(A) the concept
It means that doctors and patients should respect each other's personal dignity, and emphasizes that medical staff should respect patients' personal dignity and their autonomy in diagnosis, treatment and nursing practice. The main performance is that doctors respect patients' autonomy and ensure patients to choose a reasonable diagnosis and treatment plan independently.
(two) the principle of respecting the requirements of medical personnel.
1. Respect the personality and dignity of patients and their families equally.
2. Respect patients' right to informed consent and choice.
3. Do your duty to help persuade or even limit patients to make improper choices.
(3) patient autonomy
1. Patient autonomy refers to the rational decisions made by patients after careful consideration of medical problems related to them, and the actions taken accordingly, such as informed consent, informed choice, privacy and so on. Medical staff respect patients' autonomy, which does not mean giving up their responsibilities. Respecting patients includes helping, persuading and even limiting patients' choices.
2. Conditions for patients to achieve autonomy
(1) must be based on medical staff providing patients with appropriate information that patients can understand;
(2) Patients should be autonomous, emotionally stable, and make decisions after careful consideration;
(3) The patient's independent decision will not seriously conflict with the interests of others and society.
Second, the principle of no harm.
(A) the concept
It refers to the ethical principle that medical personnel avoid patients from undue harm in the process of diagnosis, treatment and nursing, and is the basic principle of medical principles.
(2) Relativity of the principle of no harm
Because medical injury is an inevitable occupational injury, the principle of no injury is not absolute. Is it okay to show the principle of no harm? The advantages outweigh the disadvantages? , is it ok? Equal interests? , may be? Do more harm than good? Its real meaning lies in weighing interests? The advantages outweigh the disadvantages? .
(c) Common clinical injuries
1. Injury to patients: physical injury, mental injury and economic loss.
2. According to the subjective wishes of medical staff: intentional injury and unintentional injury; Knowable injury and unknowable injury; Controllable injury and uncontrollable injury; Liability injury and non-liability injury.
(4) the principle of not hurting medical personnel.
1. Emphasize patient-centered motivation and consciousness, and resolutely put an end to intentional injury and liability injury.
2. Provide the best diagnosis, treatment and nursing measures to prevent accidental but knowable injuries; Minimize controllable injuries.
3. Do not abuse auxiliary examinations, drugs and operations.
Third, the principle of interest (doing good)
(A) the concept
It refers to the ethical principle of putting patients' health first and earnestly seeking benefits for patients. In medical practice, the principle of advantage usually means that the diagnosis, treatment and nursing behavior of medical staff are beneficial to patients, which can not only alleviate pain, but also promote health. This is a narrow and advantageous principle. Broadly speaking, the principle of superiority means that the diagnosis, treatment and nursing behavior of medical staff are not only beneficial to patients, but also to the development of medical undertakings and medical sciences, and to the health and well-being of human beings.
(2) Requirements for medical personnel
1. The behavior of medical staff is related to alleviating the pain of patients.
2. The actions of medical staff may alleviate or alleviate the pain of patients.
3. The advantages of medical staff outweigh the disadvantages for patients.
4. Patients benefit without causing too much harm to others.
(C) the conflict between the favorable principle and other principles
1. The conflict between the beneficial principle and the harmless principle: the harmless principle is closely related to the beneficial principle. It is beneficial to put the health of patients in the first place and earnestly seek benefits for patients. The advantage is that medical staff do good things for patients. This principle is also called the principle of doing good in the west, but the behavior of medical staff is often not simply to benefit patients, and often produces side effects. At this time, the principle of superiority requires medical personnel to weigh the interests, so that medical behavior can obtain the greatest possible benefits and bring the least possible harm. In human experiments, subjects may not benefit, and may be hurt. However, this kind of experiment is beneficial to a large number of other patients, society and even the next generation, that is, it is beneficial to most people in society.
2. Conflict between benefit principle and autonomy principle: When the scientific choice of medical staff is inconsistent with the patient's independent decision, the behavior that is beneficial to the patient should be chosen.
Fourth, the principle of justice.
(A) the concept
It refers to the principle of treating every patient fairly and honestly in medical service. Including formal fairness and content fairness.
(2) Formal fairness
Everyone in society has the right to enjoy health resources equally and reasonably or enjoy fair distribution, and has the right to participate in the distribution and use of health resources. In medical practice, justice not only refers to formal justice, but also emphasizes content justice. For example, the allocation of scarce health resources must be based on everyone's actual needs, abilities and contributions to society.
(3) fairness in form and content
Formal fairness means giving the same people the same treatment.
The requirements of the principle of justice for medical personnel;
1. According to the principle of justice, make efforts to realize the equality of patients' basic medical care and nursing with their own rights.
2. Treat all patients equally (including socially disadvantaged groups, the elderly, children, mental patients and disabled people, etc.). ).
3. If there is a dispute between doctors and patients, we should persist in seeking truth from facts and stand on a fair stand in dealing with medical errors and accidents.
Next, we will do an example:
Among the following options, those that do not belong to the basic principles of medical ethics are:
A. the principle of harmlessness
B. The principle of human nature
C. Respect principle
D. Principles of justice
Answer: B Analysis: The principles of medical ethics are divided into the principle of respect, the principle of no harm, the principle of advantage and the principle of justice.