As we all know, language is the most important communication tool for human beings. People can't live, work and study without talking every day. Because of China's vast territory, large population, complex language and different dialects, it often hinders the communication and understanding between speakers and listeners. With the rapid development of China's market economy and the continuous innovation of language information, the use and promotion of Putonghua has become the general trend to promote the language progress of the whole society. For beginners of Putonghua, it is particularly important to master and learn the correct method of using gas in pronunciation. Let me show you the pronunciation and usage of Mandarin for beginners!
First, overview of vocal music
Human voice is a kind of induction of human physiological function to object vibration wave. This kind of induced sound is produced by the vibration of objects and transmitted to people's ears through the air medium. Only by touching the auditory nerve of the cerebral cortex through the eardrum can people hear the sound. It includes objective physical phenomena and subjective physiological and psychological phenomena. However, all vocal performance skills are inseparable from the use of breathing and vocal organs.
Second, the vocal organs
As a structural unit with pronunciation function in human body, vocal organs are not independent units composed of simple organs, but a huge system composed of respiratory organs-lungs, vocal organs-larynx, vocal organs-oral cavity and nasal cavity. The orderly arrangement and combination of the vocal organs of human body makes it emit sound on the basis of taking into account its original physiological functions, thus forming a special structure that can emit sound-vocal tract, which means that vocal tract composition system plays a role in pronunciation.
1. Power system Power system provides aerodynamic force for pronunciation. This system is centered on the lung and includes organs and tissues related to breathing, mainly including the lung, diaphragm, chest cavity and trachea. Through the action of lung and surrounding muscle tissue, it expands or contracts to form air flow in and out. Usually when exhaling, the airflow reaches the throat through the trachea, which can make the sound vibrate and make a sound.
2. Sound source system When the airflow exhaled by the lungs passes through the trachea and the throat, the vocal cords at the throat can vibrate and produce sound under the action of the airflow. The sound source system mainly refers to the larynx and vocal cords. It is precisely because of the movement of laryngeal muscles that the state of larynx changes, thus changing the length and thickness of vocal cords, resulting in changes in the pitch and timbre of sound.
3. The sound produced by vocal cord vibration in the vocal system is very weak, which needs to be amplified and beautified after ringing * * * to form different language timbre and sound color, all of which should be completed through ringing of chest cavity, throat cavity, oral cavity and nasal cavity.
Third, the psychological process of vocalization
The process of vocal organ action is only an external manifestation, and there are complex psychological processes behind it, which are often ignored. Practice shows that a positive and happy mental state will make all parts of the brain active and sensitive, and the pronunciation will be fluent, while negative states such as nervousness and sadness will hinder the psychological process of pronunciation and affect the fluency of pronunciation. Therefore, normal psychological state, objective self-feedback evaluation and proficient pronunciation ability of pronunciation organs are all necessary conditions for successfully completing the psychological process involved in pronunciation. Only by linking pronunciation action with psychological process can we have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of pronunciation and solve various pronunciation problems more effectively.
Fourth, the characteristics of vocalization.
Putonghua beginners' pronunciation should be based on healthy, vivid and changeable life pronunciation, and its characteristics and requirements can be summarized as follows: accurate, standardized, clear and fluent; Round and concentrated; Simple and clear; Combine rigidity with softness; The combination of reality and surplus; Rich in color; Free to change. Because of the different pronunciation conditions, everyone's voice has its own characteristics and personality. Putonghua beginners should give full play to their strengths, overcome their shortcomings, gradually expand their vocal ability, find their best voice and make good use of their own voice on the basis of their own pronunciation conditions.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) vocal music training
Learning to speak can control one's voice from the aspects of breathing control, oral control, throat control, singing control and voice elasticity. , can be trained by the following methods.
1, respiratory control requirements: take chest-abdomen combined breathing as the basic breathing mode, open the ribs when inhaling, suck to the bottom of the lung and stand on the "abdominal wall"; Breathe out steadily, continuously and freely; Breathe at the beginning of a sentence, breathe in place, use it if you change it, and leave room.
Training method: slow breathing, slow breathing, fast breathing and fast breathing.
Sitting posture, the center of gravity is below the hips, the body leans forward slightly, the shoulders, chest and neck are straight, the waist is straight, the chest is slightly contained, and the chin, tongue base, throat and neck are relaxed. Take a long breath first, spit out the residual gas in the body, then take a deep breath with the feeling of smelling flowers and lifting heavy objects, and control the breath to exhale evenly while making an extended "ah" sound until the airflow stops. Pay attention to the uniformity of sound and airflow. Pronounce "ah" in a slightly higher and lower tone, and repeat it two or three times. Pay attention to the smooth breathing and the prolonged sound of "ah" when the vocal organs relax.
The breathing method of long vowel A-O-E-U-V is the same as above. Pay attention to the uniformity, slowness and concentration of exhaled gas several times. Vowels should be round, loud and stable, with the same strength before and after, smooth breathing, balanced oral muscle tension and relatively stable tongue position. To maintain the basic state of slow inhalation mentioned above, we just need to change the slow inhalation to the moment when you inadvertently open your mouth, and then quickly and rhythmically send out several short "A-O-E-U-V", starting from the general speed, gradually accelerating, and finally slowing down to hold your hair, breathing smoothly and not tightly, pronouncing clearly and neatly, paying attention to the relaxation of your throat, and experiencing the elasticity and strength of your rib muscles.
2. For beginners of Putonghua, oral control of pronunciation is very important. Vocal control requirements: flexible lips and tongue, concentrated strength, open mouth (lifting cheekbone muscles, clenching teeth, softening upper jaw, relaxing bass), and strong words (grasping feeling); Full belly (pronounced "standing"); Voice ending (clean ending); The pronunciation process of words, such as word formation, word formation and pronunciation homing, forms a "jujube stone" shape.
Training method: the combination of initials and finals; Practice the combination of initials and different finals, plus tone training. Ba-Bo-Ye-Lao-Mao-Liu-Fang-Di-Hong-Dian-Pay attention to the four-tone exercise. When practicing each syllable, first, lengthen the tone, hold your breath, and get the tone in place, especially when reading the flat tone (the first tone) and the upper tone (the last three tones). Repeat it two or three times, and then practice each syllable quickly.
3. Comprehensive exercises include selecting two-syllable words and four-syllable words with the same initials, selecting tongue twisters according to the seven pronunciation parts of initials, and carrying out special training according to their own pronunciation defects. Pay attention to the pop-up strength of disyllabic words and the accuracy before quick tongue twister.
Sixth, voice protection.
To protect it in use, it is necessary to form a scientific habit of using sound and practice it step by step. You can't pursue too bright timbre, but use the timbre with the combination of reality and falsehood and the unclosed vocal cords, which sounds soft and natural; You can't use a high or low voice. The relaxation of beginners' throat is the basic point of correct pronunciation. Generally, the middle voice area is used. Too high or too low will squeeze the throat, causing throat discomfort, which will lead to throat fatigue and disease. You can't use your voice for too long, which is harmful to your voice, especially for beginners. You should extend your practice time with the improvement of your vocal ability.
In order to protect sound in life, besides using sound correctly, it is also an important measure to cultivate good living habits conducive to sound protection. Should actively exercise and enhance physical fitness; Ensure necessary rest and adequate sleep. Good sleep is an important way for human body to relieve muscle fatigue of all organs, including vocal organs. Develop good eating habits, do regular quantitative, do not overeat, and try to avoid irritating, too cold and too hot food or drink every day. Experience shows that beginners of Putonghua who have correct pronunciation methods and pay attention to overcoming bad living habits rarely suffer from voice diseases, and their voices can be used for decades without losing their original brilliance.
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