How to improve the social system to reduce health risks and protect public health?

Fairness and efficiency are closely related to the social security system. Fairness is the essence and core of social security. Since the establishment of social security system, it has the inherent characteristics of mutual assistance and ensuring fairness. Efficiency is the material guarantee for the normal operation of social security system. Any decline in efficiency will cause or aggravate the difficulties in the implementation of the social security system. Excessive pursuit of fairness, especially the fairness of high security level, will lead to serious negative effects: on the one hand, people gradually form the inertia of attaching to social security, preferring to receive unemployment insurance benefits rather than engage in manual labor; On the other hand, due to the high level of social security payment and the increasing financial burden of the state, the government can only make up for the social security deficit through high taxes, which leads to the outflow of capital and technology and inhibits economic development. Even if the social security system that exceeds the level of economic development is fair, it is difficult to implement it effectively for a long time. However, if one-sided pursuit of efficiency ignores fairness, the huge injustice of wealth distribution may lead to social unrest and economic development will also face the problem of insufficient motivation. Therefore, the social security system should not only adhere to fairness, but also reflect efficiency and seek the unity of fairness and efficiency.

Theoretically speaking, a perfect social security system should not only consider economic efficiency, but also ensure the fairness of distribution and safeguard the long-term stability of the country. From the perspective of social security practice, different social security models are the result of different countries choosing different combinations of fairness and efficiency according to their economic development level, national conditions or cultural traditions. At present, the reform of social security system in most countries is based on adjusting the relationship between fairness and efficiency. Giving priority to efficiency and giving consideration to fairness has gradually become the guiding principle for countries to improve their social security systems.

As a means of income redistribution, social security system is related to the vital interests and enthusiasm of the majority of social members. To build a social security system that adapts to China's economic and social development level, we must consider the organic combination of enhancing fairness and improving efficiency.

Expand the coverage of social security and gradually establish a social security system covering all urban and rural workers. Judging from the development of social security system in developed countries, social security initially only covered industrial workers, and then gradually extended to commercial and tertiary workers, civil servants and agricultural workers, self-employed workers and small business owners, and even the spouses of salaried workers. Expanding the scope of social security and gradually covering all workers in urban and rural areas is the long-term goal of social security system construction in China, and it is also an inevitable requirement to realize the fairness of social security system.

Reasonably determine the level of payment, so that the level of social security can adapt to the level of economic development. China is a developing country. According to the reality of China's large population, aging age structure, low per capita GDP and heavy social security burden in the future, and considering the serious shortage of social security resources at the national level, social security is rigid, and social security expenditure will increase sharply in the economic recession. Therefore, when expanding the coverage of social security, the starting point of payment should be relatively low, and the beneficiaries of social security system can only enjoy a low level of social security on the whole. Low security and wide coverage should be the long-term policy choice of China's social security system.

In view of the diversification of national security needs, establish a diversified social security model. In countries with different periods, cultures, economic conditions and systems, social security presents different models. On the basis of learning from foreign advanced experience, China should pay attention to combining its own national strength and national conditions to establish a social security model with China characteristics. The current situation of China's economic and social development determines that the basic security system established by the state can only play a basic role, and solving the basic living problems of citizens when they encounter income risks cannot meet people's diverse needs. In this way, it is very important to choose other protection schemes besides the supplementary insurance or basic protection encouraged by the government. The establishment of diversified social security model can meet the different needs of different individuals and families for social security and help to improve efficiency on the basis of fairness; Second, it is conducive to solving the problems of insufficient protection and possible efficiency loss caused by low security and wide coverage. The diversified social security model consists of multi-functional social assistance system and multi-level social insurance system, including the lowest level social insurance enforced by the state and supplementary insurance decided by payment or purchased voluntarily.

Broaden financing channels and diversify sources of social security funds. In the past, social security funds were mainly raised by the pay-as-you-go system. This model is neither fair nor able to raise enough funds for future needs. With the development of economy and society, the life expectancy is prolonged, and the arrival of an aging society, people's requirements for quality of life and health are further improved. It is required that social security can not only embody the principle of self-reliance, but also raise enough funds for future use. This requires a diversified financing model, that is, a multi-source social security financing model with partial accumulation system as the main body, pay-as-you-go system and complete accumulation system, and personal account system, donation, lottery issuance and voluntary service, which can reduce management costs.

Strengthen social security legislation and form a legal, standardized and efficient social security operation and management system. Acting in accordance with the law is the basic requirement for improving the social security system. Only on the basis of law can the reform, operation and management of social security system develop fairly, efficiently and healthily.