Master's thesis on environmental engineering 1
Test of China's disaster information management status and development
In recent years, China's natural disasters are frequent, from the Wenchuan earthquake to the Yushu earthquake, from the typhoon triggered by flooding to the haze caused by pollution, every year China's economic losses due to natural disasters are increasing, natural disasters have become a constraint on China's economic and social development, an important factor. An important factor in the development of China's economic and social constraints, our government since the founding of China has attached great importance to the prevention of natural disasters and disaster mitigation work, especially in recent years, increased financial investment and system construction, so that China's level of disaster information management has increased dramatically to report disasters in a timely manner, timely release of data to the community to improve the credibility of the government, but also to enhance the confidence of the people of the affected areas to overcome the disaster.
First, China's disaster information management system
China's disaster information management system can be summarized into three points: (1) the unified leadership of government departments, mainly refers to the unified formulation and implementation of the relevant government departments of the disaster management regulations, the implementation of the government departments of the command and decision-making functions of disaster management. (2) departmental division of responsibility, mainly refers to the government's various disaster management functions, in the exercise of the duties of each department at the same time, close cooperation, due to differences in the types of disasters, resulting in a different division of labor, some departments are responsible for the management of disaster relief, some departments are responsible for the collection of disaster information, and so on. (3) up and down hierarchical management, mainly refers to the central government is mainly responsible for the national decision-making on large-scale disaster relief issues, the following levels of government is responsible for disaster management within the administrative region, while according to the size of the disaster, to clarify the responsibilities of the upper and lower levels.
Second, the current situation of China's disaster information management
The current situation of China's disaster information management can be summarized in four aspects:
1. Disaster information collection methods are relatively primitive. China's current local disaster, the collection of disaster information is mainly dependent on the local rural village cadres to the township verbal report, and then townships and counties and municipalities report upward one by one, about the extent of the disaster situation is generally based on manual visual inspection or estimate, disaster information collection method is relatively primitive.
2. The processing of disaster information is relatively crude. In general, if the disaster is not very serious, or the time of the disaster is more urgent, the county and municipal departments for the township disaster report situation rarely to verify the knowledge of a simple processing on the start of the report, at the same time in the report will be exaggerated or reduce the statistical situation of the disaster, the disaster information processing method is relatively rough.
3. The storage of disaster information is relatively simple. In our country's general rural and township departments, few have the habit of accumulating disaster files, even in the county and municipal departments, paper materials and disaster video information is also very little, so that the statistics of the disaster will be a problem.
4. Disaster information transmission channels are relatively backward, the current townships for the superior disaster report, the transmission of information by phone or fax, rarely use the computer to report, due to the relatively low efficiency of the phone fax, resulting in the disaster information transmission channels are relatively backward.
Third, China's disaster information management problems
In China's disaster information relations, timely and accurate release of disaster information is the focus of the work, but also the key to disaster relief work, affecting the release of disaster information for subjective and objective reasons in two aspects, the following to start analyzing:
1.
The subjective reasons are mainly reflected in two aspects: the first is the current disaster information management system deficiencies, the current natural disaster statistics system, after many revisions, but the time frame for the collection of disaster information, indicators and the grass-roots departments there are still some inconsistencies in the processing and release of the disaster has not formed a unified specification, from top to bottom of the disaster indicators are not uniform, thus increasing the difficulty of disaster information exchange. The disaster indicators are not standardized from top to bottom, thus increasing the difficulty of disaster information exchange.
The second aspect is mainly reflected in the local interests, some of the affected areas because of the consideration of their own interests, in the report of the disaster information intentionally withhold some important information, so that the local disaster relief investment can be reduced, and then from the higher level where they can get more funds for disaster relief. At the same time, the current disaster relief management system there are some unreasonable places, such as individual disaster relief subsidy standard is low, the masses in the disaster, a house collapsed to get the disaster relief subsidy is only 7% of the cost of the house, so some of the poor disaster-stricken areas in order to alleviate the contradiction between the relief funds and the needs of the masses, had to exaggerate the disaster.
2. Objective reasons.
Objective reasons are mainly reflected in three aspects: the first aspect is the lack of grass-roots disaster information management personnel, in China, the township level disaster information management work is mainly by civil affairs assistants to be responsible for, and civil affairs assistants have other work to be responsible for, the county-level civil affairs departments responsible for disaster relief work is generally no more than three people, these staff not only have to undertake a certain degree of relief work, but also need to engage in post-disaster low income insurance. These staff members not only have to undertake certain disaster relief work, but also need to engage in post-disaster low income insurance, disaster reporting and other work, so a lot of work will be too late to verify, but only subjective judgment. The second aspect is that the quality of disaster information management is not high.
From the township level to the provincial and municipal disaster information management personnel, their professional quality and working ability, the time engaged in disaster information management, and the professional and technical training will have an impact on the delivery of disaster information and the processing of the efficiency of the disaster situation, especially the township and county-level units of the relevant personnel, if there is a mistake, it will lead to the entire disaster relief work to deal with the problem. The third aspect is the low technology of collecting and processing disaster information. Disaster information collection methods and advanced processing equipment are crucial to the accurate reporting and processing of disaster information. The current low technology of disaster information collection and processing is mainly reflected in the fact that there is no unified technical plan for disaster information collection, organization and processing, and then the relevant equipment for disaster information collection and processing is not reasonably configured, and the average proportion of the disaster information processing methods combining computers and manpower is only 80%. Only 80%.
Fourth, China's disaster information management development trend
Comprehensive current situation of China's disaster information management, its development trend can be expressed in the following four aspects:
1. Establishment of disaster information special report network. The development of special databases, including background databases, disaster relief work database, so that the first time in the disaster information statistics and analysis, and the need to establish a disaster information direct reporting channels, the first time to report disaster information, disaster information transmission network needs to be kept open 24 hours a day, the establishment of networking work.
2. The statistical method of disaster information to form a unified standard. Further improve the system of disaster statistics, and at the same time, according to the needs of disaster relief work, the method of disaster statistics to improve, disaster statistics need to focus on the number of damaged houses, the number of people affected by the disaster, the government aid situation, so that not only easy to verify, but also to improve the efficiency of work.
3. Establish a verification mechanism for disaster information. The first thing to do is to standardize the procedure of disaster verification, that is, by the county and municipal verification of the township level, the township verification of village units, step by step verification, clear responsibilities, and then is to specify the content of the verification of the disaster, the general verification of the content of the main verification report and assessment report of the two parts, and then for each part of the need to specify the key points of its verification.
4. Establish a disaster relief performance assessment. Assessment of the content of the first to highlight is the livelihood of the affected people to protect the problem, the affected people in the disaster whether there is food, medical and other aspects of the difficulties, and then the assessment of the disaster relief units at all levels of disaster relief supplies sent to achieve the earmarked, effective protection of the affected people of their own interests, for the disaster relief funds need to be announced in the first publicity, openness and transparency, and finally the need to do is to improve The last thing that needs to be done is to improve the file management of disaster relief information, for each disaster situation, should be updated in a timely manner in the disaster management database, in order to prepare for future needs.
V. Summary
In recent years, China's natural disasters occur frequently, not only to the national economy has brought great losses, the people's lives and property can not be guaranteed, this paper is mainly for the current situation of China's disaster information management, analyzed the current problems and the reasons for its emergence, and finally for the trend of development of China's disaster information management to be analyzed, and expects to do a little bit of disaster information management in China. China's disaster information management work to make a small contribution.
Master's thesis on environmental engineering 2
Introduction to the relationship between environmental engineering and reliability engineering
Abstract:
Environmental engineering and reliability engineering seems to be unrelated to the two kinds of engineering technology, but the inner relationship between them is very close, with each other to complement each other, promote each other, and influence each other's roles, it is the state of the two sets of engineering systems in the **** birth. The two sets of engineering systems, and their organic integration of the effect produced by the development of mankind, society and the country has a very important significance, therefore, in-depth study of the relationship between them, to speed up the organic integration of the two of them, is to promote the development of modern reliability engineering important trend. In this paper, we analyze the overview of environmental engineering and reliability engineering, so as to have a certain knowledge and understanding of their basic content, and then study the relationship between environmental engineering and reliability engineering, and realize the organic integration between environmental engineering and reliability engineering.
Keywords:
Environmental Engineering; Reliability Engineering; Relationship
1 Overview of Environmental Engineering
1.1 Contents of Environmental Engineering
Environmental engineering is to improve the quality of the environment, the study of the prevention and control of environmental pollution and to engage in the scientific and technological aspects of this work, and the different fields of the environment have a certain degree of connection, such as ecology in biology, environmental physics, environmental chemistry, environmental engineering, environmental engineering, environmental science and technology. Environmental physics, environmental chemistry, environmental hygiene, environmental medicine and other fields, but its fundamental or to the management of environmental pollution sources. At the same time, environmental engineering is also a complex, huge technical system, the main content includes the treatment of environmental pollution and pollution prevention and control measures, the rational use and protection of natural resources, waste resource technology, the development of less harmful or harmless closed-circuit production system, reform of the production process and other aspects. The main purpose of environmental engineering is to manage environmental pollution sources, promote the improvement of good environmental effects, and strive to obtain greater economic benefits, which is also the main direction of environmental engineering development.
1.2 The development of environmental engineering
In the early 1850s, from the cholera epidemic occurred in London, England occurred, people only began to disinfect and filter drinking water, thus really opened the prelude to the environmental engineering, at that time, the environmental engineering is also known as sanitary engineering, which mainly contains environmental sanitation, garbage disposal, water supply and drainage engineering, water analysis and so on at that time. The establishment and implementation of the environmental engineering, the probability of cholera, typhoid and other waterborne diseases to reduce the occurrence of the effect is quite remarkable. Environmental pollution is gradually synchronized from the beginning of human activities. The natural environment itself has a certain self-purifying ability, but this self-purifying ability to play the need for the number of pollutants does not exceed the environment to maintain the normal state of the range, but once exceeded the capacity of the environment, will lead to the imbalance of the natural ecosystem. With the continuous progress of the times, the rapid development of the economy, the global population continues to increase, the destruction of the natural environment and the impact is very serious, resulting in environmental pollution is also very serious, at the same time, environmental pollution on human survival and health of the poor impact is also gradually distinct, resulting in the prevention and control of environmental pollution from the low level of health engineering to the real meaning of environmental engineering. The main source of environmental pollution is the industrial production of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and human life and other pollutants discharged, and to strengthen the control and management of environmental pollution has become the most basic task of environmental engineering
2 Overview of Reliability Engineering
2.1 Definition of Reliability Engineering
Reliability engineering is an engineering discipline to enhance the reliability of a product or a system during its own life cycle time related to the reliability of the product or system. Reliability engineering is an engineering technology associated with improving the reliability of a product or system in its own life cycle time analysis, design, testing. The product reliability is in the specified or limited time, subject to the conditions of the premise, the ability to effectively realize and play a specific standard range of functions. The main factors affecting the reliability of the ability to not only include the specified conditions of use, such as maintenance conditions, environmental conditions, equipment conditions, test conditions and other factors, but also includes design techniques, such as analysis, overall design, sub-design and other factors.
2.2 The development of reliability engineering
In the early 1950s, the United States of America on the reliability of electronic equipment began to conduct research, and from then on opened the prelude to organized reliability engineering research, and with the rapid development of the economy, science and technology continues to innovate, the reliability of electronic equipment and other products, such as technology has been to the mechanical, construction, and other different industries to extend the technology applied to The scope of application of the technology is also more and more extensive. Such as construction projects, industrial production, etc. need the support of reliability engineering technology, in order to create greater economic benefits.
3 environmental engineering and reliability engineering relationship between the two
Through the above analysis of the environmental engineering and reliability engineering overview of the two, we can summarize the close links between the two of them, the reliability of the reliability of the project in the enhancement of the ability to improve the reliability of the environmental conditions of his geographical area, to enhance or reduce the reliability of the project construction, and the engineering reliability of the unstable or substandard, the reliability of the project, the reliability of the project, the reliability of the project, the reliability of the project, the reliability of the project, and the reliability of the project. The instability or non-conformity of the standard, will make the various industrial production or work efficiency is not up to standard, such as construction projects, industrial production, water conservancy projects, such as the reliability of the unqualified, will not only directly lead to the construction or production quality is reduced, will also increase the emission of wastewater, waste gas, waste residue and other pollutants, resulting in environmental pollution, affecting the effectiveness of environmental engineering to prevent pollution. In addition, reliability engineering in the strengthening of reliability, to a certain extent, will also improve the quality of the surrounding poor environmental conditions, environmental engineering and reliability engineering between the two have a complementary, mutual promotion, mutual influence and other roles, and their relationship is specifically manifested as follows:
3.1 Reliability engineering is the objective requirements of environmental engineering
A good environment is the fundamental basis of human survival, it is not only the production and production of human beings, but also a good environment. Fundamental, it is not only the source of human production and life and other aspects of the material required, but also human production and life of the natural environment conditions, human survival and development have a very close relationship with the environment. Reliability engineering construction is the main way to enhance people's material standard of living, at the same time, due to the different environmental conditions in various regions, a lot of material needs from the environment, but also through the reliability of engineering construction to be able to realize, such as water shortages or serious water pollution and other environmental conditions and water conservancy engineering construction, the reliability of this engineering construction can make up for the shortcomings of the natural environment to a certain extent. Can also improve the surrounding environment, reduce the degree of environmental pollution or to make up for the lack of local resources in the environmental situation, which is essentially in line with the basic content of the environmental engineering, therefore, the reliability of the project is the objective requirements of environmental engineering.
3.2 Environmental engineering to protect the good environment is an important guarantee of reliability engineering
From the definition of reliability engineering can be seen, the reliability of the product ability to play into the degree of high and low degree of environmental conditions with the provisions of the impact of a very close link, as long as the standards in line with the good environment, the performance of the reliability of the real realization, and the environmental engineering is to enhance the environmental quality as its responsibility, in order to prevent and control the environmental quality, and to improve the environmental quality of the environment. Environmental engineering is to improve the quality of the environment as its own responsibility, to prevent and control environmental pollution as a fundamental science and technology, to improve environmental quality and environmental protection has a very important significance. In today's human beings continue to destroy the environment, the significance of the existence of environmental engineering is also more prominent, and his effectiveness in improving the environment will ultimately determine the reliability of the reliability of the project to enhance and play, therefore, environmental engineering to protect the good environment is an important guarantee of reliability engineering. Such as construction engineering construction, water conservancy project construction will need engineering construction area for field investigation, will consider the surrounding environment in the climate, humidity, water resources, geology and other environmental factors.
3.3 Reliability engineering on the adverse effects of environmental engineering
Reliability engineering construction, although it will make up for the deficiencies in the surrounding environment, but will also have a negative impact on other aspects of the surrounding environment, thereby reducing the effectiveness of environmental engineering management and prevention. Take water conservancy project construction as an example to show the negative impact of reliability engineering on environmental engineering. First, the impact on water resources. Water conservancy engineering construction of reservoirs to take the throttle will affect the flow of water resources in the downstream river, resulting in a gradual decline in the surrounding water level, and in the redistribution of water resources, the ecological environment of the water demand is not in the water resources allocation plan, by the allocation of the neglect of the distributor, so the role of water conservancy engineering to play the role of the overly strong, it will lead to the decline in the groundwater level, affecting the quality of water at the same time, will also make the river self-purification ability of the decrease Therefore, there are environmental problems such as the drying up of lakes and ponds, which increase the workload of environmental engineering. Secondly, the impact on soil conditions, one is to change the soil texture, the emergence of soil swamping, affecting soil fertility, is no longer conducive to the natural growth of crops; the second is the excessive discharge of sewage, exceeding the environmental capacity of the water, affecting the self-purification capacity of the water body, resulting in water contamination, soil pollution and other situations.
4 Conclusion
Through an in-depth understanding of the relationship between environmental engineering and reliability engineering, we can fully see their interaction and mutual influence, therefore, in the future development process, to realize the organic integration of the two, will play their **** the same role and advantages, improve environmental protection, but also to develop a modern reliability engineering The construction of benign, to promote the sustainable development of mankind, society, the state and the environment.
References:
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[2]Liu Cong,Ma Limin. Ecological and environmental problems and countermeasures facing China's sustainable development[A]//China Sustainable Development Forum 2006? China Sustainable Development Research Society 2006 Academic Annual Meeting Young Scholars Forum Album[C].2006.
[3]Guo Qinggong. Research on Rational Governance of Rural Ecological Environment in China[A]//Decision Making Forum? Proceedings of the Symposium on Synergistic Development of Government-Use, Industry, Academia and Research Integration (Upper)[C].2015.
[4]Qin Caixia. Discussion on the coordinated development of highway construction and ecological environment[J]. Jiangxi building materials,2016(15).
[5]Zhou Zhigang. Water conservancy engineering and geological environment mutual influence analysis[J]. China High-tech Enterprise,2009(24).
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