The Anti-War Period
At the invitation of the Chinese government, since November 1937, the Soviet government has been sending military advisers and technical experts to China. During the War of Resistance in Wuhan alone, the number of Soviet military experts who assisted China amounted to 3,665, the number of military advisers was more than 200, and the total number of Soviets serving in China was about 5,000 (including volunteer aviators). Among the military advisers involved in aid to China, including the famous Soviet marshals and generals of the Patriotic War, such as Zhukov, Batitsky, Crikov, Rychagov, Zhilgov and so on. Only from May to August 1938 in the Wuhan air war, the Soviet Air Force Volunteers and the Chinese air force 9 times side by side, **** shot down 62 Japanese planes, to the Japanese air force to a powerful blow. The Soviet Air Force Volunteers, such as 15 air brave earth, the captain of the Soviet Air Force Volunteers, for China's anti-Japanese war sacrificed their precious lives. We should also note that the purpose of Soviet assistance to China was mainly to keep China tightly entangled with Japan so that it could not advance northward and to prevent this from leading to a Japanese attack on the Soviet Union. Soviet military assistance to China was always kept within certain limits, and from 1939 onwards the Soviet Union began to slow down the implementation of its assistance program. on April 13, 1941, the Soviet Union signed the Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Treaty with Japan at the expense of China's interests, and practically ceased its assistance to China. China's resistance also supported the Soviet Union. China held back the main force of the Japanese invasion army and thwarted Japan's "northward advance". The reason why the Japanese army gave up its plan to attack the Soviet Union in July 1938 was partly due to the failure of the attack, but more importantly due to China's heroic resistance.
Anti-U.S.-North Korea
In October 1950, the central government of China, headed by Mao Zedong, decided to send troops to fight against the U.S.A. to help North Korea and sent Zhou Enlai and Lin Biao to the USSR to discuss the issue of weapons. Stalin was eager for China to join the war and said he could provide all kinds of weapons needed.
Soviet aid
Before the departure of the Chinese troops to North Korea, Mao Zedong called Zhou Enlai in Moscow on October 13, hoping that he would intervene with Stalin, and that it would be best to use a lease for the weapons acquired, but the Soviets would have to discount their equipment as a loan to China.
In February 1951, Zhou Enlai signed an agreement with the Soviet Union's military general adviser to China, General Zakharov, in Beijing, on the provision of military loans by the USSR to the Chinese government. Chinese government to provide military loans to the agreement, the provisions of the October 19, 1950 China's troops against the United States to aid North Korea as a boundary, before the order to pay the full price, and thereafter to pay half-price. The Soviet explanation was that the assistance to North Korea should be "***shared", with each of the two countries contributing half of the money. At that time, all of China's human and material assistance to North Korea are free of charge, the Soviet Union, but the weapons of the amount of calculating.
Stalin also provided some of the equipment free of charge during the war against the U.S. and North Korea, mainly as a political gesture to make up for the unhappiness between the two sides. The Soviet Union during this time to provide the army equipment, almost all of the old products used in World War II. For example, the Soviet Army was already equipped with AK-47 automatic guns, and only Bobosha-41 submachine guns were provided to China. The Soviet Army has been gradually replaced with T-54 tanks, then the elimination of more than 3,000 T-34 shipped to China, many of the hulls still have bullet wounds from the war against Germany, just a layer of new paint. Of the seven divisions of air force equipment initially supplied to China by the Soviet Union, six were equipped with the MiG-9, the first jet fighter developed by the Soviet Union in 1946 and found unsatisfactory. Chinese air force leaders believed it could not engage the U.S. F-84, much less counter the F-86, and quarreled with Soviet advisers about it. It was only in consideration of the relationship between the two countries that Stalin called Mao Zedong twice in May 1951 to apologize and gave 372 MiG-15s at no cost.After China accepted the first batch of Soviet-aided weapons, it transferred three divisions of equipment to the Korean People's Army at no cost.On hearing of the news and in a show of greater style, Stalin decided to aid China with the weapons of 20 more army divisions at no cost.In 1952, the Soviet Union decided to sell 60 Il-28 light jet bombers to China, the only new equipment in service to the new China while Stalin was alive.
During the war against the U.S. and North Korea, the Soviet Union provided China with equipment for 64 army divisions and 23 air force divisions, most of which were provided at a cost (half-price), for which China owed the Soviet Union an arms debt of 3 billion yuan, which amounted to $1.3 billion at the time.
When the Soviets retreated from Lushun in 1955, the Soviets handed over 980 million yuan worth of equipment. These military debts accounted for more than 60 percent of China's total debt to the Soviet Union. The PLA's mastery of these weapons played an important role in the rapid improvement of tactical and technical levels. when Mao Zedong met with Kim Il-sung in 1970, he said: "I think we should thank the Soviet Union, which has always helped us with arms and ammunition at half price, as well as with automobile fleets".
Socialist exploration period
Khrushchev's aid to China was of the highest quality and significance among the Soviet leaders. For a long time after the breakdown of Sino-Soviet relations, there was a legend in China that Stalin was generous and enthusiastic in his aid to China, and that Khrushchev played the role of a man who tore up the aid contracts and "forced the debt". The role of "forced debt". In fact, if we carefully study the historical archives and the memories of those who lived through it, among all the leaders of the Soviet Union, the one who provided the most and the highest quality of assistance to China was precisely Khrushchev.
Stalin's sudden death in March 1953, without a clear designation of a successor, led to a struggle for supremacy in the Soviet leadership. In September of the same year, Khrushchev became first secretary of the Soviet*** Central Committee, a position not yet comparable to Stalin's as general secretary, and in desperate need of support from the C***. According to declassified Russian archives, Khrushchev presided over a meeting of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the S*** in September 1954 before his first visit to China, where it was decided that aid to China would be substantially increased as a gift. Voroshilov spoke that this was too much for the Soviet economy to bear, and Khrushchev said that nothing less would make the Chinese feel friendly. Sure enough, during this visit to China for the fifth anniversary of the founding of New China, Khrushchev changed Stalin's past practice of great power chauvinism and abrogated some of the unequal pacts in Sino-Soviet relations, agreeing on the withdrawal of troops from Lushun and the return of bases. For the provision of conventional weapons, the Soviet Union also changed the Stalinist practice of providing mainly obsolete old products to providing samples of new equipment in service and production technology.
Since November 1954, the USSR provided China with samples of the MiG-17 and a complete set of information, which China successfully copied in 1956 and named the J-5 fighter jet.
After January 1955, the USSR handed over AK-47 automatic rifles, C-41 semi-automatic rifles, Czech Galev rifles, and other weapons. After January 1955, the USSR transferred to China the technical data of AK-47 automatic rifle, C-41 semi-automatic rifle and Czech Garev light machine gun, which were copied into Type 56 sub-machine gun (which should be called automatic rifle), Type 56 semi-automatic rifle and Type 56 light machine gun in the following year. The USSR also provided sample drawings of active T-54A tanks and various artillery pieces, which China successfully copied and named Type 59 tanks and various artillery pieces with the prefix "5". China's military level in this regard in the late 50's and realized a generation leap, in the field of conventional equipment has been close to or reached the world's advanced level at that time.
The most important assistance provided to China during the Khrushchev era was the construction of nuclear bomb and missile production enterprises and the corresponding technology, which was politely declined by Mao Zedong when Khrushchev
came to China in 1954, and the Soviets politely declined to help with the nuclear bomb and missile technology. In June 1957 Molotov and other patriarchs in the Soviet ****Party again called for the overthrow of Khrushchev, who, under the auspices of Zhukov, who was in control of the army, defeated most of the members of the Central Presidium, but failed to escape from his internal and external difficulties. In early July of the same year, Khrushchev sent Presidium member Mikoyan to China to introduce the situation, hoping that the C*** Central Committee would show support for him. Mao Zedong chaired a meeting overnight to study the situation, and the C*** Central Committee finally decided to take care of Sino-Soviet relations and, taking into account the fact that Khrushchev was one of the better dealers among the leaders of the S*** at that time, openly stated its support for the decision of the S*** Central Committee. In view of Khrushchev's political request to China, on July 18 Nie Rongzhen proposed that the opportunity should be used to negotiate nuclear technical assistance, Zhou Enlai asked Mao Zedong to immediately make arrangements. This time the Soviet side responded with unprecedented speed, and on July 20 the Soviet General Counsel in China, Arkhipov, made an agreeable reply on behalf of the government. According to Russian archives, which have been declassified in previous years, Khrushchev decided to provide China with atomic bomb production technology to help set up a nuclear plant, despite the military's firm opposition.
In September 1957, a Chinese delegation led by Nie Rongzhen visited the Soviet Union, and Khrushchev, after confirming that Mao had agreed to visit the Soviet Union, agreed to sign a Sino-Soviet
agreement on new defense technologies. In November of the same year, Mao Zedong traveled to Moscow to attend a meeting of the Sixty-first National ****producers' and Workers' Parties, where he spoke in favor of Khrushchev's victory over the "anti-party clique" and of the Soviet Union's position as "head" of the socialist camp. From the end of the same year, the USSR began to fulfill the agreement by supplying China with P-2 missiles as the first samples for the start of China's missile program. In the following year, the USSR provided China with the necessary nuclear equipment and sent nearly 1,000 experts to build uranium mines in Hunan and Jiangxi, a nuclear fuel rod factory in Baotou and a research base in Jiuquan, and a nuclear experimental site in Xinjiang, which formally launched China into a new phase of nuclear industry construction and development of nuclear weapons.