming Records," Volume VIII, said the folk social fire performance of the hundred plays, "jumping rope, sumo wrestling, drums, small singing, cockfighting," which further demonstrates the popularity of cockfighting.
Song people also used bamboo chickens to fight for fun. Yongheng's "Search and Collection of Anecdotes" Volume 1, Hong Mai's "Rongzhai Suibi" Volume 13, "Bird Wisdom" article, have recorded that: "the nature of the bamboo chicken, meet their friends will fight. Catchers sweep the leaves for the city, placed in the medium, and stealthy in the back of the net. Stimulate the medium so that the song, the sound will be heard with the sound, closed eyes fly into the city, and want to fight, and the net has been up, there is no way to get out of it. The net was already up, and no one could get out of it. When the eyes were closed, they could no longer see people."
On the specifics of ancient cockfighting, general historical records tend to be more sketchy, only the Southern Song dynasty Zhou to Fei in the "Ridge outside of the answer" Volume IX "cockfighting" written in specific detail:
Mustard shoulder gold distance of the technology, seen in the biography but not witnessed also. I also from the West Canton, Road Panyu, was able to see it. Panyu people are very fond of cockfighting, especially the people of Panyu. Chickens from Panyu are especially strong and good at fighting. They are also very skillful in raising chickens, and when they fight, they have their own techniques, which are injected with gold and viewed as a wall.
All chickens, the hair wants to be sparse and short, the head wants to be vertical and small, the foot wants to be straight and big, the body wants to be sparse and long, the eye wants to be deep and thick skin. Xu step eye, Yi do not move, look at it like a wooden chicken. The first thing you need to do is to get a good look at the other side of the room and see if you can get a good look at it.
People's chicken also, knot grass for the pier, so that standing on it, the foot is always fixed and not tilt. The rice is placed above its head, so that the high pecking, the head is always vertical and mouth. Cut off the crown and strings, so that the enemy chickens have nothing to do with their mouths. Cut and brush the tail feathers, so that it is easy to maneuver in a fight. Often use the plume to stir into the chicken's throat to remove its saliva, and scoop up the rice to feed it, or use water out of the mouth and armpits. I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do this, but I'm going to be able to do it.
To its fight, we must make the death struggle, win or lose a point, death is different. The fight is negative, the gas is lost, life is no longer able to fight, that is, for the tripod real carry on. However, the chicken often win, but also will be early decline, to its every fight repeatedly Bin died also. The method of cockfighting, about three idle: the beginning of the fight for a short while, the chicken lost, the owner of the chicken to hold a little rest, to salivate and drink water to raise its gas, is an idle; and then fight and the chicken lost, the owner of the chicken to hold a little rest as before, to raise the gas and back to the fight, and then an idle; the last idle, the two masters are not allowed to with, the two chickens of the winners or losers of the life or death is decided. When the chickens start to fight, they will fight with distance, and when they are less tired, they will hover and peck each other. When a chicken pecks, it will not give up, and the vice of the chicken will be the distance. Can be more such a person will win, the owner is happy to see the color.
Fan people's cockfighting is even more, the so-called "mustard shoulder", "gold distance", really use it. Its "mustard shoulder" also, the end of mustard seed grits in the chicken's shoulders and armpits, two chickens half-fighting and tired, circling to wait for the right to stab each other's heads under the armpits, turn over and peck each other, to have mustard seeds can squint at the eyes of the enemy chickens, so it is used to win. Its "gold distance" also, thin blade such as claws, chisel handle in the chicken distance, the beginning of the fight, a swing distance, or to the severed head. Cover "gold distance" to win in its beginning, "mustard shoulder" to win in its end. Can Jisun not be angry here? The first thing I'd like to say is that I'm not sure if I'm going to be able to do this, but I'm sure I'm going to be able to do it," he said.
This passage is very important for us to understand the ancient cock-taming and cockfighting. Especially the so-called "mustard shoulder", "gold distance", usually not easy to understand, to this suddenly realized. However, "mustard shoulder" and as "shoulder", about the word "medium", in the ancient books there are two interpretations: one as "medium", the meaning of the medium armor, that is, to give the chicken, the cockfighting is very important. The meaning of the word "mustard" in the ancient texts is twofold: one is "jie", which means "jiejia", i.e. to protect oneself by dressing the chicken with jiejia; and the other is "mustard", which means "mustard", i.e. to sting each other's eyes by mixing spicy mustard inside the chicken wings. From different documents, the two solutions seem to be valid, and both armor and mustard may be the tactics used in ancient cockfighting.
During the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, the style of cockfighting has been passed down . Yuan Yang Weizhen "cockfighting line" cloud: "two male and female bravery boasts rivals, the old distance on the spot sharp as a halberd." It seems that the cock still carries a sharp weapon. Ming Zhang Dai "Taoan Mengyi" has "Cockfighting Society" article cloud: "Tianqi non戌(1622)间好斗鸡, set up a cockfighting society in the Dragon Hill." This "cockfighting society" I do not know whether the history of cockfighting is the only organization, the full text is as follows:
Tianqi non戌(1622)间好斗鸡, set up a cockfighting society under the Dragon Hill. Imitation of Wang Bo "cockfighting diatribe", diatribe with the community. Zhong uncle Qin lifetime with antiques, paintings and calligraphy, Wen Jin, Chuan fan and other things with Yu Bo, Yu chicken repeatedly win. Uncle Zhong indignation, gold its distance, medium its feathers, where enough to help its shoulders to fight, no strategy. And did not win. It was said that the children and grandchildren of Marquis Fan Kuai of Xuzhou Wuyang, the cockfighters were the best in the world, with long necks and beaks, capable of pecking corn on a high table. Zhong Shu heart moved, secretly sent an envoy to visit, and not, more indignation. One day, I read the history of the barnyard, it is said that Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Xuanzong was born in Youyi, You month, good cockfighting and the death of his country. I was also born in the month of You, so I stopped.
From this text, you can understand how the Ming people for cockfighting is valued!
The Qing people also cockfighting. Qing people Li Shengzhen "Bamboo Drama - Fighting Chicken" cloud: "the good name 'Nine Tumbling', especially fighting." Also, Chen 淏子 "花镜-鸡》云："Another kind of cockfighting, like domestic chickens and tall, brave and tough exception, the chickens see and escape. Its phase, to the crown flat claws sharp for the first. Every fight, although to death, good people animal, in the late fall to open gambling. The first two chickens shape, the size of the review is equivalent, the square into the paddock, listen to its fight, every negative and called away for the defeat." I do not know whether this chicken that "nine tumbling".
China all over the cockfighting, folk and produced the Central Plains cockfighting, Zhangzhou cockfighting, Turpan cockfighting, Xishuangbanna cockfighting, such as "China's four major cockfighting" said. Cockfighting in the Central Plains is especially famous for "Kaifeng Cockfighting". From the Northern Song Dynasty to modern times, Kaifeng cockfighting activities have been prevalent in the folk. Cockfighting enthusiasts in Kaifeng commonly known as "playing cockfighting". Playing cockfighting people, more than love to practice martial arts, and love to drink, righteousness, strict discipline. They have an unwritten tradition, that is, "on the road regardless of pro". If someone really loves chickens, through the introduction of friends can be given free of charge, but must comply with the rules of the gang, that is, the cockfighting can only be self-sustaining and can not be transferred, and can not be mated with other chickens to reproduce. If you can not continue to feed for some reason, you must return the original chicken or kill and eat, and the head and claws of the chicken must be returned to the original owner, as a token of good faith. If not enthusiasts, just for others to seek, then even if it is close friends and relatives, but also empty words. So play cockfighters on the line of outsiders is rather give up a thousand gold, not to give up an egg, not to mention the chicken. Kaifeng people love chickens to the extent that the exaggerated statement is "chicken as son. The warmth and nutrition of chickens are always on the mind of the owner. Chicken feed to be panned over and over again, the chicken's lying place to sieve fine cinderblock paved, often made in winter cloth cover for the chicken to keep warm, and even put the chicken in their own arms. The purpose of doing so is to maintain the chicken's robust physique, so that it has the courage to go forward in the fight. Kaifeng cockfighting is characterized by pure chicken breed, selection is very strict. Who is the father of the fighting chicken, who is the mother, its first five generations people will carefully remember. When selecting the breed, inbreeding is absolutely not allowed. The purpose of feeding cockfighting is to "fight", so in addition to the strict standards and requirements for the selection of breeding, there are also unique management methods in feeding and training. Kaifeng cockfighting connoisseur's experience believes that if there is a good breed of cockfighting, but do not pay attention to feeding and training, it will never fight at a good level. Cockfighting training is very interesting. Daily dawn, the beginning of the "chicken", chicken in front of people in the back, the speed from slow to fast, from short to long, and then make it rest, water. Around 10:00 a.m., and then put the chicken "walk", so that it is free to move. Twelve o'clock or so "feeding", full of food into the hood rest. To three or four o'clock in the afternoon and then a second "walk", an hour later and then "chicken training", let the chicken for jumping cover, squatting legs and other positions. At night before dark, plus meal "supplemental food". This training can make the cockfighting muscles and bones strong, strong legs, action fast, in order to facilitate the fight. The second day of the first month of the lunar calendar every year is the day of the cockfighting competition. February 2, March 3, April 4, is also a good time for cockfighting. In addition to the second day of the first month, February, March and April, the competition time is not fixed, usually selected in the beginning of the first Sunday. After the day is selected, we have to choose the cockfighting pit. The so-called "Cockfighting Pit" is named because the venue for cockfighting is lower than the surrounding ground. Kaifeng's "cockfighting pit", from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China has been in the north of the city's east gate outside the square. Now, it is mostly in Longting Park, Tieta Park and Xiangguo Temple. Every time the cockfighting competition, cockfighting pit crowd of spectators, lively and unusual. The host of the cockfighting pit is called "Chicken Head Home" or "Chicken Head". Chicken head is the referee and organizer of the cockfight. Both sides of the cockfighting, first by the head of the chicken, and then look at each other's chickens, called "moving eyes". The principle is: only those with the same size, weight and age can fight each other. The head of the chicken gives the order: "Pull the chicken!" Both sides hold the chickens and enter the arena. The head of the chicken again orders: "Ready!" Both sides hold chickens squatting in the circle, two chickens head to head. The head of the chicken shouts: "Spread the chickens!" Both sides let go at the same time and exit the ring. In cockfighting, every quarter of an hour is a plate. After fighting one or two plates, by both sides or one side of the request, both sides can pick up the chicken, with a towel soaked, the chicken head and beak inside the bruise wash, in the cold compresses on its chest and abdomen and under the two wings, in order to help recover fatigue, continue to fight. Cockfighting pit has a rule, that is, no matter how wonderful cockfighting, are not allowed to clap and shout to avoid trouble. In the south, "Zhangzhou Cockfighting" is famous and has a long history. "Zhangzhou cockfighting" is to compete for the main purpose of the ornamental chicken species, with lean and sturdy, dare to fight and good fighting and other characteristics. According to the "Chinese poultry breeds", Zhangzhou cockfighting and the Central Plains cockfighting, Turpan cockfighting, Xishuangbanna cockfighting and known as "China's four major cockfighting", the Ministry of Agriculture has been included in the national poultry resources to protect species. Zhangzhou fighting cocks are mainly distributed in Zhangzhou Xiangcheng District, the current stock in the region in more than 20,000 birds. According to "Xiangcheng District Records", the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Zhangzhou has been prevalent cockfighting. Historically, Zhangzhou cockfighting, in foreign exchanges and competitions many times erected "invincible card", renowned in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia. In recent years, the relevant parties to organize the Zhangzhou cockfighting "chicken king competition", during the game, the audience gathered, stirring the province and even Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Southeast Asia. In the meantime, also established the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association, Henan Kaifeng Cockfighting Association sent a special congratulatory message. The following day, Zhangzhou cockfighting website officially opened, which is so far the world's first cockfighting information network. Zhangzhou cockfighting to "black chicken red crown" for the best, and other cockfighting differentiated from the head of a small ear seal, from the throat to the mouth has a pendant meat. Cockfighting is still popular among Chinese in Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and other Southeast Asian countries, which is rumored to have been spread by Zhangzhou people when they traveled to the South Seas to make a living. During the Republic of China, Zhangzhou prevalent cockfighting, a favorite of the masses, many cockfighting enthusiasts of cockfighting breeding, rearing, training has been a set of more complete experience, and the formation of a number of cockfighting athletic competition rules. Existing Zhangzhou cockfighting is the end of the Qing Dynasty, since the Republic of China, by the local cockfighting and the hybrid hybridization of the Pan cockfighting derivation, before and after the history of nearly a hundred years. Zhangzhou cockfighting industry believes that the cockfighting competitions can enrich the cultural life of the masses, driving the development of tourism; the use of "Zhangzhou cockfighting" original population and cryptic white-feathered broiler, local chicken crosses, can improve the local broiler varieties; at the same time, you can also develop unique cockfighting food, rich Chinese culinary culture. Zhangzhou cockfighting has strict rules, now the "Zhangzhou cockfighting Association cockfighting rules" (signed by the executive director in February 2003) is transferred to the following, in order to see one of the rules of Chinese cockfighting spot:
A general rule
1, all cockfighting activities must be approved by the Zhangzhou cockfighting Association, or else it is regarded as illegal cockfighting activities.
2. Cockfighting activities approved by the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association shall comply with all laws and regulations of the People's Republic of China.
3, approved by the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association of cockfighting activities should be civilized, healthy, upward, in order to enrich the amateur cultural life of the masses, in order to promote the construction of the two civilizations in Zhangzhou as the basic guidelines.
2, the organization and leadership of cockfighting activities
1, approved by the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association of the highest leadership of cockfighting activities is the Executive Council of the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association.
2. Cockfighting activities approved by the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association shall be organized and implemented by the Standing Council of the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association.
3. Judges of cockfighting events
1. Judges of cockfighting events shall be recommended by the Executive Board of Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association.
2. The coaches participating in the cockfighting event shall not be the referees of the cockfighting event.
3. There shall be one chief referee and one deputy referee for each match. The referee shall wear a white cap uniformly made by Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association.
4, due to some reasons, the referee is difficult to determine the victory or defeat, can be submitted to the Executive Council for collective discussion and decision.
Four, cockfighting activities in general rules
1, to participate in cockfighting competitions by the coach to submit a written application, approved by the Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association, with the approval of the approval form to enter.
2, approved to participate in the cockfighting competition must be 15 minutes in advance according to the specified time to enter, for participation in the relevant procedures.
3. The breed, age and weight of the cockfighters will be agreed upon by both participants in advance.
4. After 30 minutes of competition, both participants have the right to ask for a pause, each pause is 1 minute. The chickens may be sprayed and fed with water (an equal amount of water will be issued by the judge), but they may not be fed with food or medicine.
5. Cockfighting chickens participating in the competition should be sprayed with red or black markings, and the coaches will put on the red or black caps uniformly made by Zhangzhou Cockfighting Cockfighting Association respectively.
V. Rules for determining the winner of a cockfighting match
1. In case of a handicap, one of the coaches will admit defeat and the other one will win.
2. One side of the chicken was beaten out of the sound, defeated three times for the loss.
3. If one of the chickens is beaten or dies in the chicken yard, the dead chicken will be the loser.
4, one side of the chicken lying on the ground, the other side of the chicken standing, one minute lying chicken can not afford to stand, standing chicken for the win.
5, the fight, one side of the chicken for heat, looking for cool three consecutive times out of the circle, turn back not to play legs, not pass the beak, not up to fight for the loss.
6, the remnants of the disk, two chickens stop fighting, three minutes to light a fight, even light three times, still do not get up and fight (fight once, the first three minutes to stop fighting once does not count, not cumulative total of three times).
7, residual disk, one side of the chicken lying on the ground, the other side of the chicken three consecutive out of the circle for and, lying chicken must pick up the chicken to light chicken; one side of the chicken standing, the other side of the chicken three consecutive out of the circle, out of the circle of the chicken for the loss.
8. Only pew pew and blood rubbing are allowed, no blood sucking is allowed, violators will lose.
9. Before the fight, the injured chickens can be bandaged, fed and medicated.
10, the middle of the fight double line distance of 50 centimeters, the second fighting circle line diameter of 3 meters, the defeat of the chicken out of the second fighting circle for three consecutive times not to turn back, do not hit the legs, do not pass the mouth for the loss of the defeat (defeat of the chicken out of the circle out of the sound once for the loss of the chicken).
11, double master chicken in the handicap, one side of the chicken master can not be put forward to the other side of the chicken master and chicken, recognize the fold, natural loss, natural and not through the referee agreed to violate the rules of cockfighting, who first hold the chicken who lost.
12, before the release of the chicken fight, both chicken owners are not allowed to give the referee unreasonable conditions, the release of the chicken fight, one of the chicken owners are not allowed to hold the chicken for any reason to stop the fight, violators of any reason for the loss.
Sixth, bylaws
1, the rules by more than half of the executive director signed after the entry into force.
2, the interpretation of these rules belongs to the Executive Council of Zhangzhou Cockfighting Association.
3, these rules can be modified by more than half of the executive director of the proposed amendments.
Foreign countries also have various kinds of chicken theater. Brazilian cockfighting is a kind of entertainment and a kind of gambling, similar to China. Brazilian cockfighting, before the two chickens fight first put on a special silver beak set and aluminum claw set, similar to the ancient Chinese "gold distance". Some in the metal claw set on the hypnotic drug, in order to make the opponent lose their will to fight, is equivalent to the ancient Chinese "mustard shoulder". In addition to the chicken play than fighting, and than flying, than crowing. The United States in 1978 held an international flying chicken competition, Japan's rooster "Kim Furyuk" flew ninety meters, won the championship, the British hen "Mrs. Lake" flew thirty-six meters, also won the championship. France and Germany hold annual cock crowing competitions to see which cock crows the most times in a specified period of time. It is said that in Germany in a competition, a rooster in an hour of ninety-two consecutive crowing, thus winning the championship, won the first runner-up and the second runner-up of the two roosters crowing times were eighty-two and sixty-nine times.
Today in some parties still retain the "cockfighting platform" site or name. Mrs. Hua Rui's "Palace Lyrics" of the Later Shu Dynasty has the following words: "Next to the small hall of the cold food and the clear sky, the colorful buildings are double-clamped by the cockfighting arena." Wang Jinyun "Yangzhou Memories" cloud: "rain Ziyun taming elephants yard, falling flowers and wadding cockfighting field." It can be seen that in ancient times there were places dedicated to cockfighting. Now there is a cockfighting platform in the northwest of the city of Qufu, which is rumored to be the cockfighting place of Lord Lu Zhao.