Child abuse refers to physical or emotional harm caused by violence, abuse or neglect.
1. Common social and psychological problems of children Our country is in the transition period of social change, and great changes have taken place in social consciousness and social form. In addition, the particularity of the only child, such as doting and conniving, increasing competitive pressure and high expectations of the elders, has increased the psychological and social problems of the children. Common psychological and behavioral disorders include speech retardation, mental retardation, depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive attitude and behavior. Therefore, community nurses should realize the harm of social psychological problems to children's health. Strengthen children's mental health education, guide parents to raise children correctly, and let children have a good mental state.
2. The incidence of autistic children is on the rise, which is characterized by extreme isolation from others, monotonous and strong abnormal needs and slow development of social behavior. The incidence rate is 4 ~ 5/ 10000. Boys have a higher incidence rate than girls. 15% has a good prognosis and can lead a normal social and family life. The etiology is unknown, which may be related to central nervous system injury or hypoplasia of the left hemisphere of the brain. Behavioral characteristics are: indifference in infancy, no response to any words and hugs, and no fear of mother's separation; Since I was 2 years old, I have been focusing on repeating strange behaviors, such as fiddling with switches or walking around the house by myself touching the wall. Or there are other self-absorbed behaviors such as staring at the light or waving your arms. If their behavior is disturbed, there will be furious behavior: indifference to interpersonal relationships, but great interest in mechanical things; Have communication barriers and special language, can imitate language and pronounce clearly, but the words and language are different from those of normal children, so it is difficult to communicate with others. Sensory defect: Generally, vision and hearing are normal, but they behave like deaf people, and may be slow or overreacting to the same sound. Excessive or insufficient reaction to pain, unpleasant feeling to others' touch. IQ: Generally speaking, they are slow. More than 50% of children have IQ below 50, and a few have special talents in sports, music or mathematics. Treatment and nursing measures: adopt one-on-one treatment, games, behavior correction and other methods to improve children's social adaptability, improve language communication and reduce abnormal behavior. Paying attention to the layout of the room can reduce the excitement and avoid excessive audio-visual harassment. Minimize physical contact and avoid children's anger. Thoroughly analyze children's daily behavior and maintain a treatable and mandatory treatment environment. The instructions for children should be specific and clear, so that children can have a sense of trust in nurses and the surrounding environment.
3. ADHD refers to learning difficulties caused by ADHD, inability to concentrate, emotional instability and other reasons. Etiology: unclear, it may be related to central nervous system injury, lead poisoning, infection, hypoxia, high-sugar food, etc. Behavioral characteristics: hyperactivity, short attention time, poor self-impulse control ability, rebellious and violent behavior, emotional instability, learning difficulties and other characteristics. Treatment and nursing measures: comprehensive sensory training for children is conducive to brain development. For example, rubbing his body with sponges and towels can calm his tactile system, and through climbing, tumbling, jumping and sliding slides, the functions of vestibular area and sensorimotor system can be unified and complete, and the brain can be developed and matured. Rebuild children's self-confidence and self-esteem: let parents spare 20 minutes to talk with their children every day and let them share difficulties and grievances. Build children's self-confidence and self-esteem. Correct bad behavior: We can correct bad behavior by changing behavior. First of all, classify bad behaviors, start with the easiest behaviors and gradually correct them. At the same time, pay attention to reward good behavior and punish bad behavior appropriately.
4. Child abuse and neglect is a new social problem. The way children are abused is closely related to the socio-economic and cultural status of their families. Generally, most of these children come from families with marital problems, poverty, many children and parents' pressure, or these children are not the gender expected by their parents. Community nurses should master the family situation of children in their own areas, pay attention to whether parents of children often blame, corporal punishment, starve their children, or observe whether children have unconfident, frustrated, dishonest and other behaviors. Parents of abused children generally don't understand the growth and development characteristics of their children, or regard them as their private property. Community nurses should try their best to let parents know their children's psychological and physiological characteristics, try their best to let parents have correct concepts and methods of educating their children, and introduce their children to corresponding child welfare and health care institutions when necessary to ensure their healthy growth. ;