Prevention and treatment measures of hand, foot and mouth disease
1. What is hand, foot and mouth disease?
Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease caused by various enteroviruses. Its main clinical manifestations are fever, rash or herpes on hands, feet and mouth. A few patients may be complicated with aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, respiratory infection and myocarditis. Some critically ill children progress rapidly, which may lead to death.
2. What are the pathogens of hand, foot and mouth disease?
Coxsackievirus A (16, 4, 5, 7, 9, 10) and Coxsackievirus B (2, 5, 13) are the main pathogens causing hand, foot and mouth disease. Echovirus and enterovirus 7 1 (EV7 1), among which enterovirus 7 1 (EV7 1) and coxsackie virus group A l6 are the most common.
3. What is enterovirus EV7 1 infectious disease?
Enterovirus EV7 1 is a kind of human enterovirus, which can cause hand-foot-mouth disease and viral angina. In severe cases, children may have pulmonary edema and encephalitis, which are collectively called enterovirus EV7 1 infection diseases, among which hand-foot-mouth disease is the most common infectious disease.
4. What are the external resistance and physical and chemical characteristics of enteroviruses (including EV7 1)?
This virus is suitable for living in a hot and humid environment. The virus can survive 1 year at 4℃, long-term storage at -20℃ and long-term survival in the external environment.
This virus is not sensitive to ether, dechlorocholate, etc. 75% alcohol and 5% lysol cannot be inactivated, but they are sensitive to ultraviolet rays and dryness. Various oxidants (potassium permanganate, bleaching powder, etc. ), formaldehyde and iodine can inactivate the virus, and 50℃ can quickly inactivate the virus.
5. What are the clinical manifestations of hand, foot and mouth disease?
After people are infected with enterovirus (including EV7 1), the shortest incubation period is 12-24 hours, the longest incubation period is 6 days, and the average incubation period is 2 days, so they will have an acute attack. The clinical manifestation is fever, and the body temperature can reach above 38 degrees. Oral mucosa, hands, feet and buttocks appear maculopapules and herpes, accompanied by cough, runny nose and loss of appetite.
6. What is the prognosis of hand, foot and mouth disease?
Most patients with hand, foot and mouth disease, especially mild ones, generally have a good prognosis and no sequelae; Most patients will rapidly develop into severe or complicated encephalitis, encephalomyelitis, meningitis, pulmonary edema and circulatory failure after illness. If they don't get medical treatment in time, their lives will be in danger, even death.
7. What is the basis for diagnosing hand, foot and mouth disease?
The diagnosis basis of hand, foot and mouth disease is as follows:
1. The main manifestations are fever, maculopapules on hands, feet, mouth and buttocks, and herpes, which may be accompanied by symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection.
2. Some cases only show rash on hands, feet and buttocks or herpetic angina.
3. In severe cases, nervous system involvement and respiratory and circulatory failure may occur. Laboratory examination may have peripheral blood leukocytosis, hyperglycemia and cerebrospinal fluid changes, and EEG, MRI vibration and chest X-ray examination may be abnormal.
8. What is the clinical diagnosis of hand, foot and mouth disease?
Hospital medical staff should make a good diagnosis when they encounter patients with suspected symptoms of hand, foot and mouth disease in the process of diagnosis and treatment. In clinical diagnosis, patients who meet the following symptoms and signs can be diagnosed as ordinary cases or severe cases:
Common cases: acute onset, fever, maculopapules and herpes on palms or soles, and rash on buttocks or knees. There is inflammatory blush around the rash, and there is less liquid in the blister; The oral mucosa is scattered with herpes, and the pain is obvious. Some children may be accompanied by cough, runny nose, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting and headache.
Severe cases: 1, patients with hand-foot-mouth disease, accompanied by myoclonia, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, cardiopulmonary failure, pulmonary edema, etc. 2. Infants in hand, foot and mouth disease epidemic areas have fever with myoclonia, encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, cardiopulmonary failure, pulmonary edema, etc.
9. What is the confirmed case of hand, foot and mouth disease?
On the basis of clinical diagnosis, a confirmed case of hand, foot and mouth disease can be diagnosed if the patient's herpes fluid is EV7 1 nucleic acid positive, or EV7 1 virus is isolated from stool samples, or if the patient's serum EV7 1IgM antibody is positive, and the antibody of EV7 1IgG increases by more than 4 times or turns from negative to positive.
10. What are the transmission routes of hand, foot and mouth disease?
Hand-foot-mouth disease is mainly caused by 1 close contact with people, and children are infected by touching hands, towels, handkerchiefs, tooth cups, toys, tableware, milk utensils, bedding and underwear contaminated by viruses. 2. The virus in the patient's throat secretions and saliva can spread through the air (droplets), so close contact with sick children can lead to infection. Drinking or eating water or food contaminated by virus can also cause infection. Among them, close contact between people is an important mode of transmission of the disease.
Eleven, what season is more likely to get hand, foot and mouth disease?
Hand, foot and mouth disease can occur all year round, usually in late spring and early summer, and the peak of the disease is mainly in May-July.
Twelve, which objects are easy to get hand, foot and mouth disease?
People are usually susceptible to enterovirus infection. Preschool children are the main infection targets of hand, foot and mouth disease, mostly occurring in children aged 2-6. The reasons for the frequent occurrence are related to poor personal hygiene habits and low immunity of this group.
Thirteen, the importance of hand, foot and mouth disease is listed as a legally reported infectious disease by the state.
On May 2, 2008, the Ministry of Health decided to list hand, foot and mouth disease as a Class C infectious disease legally reported by the state. Implementing the importance of putting prevention first, combining prevention with control, classified management, relying on science and relying on the masses; In the prevention and treatment of hand, foot and mouth disease, there are laws to follow, rules to follow and standardized work; It shows that the party and the government attach great importance to people-oriented and protecting people's lives and safety.
In 2002, hand, foot and mouth disease was included in the report of legal infectious diseases in this city. After the medical institutions at all levels found and diagnosed the disease, they reported it online in time according to the requirements of online direct reporting. Over the years, the legal management practice of prevention and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in this city has made the prevention and control of hand, foot and mouth disease in this city have laws to follow, promoted the standardization and implementation of the work, and effectively guaranteed the health of the citizens in this city.
Fourteen, hand-foot-mouth disease is a preventable disease.
Although hand, foot and mouth disease is a common infectious disease in the world and China, the situation in this city is similar to that in China, and sporadic cases often occur, but it is a preventable disease, as long as it is done well? Wash your hands frequently, eat cooked food, drink boiled water, ventilate frequently and bask in the sun? That is, develop good personal hygiene habits and wash your hands frequently; Drink boiled water instead of raw water; Eat cooked food, not contaminated, raw or unclean food; Do window ventilation; Regular sunbathing and going to the hospital in time after illness can completely prevent the occurrence of hand, foot and mouth disease.
Fifteen, how do individuals prevent hand, foot and mouth disease?
1. Wash children's hands with soap or hand sanitizer before and after meals and after going out. Don't let children drink raw water, eat cold food and avoid contact with sick children.
2. Caregivers should wash their hands before touching children, changing diapers for children and handling feces, and properly handle dirt;
3. Bottles and nipples used by babies should be fully cleaned before and after use;
4. During the epidemic period of this disease, it is not advisable to take children to public places where people gather and the air circulation is poor. Pay attention to keep the family environment clean, and the room should be ventilated and dressed frequently.
Sixteen. What should parents do if the child has suspected symptoms such as fever and rash?
When parents find that their children have symptoms such as fever and rash, they should go to the hospital in time. According to the doctor's diagnosis and advice, decide whether to rest at home or stay in hospital.
When children are diagnosed with hand, foot and mouth disease, they should stop going to kindergartens and schools to avoid infecting others and other diseases.
17. How can kindergartens prevent hand, foot and mouth disease?
In the epidemic or high incidence season, nurseries and kindergartens should do the following work:
1. Do a good job in publicizing the children's parents, and ask parents not to send their children to nurseries or kindergartens after they find that they have a fever and rash at home, and go to the hospital in time.
Children should rest at home until the non-communicable diseases are cured or clarified before they can enter the kindergarten.
2. Strengthen morning inspection. Once a child with fever or rash is found, please ask parents to take the child to the hospital immediately. Health care teachers should wash their hands thoroughly or disinfect quickly when they come into contact with different children in the morning check-up.
3. Strengthen all-day health (medical) observation of children in kindergartens and nurseries. Once kindergarten children are found to have fever, rash and other symptoms, they should be isolated from other children immediately and placed in an isolation (observation) room alone, and parents should be informed to take the sick children to the hospital in time.
4, found that children have fever, rash, immediately send toys, bedding, tables and chairs to the affected class. Articles in the affected categories must be disinfected and stored separately from other categories. Medical observation should be carried out in the class where the sick children are located, so as to minimize the opportunities for children in the sick class to contact with children in other classes. During the observation period, it is forbidden to divide classes, combine classes and accept new students during the isolated observation period.
5, strengthen the cleaning and disinfection of children, staff and other hands. Ventilation should be strengthened in classrooms and dormitories, and mechanical ventilation should be supplemented in classrooms with poor ventilation.
6, strengthen the daily cleaning and disinfection of environmental objects, toys, toilets and other surfaces. Children often come into contact with it.
7. According to the regulations, children with hand, foot and mouth disease should be reported to the health and education departments in time. And cooperate with the education and health departments to take relevant control measures.