1 million years ago, humans mastered the use of fire.
20,000 years ago, humans invented the bow and arrow.
10,000 years ago, humans entered a sedentary agricultural society.
7,000 years ago, pottery kilns and molded pottery existed during the Yangshao culture in China.
4,241 years ago, Ancient Egypt invented the world's first solar calendar.
4000 years ago, the Egyptians had mastered pottery making, metallurgy, wine and vinegar making, and pigment dyeing.
2,500 years ago, the Egyptians used sand and soda to make glass.
In 2100 BC, Mesopotamians invented the hexadecimal system, multiplication tables.
2,000 years ago, Egyptians invented the decimal system, calculations of integers and fractions, calculations of the area of triangles and circles, and calculations of the volume of square-angled cones and conical tables; and invented embalming agents to preserve mummies.
By 1950, the Babylonians could solve primary and secondary equations in two variables.
1,200 years ago, China wove silk from silkworms.
1,200 years ago, Chinese Yin Shang bronze (copper-tin alloy) smelting and casting technology reached a mature stage.
Beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, 1066-221 BC.
770 - 476 BC, Spring and Autumn Period.
770 B.C., China had met cast iron.
722 B.C., China began to keep track of the day using the stem and branch.
700 B.C., Guan Zhong (725-645 B.C.) recorded magnets.
In the 7th century BC, the Babylonians discovered the Saros cycle of solar and lunar eclipse cycles.
In 611 B.C., China had the earliest record of a comet, later known as Halley's Comet.
In the 6th century B.C., Thales (625-547 B.C.) of Greece discovered that amber generates electricity by friction and that magnets attract iron.
In the 6th century BC, the Greek Pythagoras proved the collinear theorem, discovered irrational numbers, proposed the spherical shape of the earth, and studied the rhythm of sound.
In the 6th century B.C., Indians calculated the square root of 2 as 1.4142156.
In 594 B.C., the Greek Thoreau reformed the country, establishing democracy and a constitution, and commerce and industry flourished.
In 551 BC, Confucius was born.
In the 5th century BC, Democritus of Greece completed the ancient theory of atomism, which held that everything is made up of atoms of different sizes and masses in constant motion.
In the 5th century B.C., the Chinese Rites of Zhou documented the use of a metal concave mirror to draw fire from the sun.
475 - 221 BC, Warring States period.
In 462 B.C., the Greek school of Elias, including Barmenides and Zeno, pointed out various contradictions in motion and change, and proposed Zeno's paradoxes about time, space and number, such as the immobility of the flying vectors.
400 years ago, Mo Zhai (468-376 BC) discovered the imaging of small holes.
In the 4th century B.C., Aristotle of Greece made a comprehensive study of mathematics and zoology, and proposed the theory of the center of the earth in his book "Treatise on the Heavens". Recognized that sound is produced by the movement of air. Published books such as The Natural History of Animals, which documented more than 500 species of animals, and for the first time placed biology on the basis of extensive observation.
In the 4th century BC, Philolaus of Greece proposed the central fire theory, the germ of heliocentrism.
In the 4th century BC, the Chinese Zhuangzi (369-286 BC) recorded the method of drilling wood for fire, and put forward the idea that "a foot of hammer, half of it in the day, all things are inexhaustible".
In 350 BC, Gande and Shishen of China's Warring States period compiled the world's earliest star catalog.
In the 3rd century BC, Euclid of Greece published the 13 volumes of the Principia Geometria.
In the 3rd century BC, Archimedes (287-212 BC) of Greece discovered the principle of the lever and the law of buoyancy, and invented the Archimedean spiral. Han Fei recorded Sinan.
In 285 B.C., King Ptolemy 2 of Egypt came to the throne and rewarded the preservation of scholarship.
In 258 BC, Greek Erasistrato first engaged in comparative and pathological anatomy.
250 BC, China's Han Fei Zi (韩非子) book at the end of the Warring States Period (战国), recorded the use of "Sinan" to identify north and south.
In 245 B.C., Cadasis of Greece invented the pressure pump and air gun in Alexandria, Egypt.
In 230 B.C., the size of the earth was determined by Eradoxe of Greece in Alexandria, Egypt.
221-206 B.C., Qin Dynasty.
In 221 B.C., China's Qin Shi Huang unified weights and measures, a system that was used into the 20th century.
206 BC - 220 AD, Han Dynasty.
2nd century B.C., Liu An (179-122 B.C.) writes the Huainanzi (淮南子), which records the use of ice as a lens and a reflector as a periscope.
In the 2nd century BC, the Western Han Dynasty in China used silk and hemp fiber paper.
1st century, Greece's Heron (Hero, 62-150) invents the steam spinner and the hot-air-propelled rotary machine, the germ of the steam turbine and the hot-air turbine. Invention of the siphon.
1st century, the Roman encyclopedia of Pliny's Museum.
1st century, China's Han Shu records tip discharge.
In the 100th century, the Greek Nikoma wrote the book "Introduction to Arithmetic", after which arithmetic began to become an independent discipline.
105 years, Cai Lun makes paper during the Eastern Han Dynasty in China.
In 132, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng invented the geodesic instrument, the world's first instrument for measuring earthquakes.
In the 2nd century, Ptolemy of Greece used cones and cylinders to map the Earth and establish a cosmic system centered on the Earth. Discovered atmospheric refraction. China was known.
220-581, Three Kingdoms, Two Kingdoms, North and South Dynasties.
Early 3rd century, China, late Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo invents the anesthetic, Ma Bo San, for use in surgery.
In the 3rd century, Liu Hui of China's Wei and Jin dynasties proposed the technique of circle cutting, which yielded a circumference of 3.1416 .
In the 5th century, Zu Chongzhi (429-500) of the Southern Dynasties during China's Northern and Southern Dynasties calculated the value of pi to the seventh decimal place, more than 1,000 years before Westerners.
581-618, Sui Dynasty.
6th century, China's Northern Wei Dynasty, when Jia Si-feng writes "The Essentials of Qimin", which holds an important place in the history of world agronomy.
618-907, Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty.
7th century, China's Tang Dynasty has adopted engraved printing.
725, China's Nangong said and others actually measured the length of the meridian.
In the 8th century, Chinese papermaking was introduced to the West, and Arabian alchemy was developed, producing sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and aqua regia, preparing the way for the transition to chemistry.
In the 9th century, Chinese alchemists of the Tang Dynasty invented gunpowder.
In the 9th century, the Arab Khorezm published the Indian Counting Algorithm, which familiarized Western Europeans with the decimal system, and he was also the founder of algebra, and the Arab Al? Raz wrote the Integration of Medicine, which is considered by posterity to be the forerunner of medical chemistry.
In the 9th century, Chinese alchemists of the Tang Dynasty invented gunpowder, a major discovery that converted chemical energy into heat.
In the 10th century, the Arab Ibn Sina wrote the Classics of Medicine. Sina wrote the Classics of Medicine, which had a profound impact on the next six centuries.
In the 10th century, China's Song Dynasty invented copper production by immersing copper in bile alum solution, which was the beginning of hydrometallurgy.
960-1279, Song Dynasty.
In the 11th century, Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty in China wrote the book Mengxi Bianan.
In the 11th century, Arab Isa (known in the West as Avicenna) writes the Canon of Medicine.
In 1041, Bi Sheng of China's Northern Song Dynasty invented movable type printing, 400 years before the West, laying the foundation for modern printing.
In 1054, China's History of the Song Dynasty recorded a supernova outburst, the world's earliest written account of a supernova outburst. The remnants of that supernova formed what is now seen as the Crab Nebula.
In 1200, Europeans began using eyeglasses.
In 1202, Fibonacci of Italy introduced Indo-Arabic counting to the West with the publication of the Book of Counting.
In 1231, the Chinese people of the Song Dynasty invented the "Zhentian Lei," a gunpowder-filled device that could be fired from a projectile and was the prototype for artillery.
In 1259, China's Southern Song Dynasty used a firearm that shot bullets out of a bamboo tube to fight against the Jin soldiers, a prototype of the musket.
In the first half of the 13th century, Chinese gunpowder was introduced to Arabia.
1279-1368, Yuan Dynasty.
In 1284, the Italians invented eyeglasses.
In the first half of the 14th century, the bead abacus was applied in China.
1368-1644, Ming Dynasty.
In 1385, China establishes the Observatory in Nanjing, the world's first well-equipped astronomical observatory.
14th - 16th centuries, Renaissance pioneer Dante of Italy publishes the Divine Comedy. The beginning of the Renaissance.
In 1487, the Portuguese Diaz discovers the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa.
In 1492-1502, Italian Columbus discovers America.
In 1498, Portuguese Da? Gama opened the route from the Cape of Good Hope to India.
In 1500, Leonardo da Vinci designed sketches of the anemometer, hygrometer, parachute, spinning machine, and treadle lathe.
In 1517, Germany's Martin. Luther Reformation.
In 1519-1522, Portuguese Magellan completed the first circumnavigation of the globe, confirming that the Earth is spherical.
In 1539, Copernicus of Poland proposed a theory of the universe centered on the sun, and in 1543, Copernicus' Theory of the Workings of the Heavenly Bodies was published, and the natural sciences began to free themselves from theology.
In 1582, many countries in Western Europe adopted the Gregorian calendar, the predecessor of the current Gregorian calendar.
In 1583, Galileo of Italy discovered the principle of isochrony of the pendulum.
In 1589, Stefan of the Netherlands discovered the parallelogram law of force.
In 1590, Galileo of Italy conducted a series of scientific experiments, including free fall.
In 1590, Jensen of the Netherlands invented the compound microscope.
In 1593, Galileo of Italy invented the air thermometer.
In 1596, China's Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica was published, with 1,892 medicines recorded in the book, an important scientific text.
In 1600, Bruno of Italy was burned to death by the Church in Rome for espousing Copernicus's theory of the earth's movement and publicizing the infinity of the universe.
In 1605, Bacon (1561-1626) of England wrote The Progress of Learning, which advocated experiment-based induction.
In 1607, Galileo of Italy attempted to measure the speed of light.
1609-1619, Kepler of Germany proposed the laws of planetary motion.
In 1609, Galileo of Italy made the first astronomical telescope with which he discovered the four moons of Jupiter.
In 1609, Galileo of Italy made the first unsuccessful measurement of the speed of light.
In 1620, Snell of the Netherlands discovered the law of refraction.
In 1620, Delebel of Portugal invented the diving boat.
In 1628, Harvey of England discovered the circulation of blood.
In 1632, Galileo of Italy proposed the principle of relativity.
In 1637, Song Yingxing of China's Ming Dynasty completed the "Heavenly Works", which summarized China's industrial and agricultural production techniques.
In 1638, Descartes of France proposed the "Ether".
1644-1911, Qing Dynasty.
In 1648, Marci of Czechoslovakia discovered dispersion of light.
In 1654, Gehrig of Germany invented the vacuum pump, performing the Madsenburg hemisphere experiment.
In 1660, Hooke of England discovered the law of elasticity.
In 1666, Isaac Newton of England proposed the law of gravity.
In 1666, Isaac Newton of England used a prism to separate light.
In 1676, R?mer of Denmark measured the speed of light using Io eclipses.
In 1677, Leibniz of Germany invented calculus.
In 1687, Newton of England proposed the three laws of mechanics and the concepts of absolute time and absolute space.
In 1699, Amonton of France discovered the law of friction.
In 1701, Bernoulli of England created the law of variation.
In 1728, Bradley of England measured the speed of light by using light traveling differentials.
In 1745, Kleist of Germany invented the Leyden jar.
In 1750, Mitchell of England designed a torsion scale to measure electrostatic forces and formulated the inverse square law of magnetism.
In 1750, Franklin of the United States invented the lightning rod.
In 1752, Franklin of the U.S. experimented with kites to attract electricity from the sky.
In 1775, Voltar of Italy invented the electric disk.
In 1776, the United States declared independence.
In 1780, Giovanni of Italy discovered the phenomenon of muscle contraction in the frog's legs, which was thought to be caused by animal electricity.
In 1781, Watt of England improved the steam engine.
In 1785, Coulomb of France experimentally proved the inverse square law of static electricity.
In 1789, the French Revolution.
In 1792, Voltaire of Italy studied the phenomenon of galvanism, which was thought to be caused by the contact of two metals.
In 1798, Cavendish of England determines the universal gravitational constant with a torsion scale.
In 1800, Voltar of Italy invented the Voltar electric pile. Herschel of England discovered infrared light from the radiant heat effect of the solar spectrum.
In 1801, Young of England measured the wavelength of light waves by interferometry.
In 1802, Trevithick of England built a steam locomotive.
In 1808, Marius of France discovered the polarization of light.
In 1808, Dalton of England published a theory of chemical atomism.
In 1820, Auster of Denmark discovered the magnetic effect of electric current.
In 1820, Ampere of France discovered the force of interaction between electric currents.
In 1821, Seebeck of Estonia discovered the thermoelectric effect.
In 1826, Ohm of Germany established Ohm's law.
In 1827, Brown of England discovered that particles in liquids move irregularly.
In 1830, Nobili of Italy invented the thermoelectric pile.
In 1831, Faraday of England discovered the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
In 1834, Peltier of France discovered the Peltier effect, in which an electric current can cause cooling.
In 1835, Henry of the United States discovered self-sense.
In 1840, the Opium War.
In 1845, Faraday of England discovered that magnetic fields rotate the polarization plane of light.
In 1848, the **** Proletarian Manifesto was published.
In 1849, Fischer of France measured the speed of light by turning gears.
In 1849, Kelvin of England formulated the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
In 1850, Helmholtz of England formulated the law of conservation of energy.
In 1850, the Taiping Army revolted in China.
In 1851, Foucault of France proved that the earth rotates.
In 1852, Joule and Thomson of England discovered the cooling effect of gas expansion.
In 1858, Plücker of Germany discovered cathode rays in a discharge tube.
In 1859, Kirchhoff of Germany pioneered spectral analysis.
In 1859, Darwin of England published On the Origin of Species, pioneering the theory of biological evolution.
In 1861, the American Civil War.
In 1869, Russia's Mendeleyev published the periodic table of elements.
In 1875, Kerr of England discovered the electro-optical effect.
In 1875, the Paris Conference signed the Metric Convention.
In 1876, Bell of the United States invented the telephone.
In 1879, Maxwell of Britain published The General Theory of Electromagnetism, a collection of electromagnetic theories.
In 1879, Hall of the United States found that the current through the metal, under the action of the magnetic field to produce transverse electric potential.
In 1879, Thomas Edison of the United States invented the electric light.
In 1880, the Curie brothers of France discovered the piezoelectric effect in crystals.
In 1881, Michaelson of the United States invented the interferometer, which was extremely sensitive.
In 1883, the Austrian Mach's Science of Mechanics was published, criticizing the concept of absolute space-time and the concepts of force and mass in Newtonian mechanics.
In 1885, Benz of Germany invented the gasoline internal combustion automobile.
In 1887, Hertz of Germany discovered electromagnetic waves and the photoelectric effect.
In 1887, Michaelson and Murray of the United States attempted to confirm the existence of "Etheric Drift" by the interference effect of light caused by the movement of the Earth in the "Ether," but received negative results.
In 1889, Lavoisier of France published his "Outline of Chemistry," which ushered in a new era of chemistry.
In 1889, Fitzgerald of England proposed the contraction hypothesis to explain the "zero result" of the Michelson-Morley experiment. Because the British journal Science, which published his paper, ceased publication soon afterward, the contraction hypothesis did not become known until 1892, when Lorenz of the Netherlands proposed it independently.
In 1890, Erfurt of Hungary demonstrated experimentally that inertial and gravitational masses are equal.
In 1892, Lorentz of the Netherlands independently proposed the contraction hypothesis.
In 1894, the Sino-Japanese War.
In 1895, Roentgen of Germany discovered x-rays.
In 1896, Becquerel of France discovered radioactivity.
In 1896, Seeman of the Netherlands discovered that magnetic fields split spectral lines.
In 1897, Thomson of England confirmed the existence of electrons from cathode rays.
In 1899, Lebedev of Russia experimentally confirmed the existence of light pressure.
In 1899, Germany's Lumaire and Rubens experimented with cavity radiation and accurately measured the radiation energy distribution curve, which provided an important experimental basis for Planck's quantum hypothesis in 1900.
In 1900, the Eight-Power Allied Forces invaded China.
In 1901, Kaufmann of Germany measured the deflection of beta rays in electric and magnetic fields from radium radiation, thus discovering that the mass of electrons varies with speed.
In 1903, the Wright brothers of the United States invented the airplane.
In 1903, Tsiolkovsky of Russia proposed the theory of space flight using multi-stage rockets.
In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War broke out.
In 1904, Lorentz of the Netherlands proposed a system of equations for the transformation of space-time coordinates. Pengale of France proposed the principle of relativity in electrodynamics and argued that light is the limiting speed of motion for all objects.
In 1905, Albert Einstein of Switzerland founded the special theory of relativity.
In 1905, the Russian battleship Bojangleship revolted.
In 1905-1906, Pangaele of France clarified the invariance of the equations of the electromagnetic field to the Lorentz transformations and proposed a four-dimensional theory of space-time.
In 1907, Minkowski of Germany proposed a four-dimensional representation of space-time for special relativity.
In 1908, Planck of Germany proposed a unified definition of momentum, affirming the universal validity of the mass-energy relation.
In 1908, J.B. Perrin of France experimentally confirmed the Brownian equations of motion and obtained Avergadro's constant.
In 1911, the Xinhai Revolution.
In 1911, Wonners of the Netherlands discovered superconductivity of metals at low temperatures. First liquefaction of helium.
1911, Wilson of England invents the cloud chamber.
In 1911, Heiss of Austria discovers cosmic rays.
In 1913, Bohr of Denmark proposed the model of the fixed-state leap atom.
In 1913, Stark of Germany discovered the splitting of the atomic spectrum in the presence of an electric field.
In 1913, Bragg and his son in England used x-ray diffraction of crystals to determine the lattice constant d.
In 1914, World War I broke out.
In 1915, Albert Einstein completed his theory of general relativity.
In 1917, Einstein proposed a finite unbounded model of the universe.
In 1917, the October Revolution in Russia.
In 1919, Britain's Eddington and others observed total solar eclipses in Brazil and the Gulf of Guinea, confirming the prediction that gravity bends light.
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement in China.
In 1921, the Chinese ****production party was founded.
In 1922, Friedman of the Soviet Union obtained a non-stationary solution to the gravitational field equation, according to which he proposed the hypothesis of cosmic expansion.
In 1925, Adams of the U.S. discovered the gravitational redshift of the spectral lines of Sirius, again verifying general relativity.
In 1929, E. Hubble (1889-1953) of the United States discovered that the redshift of galaxies was proportional to their distance from the Earth - the expansion of the universe.
In 1931, Lawrence of the United States built the first cyclotron.
In 1932, Cockcroft of Britain and Walton of Ireland invented the high voltage multiplier to accelerate protons.
In 1932, Anderson of the United States discovered positrons in cosmic rays.
In 1932, Chadwick of Britain discovered the neutron.
In 1933, Hitler came to power in Germany.
In 1934, Cherenkov of Russia discovered that liquids glowed when irradiated by beta rays.
In 1937, China's Anti-Japanese War broke out.
In 1938, Hahn and Strassmann of Germany discovered the fission of uranium by bombarding it with neutrons.
In 1939, Meitner and Frisch of Austria proposed an explanation for uranium fission and predicted that a large amount of energy would be released with each nuclear fission.
In 1939, Oppenheimer and Snyder of the United States predicted black holes.
In 1939, World War II broke out.
In 1939, live television was realized for the first time.
1940, The Great Dunkirk Retreat.
In 1941, Italian-American Rossi and American Hall confirmed the relativistic effect of time by the meson metamorphosis experiment.
In 1941, Germany attacks the Soviet Union.
In 1942, Allan of the United States indirectly proves the existence of neutrinos.
In 1942, the United States, under the leadership of Fermi and others, built the first thermal neutron chain reactor at the University of Chicago, based on the nature of neutrons and energy released from uranium nuclear fission.
In 1942, the U.S.-Japan Battle of Midway.
In 1945, the U.S. made the atomic bomb under Oppenheimer's leadership.
In 1945, the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan.
In 1945, the war against Japan was won.
In 1946, the first computer, the ENIAC, was introduced in the United States.
In 1946, G. Gamow of the United States proposed the Big Bang model of the universe.
In 1948, Shockley, Bardeen and Bratton of the United States invented the crystal triode.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded.
In 1952, Glaser of the United States invented the bubble chamber.
In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial Earth satellite.
In 1958, Germany's Mussburger realized the recoil-free **** vibration absorption of gamma rays.
In 1960, Mayman of the United States made a ruby laser.
In 1961, Grashow and Weinberg of the United States and Salam of Pakistan proposed the electroweak unification theory.
In 1963, quasars (Quasar) were discovered, small in size, very energetic and with drastically changing brightness. There are about 106 of them in the universe.
In 1964, Penzias and Wilson of the United States, while testing an antenna that receives satellite signals, discovered 3.5 K of cosmic microwave background radiation at a wavelength of 7.35 cm.
In 1964, China made its first atomic bomb.
In 1967, China exploded its first hydrogen bomb.
In 1968, Hewish of England discovered pulsars.
In 1969, the U.S. Apollo 11 spacecraft successfully landed on the moon.
In 1970, China launched the "Dongfanghong 1" artificial Earth satellite.
In 1971, Intel Corporation of the United States made a microprocessor, starting the second revolution in computers.
In 1971, Curtin and Hefele of the United States flew around the Earth for 80 hours with an atomic clock, proving the relativity of time.
In 1973, Britain's Stephen Hawking discovers that the quantum effect causes black holes to radiate particles and vaporize them.
In 1978, the National Science Congress.
In 1978, Taylor of the U.S. observes short-period binary stars to confirm gravitational waves, a verification of general relativity.
In 1981, the U.S. space shuttle lifted off for the first time.
In 1982, a Chinese submarine successfully launched a rocket underwater.
In 1990, the U.S. Hubble telescope (aperture 2.4m, weight 12.5 tons) was sent into space.
In 1990, China's large-scale positive and negative electron collider was built in Beijing.
1991 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1992 Formation of the North American Free Trade Area
1993 Establishment of the European Union